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Colorful facial markings are associated with foraging rates and affiliative relationships in a wild group-living cichlid fish

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Current Zoology 2024年第1期70卷 70-78页

作者： brett M.Culbert James B.Barnett Isaac Y.ligocki Matthew G.Salena Marian Y.l.Wong Ian M.Hamilton Sigal Balshine Department of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelphOntarioCanada Department of Psychology Neuroscience&BehaviourMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada Department of Evolution Ecologyand Organismal BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA Department of Biology Millersville UniversityMillersvillePAUSA School of Earth Atmospheric and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongNew South WalesAustralia Department of Mathematics The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA

Many animals use color to signal their quality and/or behavioral *** signals have been well studied in the contexts of competi-tion and mate choice;however,the role of these signals in nonsexual,affiliative relationships is not as well ***,we used wild social groups of the cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher to investigate whether the size of a brightly colored facial patch was related to 1)individual quality,2)social dominance,and/or 3)affiliative *** with larger patches spent more time foraging and tended to perform more aggressive acts against conspecific territory *** did not find any evidence that the size of these yellow patches was related to social rank or body size,but dominant males tended to have larger patches than dominant ***,patch size had a rank-specific relationship with the number of affiliative interactions that individuals engaged *** males with large patches received fewer affiliative acts from their groupmates compared to dominant males with small ***,subordinates with large patches tended to receive more affiliative acts from their groupmates while performing fewer affiliative acts *** together,our results suggest that patch size reflects interindividual variation in foraging effort in this cichlid fish and offer some of the first evidence that colorful signals may shape affiliative relationships withinwildsocialgroups.

关键词： affiliation foraging lake Tanganyika Neolamprologus pulcher visual signals

Strategic comparison of membrane-assisted and membrane-less water electrolyzers and their potential application in direct seawater splitting(DSS)

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Green Energy & Environment 2023年第4期8卷 989-1005页

作者： Abdul Malek Xu lu Paul R.Shearing Dan J.l.brett Guanjie He Clean Combustion Research Center(CCRC) Physical Science and Engineering Division(PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KAUST Solar Center(KSC) Physical Science and Engineering Division(PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondon E14NSUK Department of Chemical Engineering University College London(UCL)Gower StLondon WC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom

Electrocatalytic splitting of water by means of renewable energy as the electricity supply is one of the most promising methods for storing green renewable energy as hydrogen. Although two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered with water, there is inadequacy of freshwater in most parts of the world. Hence, splitting seawater instead of freshwater could be a truly sustainable alternative. However, direct seawater splitting faces challenges because of the complex composition of seawater. The composition, and hence, the local chemistry of seawater may vary depending on its origin, and in most cases, tracking of the side reactions and standardizing and customizing the catalytic process will be an extra challenge. The corrosion of catalysts and competitive side reactions due to the presence of various inorganic and organic pollutants create challenges for developing stable electro-catalysts. Hence, seawater splitting generally involves a two-step process, i.e., purification of seawater using reverse osmosis and then subsequent fresh water splitting. However, this demands two separate chambers and larger space, and increases complexity of the reactor design. Recently, there have been efforts to directly split seawater without the reverse osmosis step. Herein, we represent the most recent innovative approaches to avoid the two-step process, and compare the potential application of membrane-assisted and membrane-less electrolyzers in direct seawater splitting(DSS). We particularly discuss the device engineering, and propose a novel electrolyzer design strategies for concentration gradient based membrane-less microfluidic electrolyzer.

关键词： Electrocatalytic seawater splitting Direct seawater splitting Osmosis Concentration cells Membrane-less electrolyzer Microfluidic electrolyzer

Characteristics of a gold-doped electrode for application in high-performance lithium-sulfur battery

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2022年第1期31卷 116-128,I0004页

作者： Vittorio Marangon Daniele Di lecce Dan J.l.brett Paul R.Shearing Jusef Hassoun University of Ferrara Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical SciencesVia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy Electrochemical Innovation lab Department of Chemical EngineeringUCLLondon WC1E 7JEUnited Kingdom The Faraday Institution Quad OneBecquerel AveHarwell CampusDidcot OX11 ORAUnited Kingdom National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology(INSTM) University of Ferrara Research UnitUniversity of FerraraVia Fossato di Mortara17Ferrara 44121Italy

Bulk sulfur incorporating 3 wt% gold nano-powder is investigated as possible candidate to maximize the fraction of active material in the li-S battery *** material is prepared via simple mixing of gold with molten sulfur at 120℃,quenching at room temperature,and *** comprehensive study reports relevant electrochemical data,advanced X-ray computed tomography(CT)imaging of the positive and negative electrodes,and a thorough structural and morphological characterization of the S:Au 97:3 w/w *** cathode exhibits high rate capability within the range from C/10 to 1C,a maximum capacity above 1300 mAh gs^(-1),and capacity retention between 85%and 91%after 100 cycles at 1C and C/3 *** novel formulation enables a sulfur fraction in the composite cathode film as high as 78 wt%,an active material loading of 5.7 mg cm^(-2),and an electrolyte/sulfur(E/S)ratio of 5μl mg^(-1),which lead to a maximum areal capacity of 5.4 mAh cm^(-2).X-ray CT at the micro-and nanoscale reveals the microstructural features of the positive electrode that favor fast conversion kinetics in the *** analysis of sulfur distribution in the porous cathode displays that electrodeposition during the initial cycle may trigger an activation process in the cell leading to improved ***,the tomography study reveals the characteristics of the lithium anode and the cell separator upon a galvanostatic test prolonged over 300 cycles at a 2C rate.

关键词： lithium-sulfur battery Sulfur loading Electrolyte/sulfur ratio Gold nanoparticles X-ray tomography

Dairy sheep production research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison,USA-a review

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Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2014年第2期5卷 127-138页

作者： David l Thomas Yves M Berger brett C McKusick Claire M Mikolayunas University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Animal Sciences Spooner Agricultural Research Station Current address:Merial ltd Midwest Organic Services Association ViroquaWisconsinUSA

Commercial milking of sheep is a new agricultural industry in the United States starting approximately 30 yr ago. The industry is still small, but it is growing. The majority of the sheep milk is used in the production of specialty cheeses. The United States is the major importer of sheep milk cheeses with 50 to 60% of annual world exports coming to the United States during the past 20 yr. Therefore, there is considerable growth potential for the industry in the United States. The only dairy sheep research flock in North America is located at the Spooner Agricultural Research Station of the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The research program started in 1993 and has been multifaceted; dealing with several areas important to commercial dairy sheep farmers. The East Friesian and lacaune dairy breeds were compared and introduced to the industry through the research program. Both dairy breeds produced significantly more milk than traditional meat-wool breeds found in the U.S., but the two breeds differed in their production traits. East Friesian-cross ewes produced more lambs and slightly more milk than lacaune-cross ewes whereas lacaune-cross ewes produced milk with a higher percentage of fat and protein than East Friesian-cross ewes. lactation physiology studies have shown that ewes with active corpora lutea have increased milk yields, oxytocin release during milking is required to obtain normal fat percentages in the milk, large udder cisterns of dairy ewes can allow for increased milking intervals, and short daylengths during late pregnancy results in increased milk yield. In the nutrition area, legume-grass pastures and forages with a higher percentage of legume will result in increased milk production. Grazing ewes respond to additional supplementation with increased milk yield, but it is important to match the supplement to the quality of the grazing. Ewes on high quality legume-grass pastures that are high in rumen degradable protein respond with increased milk

关键词： Dairy sheep East Friesian Grazing lacaune lactation physiology Nitrogen efficiency RDP RUP Supplementation

Contrasting female mate preferences for red coloration in a fish

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Current Zoology 2020年第4期66卷 425-433页

作者： Charel Reulaimd brett M.CulBERT Alessandro Devigili Ariel F.Kahrl John l.Fitzpatrick Department of Zoology Stockholm UniversityStockholmSE-10691Sweden Department of Integrative Biology University of GuelphGuelphN1G 2W1Canada

Understanding how animals select their mates requires knowing the factors that shape mate *** theoretical and empirical considerations suggest that female mating status can influence the degree to which a female engages in mate choice,with virgin females predicted to be less choosy than mated *** this study,we investigated mate choice in both virgin and mated females in the pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys *** are small,live-bearing,internally fertilizing freshwater fish that live in mixed-sex groups where females have ample opportunity to engage in mate *** a dichotomous choice assay,we quantified and contrasted in virgin and mated females mate preferences for differences in male body size,beak size,and area of yellow and red *** also examined how mating status influenced the amount of time a female associated with the first male encountered and the relative amount of time a female associated with each *** demonstrate that mate preferences of female halfbeaks are driven primarily by the size of red coloration present on *** showed contrasting preferences based on mating status,with virgin females preferentially associating with drab males whereas mated females preferentially associate with males possessing large areas of *** to expectations,female mating status did not influence how females associate with the first males encountered or how females biased their association time among *** the precise drivers of these effects need further studying,our finding highlights a possible explanation for how variation in male ornamentation can be maintained.

关键词： Dermogenys collettei experience plasticity pygmy halfbeak reproductive status sexual selection sperm competition

Structure-guided Capacitance Relationships in Oxidized Graphene Porous Materials Based Supercapacitors

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2023年第4期6卷 58-69页

作者： Srinivas Gadipelli Hanieh Akbari Juntao li Christopher A.Howard Hong Zhang Paul R.Shearing Dan J.l.brett College of Physics Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610064China Electrochemical Innovation lab Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUK Department of Physics and Astronomy University College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTUK

Supercapacitors formed from porous carbon and graphene-oxide(GO)materials are usually dominated by either electric double-layer capacitance,pseudo-capacitance,or *** to these combined features,reduced GO materials have been shown to offer superior capacitance over typical nanoporous carbon materials;however,there is a significant variation in reported values,ranging between 25 and 350 F g^(−1).This undermines the structure(e.g.,oxygen functionality and/or surface area)-performance relationships for optimization of cost and scalable *** work demonstrates important structure-controlled charge storage *** this,a series of exfoliated graphene(EG)derivatives are produced via thermal-shock exfoliation of GO precursors and following controlled graphitization of EG(GEG)generates materials with varied amounts of porosity,redox-active oxygen groups and graphitic *** results show significantly varied capacitance values between 30 and 250 F g^(−1)at 1.0 A g^(−1)in GEG structures;this suggests that for a given specific surface area the redox-active and hydrophilic oxygen content can boost the capacitance to 250–300%higher compared to typical mesoporous carbon *** with identical oxygen functionality show a surface area governed *** allows to establish direct structure-performance relationships between 1)redox-active oxygen functional concentration and capacitance and 2)surface area and capacitance.

关键词： electric double-layer capacitance graphene-oxide pseudocapacitance structure-performance relationships supercapacitors

Environment-dependent attack rates of cryptic and aposematic butterflies

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Current Zoology 2018年第5期64卷 663-669页

作者： brett M. SEYMOURE Andrew RAYMUNDO Kevin J. MCGRAW W. OWEN MCMIllAN Ronald l, RUTOWSKI Department of Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA School of life Sciences Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287 USA Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama City Panama

Many organisms have evolved adaptive coloration that reduces their risk of predation. Cryptic colo- ration reduces the likelihood of detection/recognition by potential predators, while warning or aposematic coloration advertises unprofitability and thereby reduces the likelihood of attack. Although some studies show that aposematic coloration functions better at decreasing attack rate than crypsis, recent work has suggested and demonstrated that crypsis and aposematism are both successful strategies for avoiding predation. Furthermore, the visual environment （e.g., ambient lighting, background） affects the ability for predators to detect prey. We investigated these 2 related hypoth- eses using 2 well-known visually aposematic species of Heliconius butterflies, which occupy differ- ent habitats （open-canopy vs. closed-canopy）, and one palatable, cryptic, generalist species Junonia coenia. We tested if the differently colored butterflies differ in attack rates by placing plasti- cine models of each of the 3 species in 2 different tropical habitats where the butterflies naturally occur： disturbed, open-canopy habitat and forested, closed-canopy habitat. The cryptic model had fewer attacks than one of the aposematic models. Predation rates differed between the 2 habitats, with the open habitat having much higher predation. However, we did not find an interaction between species and habitat type, which is perplexing due to the different aposematic phenotypes naturally occurring in different habitats. Our findings suggest that during the Panamanian dry sea- son avian predation on perched butterflies is not a leading cause in habitat segregation between the 2 aposematic species and demonstrate that cryptically colored animals at rest may be better than aposematic prey at avoiding avian attacks in certain environments.

关键词： avian attacks camouflage Heliconius Junonia light environment plasticine models predation warning coloration.

Scalable, Green Chain Transfer Agent for Cationic RAFT Polymerizations

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Chinese Journal of Chemistry 2023年第4期41卷 399-404页

作者： Scott W.Spring Chloe S.Cerione Jesse H.Hsu Shelby l.Shankel brett P.Fors Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell UniversityIthacaNew York14853 United States

Cationic polymerizations of vinyl ethers have gained recent attention due to their ability to produce robust,biorenewable *** developments have been largely enabled by the advent of cationic reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer(RAFT)polymerization;however,the scalability and sustainability of this method are hindered by current chain-transfer agents(CTAs),which exist as viscous,colored oils requiring complex syntheses and solvent-intensive ***,we produce a solid,colorless CTA through a green synthetic route in 83%yield on a 50-gram *** investigate the utility of this CTA in chemical,electrochemical,photochemical,and acid-initiated methods,revealing that it achieves efficient polymerization with excellent control over molecular weight,low dispersity values,high chain end fidelity,and temporal control in cationic RAFT polymerizations.

关键词： Vinyl ethers CTA Cationic polymerization Green RAFT

Realizing optimal hydrogen evolution reaction properties via tuning phosphorous and transition metal interactions

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Green Energy & Environment 2020年第4期5卷 506-512页

作者： Haishun Jiang Siyu Zhao Wenyao li Tobias P.Neville Isil Akpinar Paul R.Shearing Dan J.l.brett Guanjie He School of Materials Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering ScienceShanghai201620China Electrochemical Innovation lab Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 7JEUnited Kingdom School of Chemistry University of LincolnJoseph Banks LaboratoriesGreen LaneLincolnLN67DLUnited Kingdom Faculty of Engineering Environmental EngineeringAksaray UniversityAksaray68100Turkey

Hydrogen is one of the most attractive renewables for future energy application,therefore it is vital to develop cost-effective and highlyefficient electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)to promote the generation of hydrogen from mild *** this work,Co–Mo phosphide nanosheets with the adjustable ratio of Co and Mo were fabricated on carbon cloth by a facile hydrothermal-annealing *** to the unique nanostructures,abundant active surfaces and small resistance were *** electrocatalytic performances are obtained,such as the small overpotential of^67.3 mV to realize a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2) and a Tafel slope of 69.9 mV dec^(-1).Rapid recovery of the current response under multistep chronoamperometry is realized and excellent stability retained after the CV test for 2000 *** change of electronic states of different elements was carefully studied which suggested the optimal electrochemical performance can be realized by tuning phosphorous and metal interactions.

关键词： Co-Mo Phosphide Nanosheets Hydrogen evolution reaction Metal-phosphorous interactions