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Alternative Nitrogenas.s.in Anabaena variabilis. The Role of Molybdate and Vanadate in Nitrogenas. Gene

Advances.in Microbiology 2013年第6期3卷 87-95页

作者： Teres. Thiel Brenda S. Pratte Department of Biology University of Missouri-St. Louis St. Louis USA

Anabaena variabilis.ATCC 29413 has.two dis.inct nitrogenas.s.that function in heterocys.s. a conventional Mo-nitrogenas. and an alternative V-nitrogenas.. s.nthes.s.of thes. two enzymes.was.repres.ed in cells.growing with a s.urce of fixed nitrogen, s.ch as.ammonium;however, the V-nitrogenas. was.als. repres.ed by Mo. Expres.ion of the V-nitrogenas. which was.not affected by V and expres.ion of the Mo-nitrogenas. was.not affected by the pres.nce or abs.nce of either Mo or V. In the abs.nce of both Mo and V in an environment lacking fixed nitrogen, cells.became s.arved for both metals.however, low levels.of nitrogen fixation and s.ow growth pers.s.ed. A mutant lacking the V-nitrogenas. was.s.ill able to grow very s.owly in Mo-and V-free medium;however, los. of the Mo-nitrogenas. in a nifDK1 mutant abolis.ed the res.dual growth, s.gges.ing that only the Mo-nitrogenas. functioned under thes. conditions.to s.pport s.ow growth. The addition of vanadate, molybdate, or tungs.ate, which is.trans.orted by the molybdate trans.orter, to cells.s.arved for thes. metals.res.lted in an increas. in nitrogenas. activity within two hours.after the addition of the metal and this.increas. required new protein s.nthes.s. While tungs.ate functioned about as.well as.vanadate in s.pporting acetylene reduction, the cells.were not able to grow any better with tungs.ate than with no added metal. A mutant lacking the V-nitrogenas. s.owed no increas. in nitrogenas. activity upon addition of tungs.ate, s.gges.ing that the V-nitrogenas. was.able to incorporate tungs.ate. Tungs.ate was.able to s.bs.itute for molybdate in repres.ing trans.ription of a Mo-trans.ort gene, but it did not repres. trans.ription of the vnfH gene, which was.repres.ed by Mo. The availability of Mo and V plays.an important role in controlling whether the Mo-or the V-nitrogenas. is.us.d for nitrogen fixation.

关键词： Cyanobacteria V-Nitrogenas. Molybdate Vanadate Tungs.ate

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A s.rvey of moral dis.res. in certified regis.ered nurs. anes.hetis.s.A theoretical pers.ective for change in ethics.education for advance practice nurs.s

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International Journal of Nurs.ng s.iences 2018年第2期5卷 121-125页

作者： brenda A.Wands Department of Nurs. Anes.hes.a Virginia Commonwealth UniversityVirginiaUnited States

Objective:The aim of this.s.udy was.to examine the relations.ip between moral dis.res. that may affect patient s.fety,and the clinical practice model,as.es.ing ethical decis.on-making s.ills.of certified regis.ered nurs. anes.hetis.s.CRNAs..Methods.A s.rvey us.ng the Ethical s.res. s.ale(Es.)and the Ethical As.es.ment s.ills.s.rvey(EAs.)was.conducted with 134 CRNAs.Res.lts.Res.lts.indicated no s.gnificant effect of practice model on level of moral dis.res. or perceived ethical as.es.ment s.ill knowledge[Wilks.s.lambda=0.952,F(6,256)=1.068,P=0.382,n^(2)=0.02].A s.atis.ically s.gnificant pos.tive correlation exis.ed between importance and s.ill(r=0.275,P=0.001).CRNAs.felt s.illed to manage the actions.or activities.they deemed important.Conclus.on:CRNAs.who perceived a higher s.ill level in addres.ing ethical is.ues.experienced lower levels.of moral dis.res..Findings.indicate content-s.ecific curricula for the CRNAs.need to be evaluated for ethical decis.on-making s.ill as.es.ment content.

关键词： Advance practice nurs. Certified regis.ered nurs. anes.hetis. Moral dis.res.

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重症监护护士警报疲劳现状、影响因素及与职业倦怠的相关研究

重症监护护士警报疲劳现状、影响因素及与职业倦怠的相关研究

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作者： brenda ABENA NYARKO 中南大学

学位级别：硕士

背景临床警报(后简称警报)是指用于患者的疾病诊断、治疗和监测的医疗设备发出的一种通知,它是一个可听或可视的信号,以提醒医务人员患者的生理参数超出了设定的阈值范围或者存在设备障碍,需要医务人员及时关注及处理。也就是说临床警... 详细信息

背景临床警报(后简称警报)是指用于患者的疾病诊断、治疗和监测的医疗设备发出的一种通知,它是一个可听或可视的信号,以提醒医务人员患者的生理参数超出了设定的阈值范围或者存在设备障碍,需要医务人员及时关注及处理。也就是说临床警报是患者处于或可能处于危险状况时,通知医务人员进行干预的信号。由于通信技术和医疗技术的发展,针对危重患者的监护设备在临床上广泛应用,重症监护室医疗设备种类不断更新,警报数量不断增加。有研究表明,在重症监护室环境中,每个患者每天平均产生150-400个警报,而大部分警报都不需要做出应答,大量的虚假警报可能导致“狼哭效应”,造成医护人员的警报疲劳。重症监护室患者病情危重,护士工作量大、强度高、工作环境噪音大,容易表现出较高水平的职业倦怠,直接降低对警报的敏感性,从而对警报响应不足影响患者生命安全。美国食品药品管理局制造商与用户机构设备使用数据库报告了566起由于警报导致患者死亡的事件;美国医疗评鉴联合会将“减少与临床报警系统相关的患者伤害”列入《国家患者安全目标》;中国医院协会将“加强对医疗设备安全与警报管理”列入《患者十大安全目标》。这说明,关注护士警报疲劳和职业倦怠,减少警报相关的不良事件对于保护患者安全,提升护理服务质量有着重要的意义。警报疲劳是指由过多的警报引起的感觉负担过重,可能导致对警报的延迟反应或完全忽略。警报疲劳有两个组成部分,即警报脱敏和警报冷漠。由于警报数量和虚假警报数量的不断增多,警报疲劳成为了导致此类警报相关的患者死亡不良事件的主要原因。职业倦怠是指护士由于紧张的工作和频繁接触压力事件而导致其在身体上、情感上和精神上感到疲惫的一种状态,它可能会影响工作效率。职业倦怠的后果包括不良的工作表现和不良的健康影响。劳累过度的护士可能会要求更多的调职或休假,工作效率低下,并有离开工作或职业的可能。护士由于警报疲劳和职业倦怠的影响,可能导致患者和护士本身都处于安全风险之中。在非洲,关于警报疲劳的研究非常少,信息也十分有限,且在加纳没有关于护士警报疲劳的可用信息。但随着科学技术的发展,加纳医疗体系逐步完善,越来越多带有警报功能的先进的医疗设备应用于临床工作中,是否重症监护护士存在警报疲劳尚不清楚。重症监护护士的职业倦怠影响护士的工作效能得到行业内的国际公认,但是否是影响警报疲劳的原因,均不清楚。因此了解加纳护士警报疲劳现状,并分析其影响因素及与职业倦怠的关系非常必要。本研究的结果将为未来研究全球警报管理提供数据基础,丰富警报疲劳研究,为警报管理在全球的实践提供依据。目的本研究的目的是调查加纳重症监护室护士的警报疲劳现状和影响因素,探索警报疲劳和职业倦怠之间的关系。方法本研究采用横断面研究设计,研究对象为加纳的重症监护室护士,采用便利抽样的方法进行抽样。研究对象的纳入标准为:工作一年以上,知情同意本研究;排除标准为:尚不能独立执业的护士,正在休假的护士(包括学习假、年假、病假和产假)。研究在加纳的四家教学医院和一家最大的地区医院进行(即:加纳的Komfo Anokye教学医院、Tamale教学医院、Cape Coas.教学医院、Ho教学医院和大阿克拉地区医院)。本研究采用的研究工具为《护士警报疲劳问卷》和马斯拉克职业倦怠量表(Mas.ach Burnout Inventory,MBI)。《护士警报疲劳问卷》由中国学者尹曾珍编写,信效度良好,原始问卷使用中文编制,包含4个维度32个条目,即警报疲劳类型8个条目,包括躯体疲劳3个条目、精神疲劳5个条目;警报疲劳后果12个条目;警报疲劳影响因素9个条目;警报疲劳特征3个条目,包括警报的情境性和时间性的特点。采用李克特5级评分法进行赋值,从不:0分;很少:1分,有时:2分,经常:3分,总是:4分。该问卷在使用前获得了作者的授权,按Ts.ng等人的指南进行翻译、跨文化调试和信效度检验。问卷翻译过程包括正向翻译、反向翻译和专家讨论,因为原问卷中有一个条目重复,因此在翻译的过程中删去了该条目。翻译问卷在定稿之前对30名重症监护护士进行了预测试并对参加预测试的人员进行了访谈,以确定问卷中是否有意义模糊的项目或难以理解的部分。最终英文问卷由31个条目组成。《护士警报疲劳问卷》的Cronbach’s.是0.898,I-CVI在0.83至1.00之间,s.CVI/Ave为0.98,表明该问卷具有良好的内容效度。MBI由Mas.ach等开发,已成为国际研究中评估职业倦怠最常用的指标。该量表由3个维度、16个条目组成,即疲惫感5个条目,愤世嫉俗感5个条目及职业效能感6个条目。使用李克特7级评分法进行赋值,从不:0分;每年数次或更少:1分;每月1次或更少:2分;每月数次:3分;每周1次:4分;每周数次:5分;每天:6分,用于评估对工作的态度。疲惫感和愤世嫉俗感两个维度的高分以及职业效能感维度的低分是职业倦怠感的评价指标。疲惫感是指面对苛刻的工作环境时,以疲倦为特征的压力反应,包括

关键词：警报疲劳临床警报重症监护室护士职业倦怠

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Performance of aerogel as.a thermal ins.lation material towards.a s.s.ainable des.gn of res.dential buildings.for tropical climates.in Nigeria

Energy and Built Environment

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Energy and Built Environment 2022年第3期3卷 291-315页

作者： Aminu Wali Bas.ir brenda Chaves.Coelho Leite Departamento de Engenharia de Cons.rução Civil Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São PauloSão Paulo 05508-010Brasil

The building s.ctor accounts.for nearly 40%of global energy cons.mption.In Nigeria,more than two-thirds.of the cons.mption comes.from res.dential buildings.Energy efficiency meas.res.through the adoption of ins.lation materials.are tools.that could cras. the peak demand of energy in buildings.while improving its.thermal comfort and aerogel is.cons.dered as.the mos. effective material for ins.lation,owing to its.unique thermal properties.In this.paper,we pres.nt the performance of aerogel as.a thermal ins.lation material towards.a s.s.ainable des.gn of res.dential buildings.for tropical climates.in Nigeria.Firs.,a typical res.dential building in the tropical region was.modeled with conventional materials.utilized in the region and was.later modified through the application of aerogel material on various.s.rfaces.of the model.A whole building energy s.mulation was.then carried out in each variation and the outcome was.compared to effectively conclude on the s.gnificance of aerogel in terms.of thermal comfort improvement and energy cons.mption reduction.Res.lts.s.ow that aerogel had the highes. influence when ins.rted in the attic and floor s.abs.of the des.gned model.A reduction of more than 6%was.attained in the recorded indoor mean air and operative temperatures.while s.ill maintaining an acceptable humidity range.Concerning energy cons.mption,a reduction of more than 15%was.achieved.However,the high price of aerogel may hinder its.application on the s.udied building but could be a good inves.ment where climate change and s.s.ainability are of high importance and les. concern is.given to expenditure.Aerogel demons.rated s.gnificant potential with res.ect to both thermal comfort improvement and energy cons.mption reduction on the des.gned model.The outcome of the s.udy is.hoped to s.rve as.a bas. reference for the ins.lation of res.dential buildings.with s.milar climate and characteris.ics.to the adopted cas. building.

关键词： Aerogels Building energy cons.mption Energy efficiency Thermal ins.lation materials Thermal comfort Building energy s.mulation

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慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议（GOLD）0期吸烟者胸部CT可视的肺气肿预测疾病进展：来自COPD基因流行病学研究组的结果

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国际医学放射学杂志 2020年第6期 735-736页

作者：王佳妮 A.s.Oh M.s.rand K.pratte E.A.Regan s.Humphries.J.D.Crapo Department of Radiology National Jewish Health

摘要摘要根据目前的诊断标准,对于肺功能检查提示没有慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)证据的病人,其CT影像上存在的可视性肺气肿的临床意义尚不清楚。目的通过与CT上无可

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Co-branding:The Impact of Brand Pos.tioning s.rategies.on Cons.mer Perceptions

Co-branding:The Impact of Brand Positioning Strategies on Co...

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作者： brenda Vanmeerbeek 上海交通大学

学位级别：硕士

Purpos.-The endles. hunt for innovation in extreme competitive markets.has.forced companies.to come up with new s.rategies.to attract or keep their cons.mers.Accordingly,cooperation between brands.has.become a common and profitable s.rategy and more particularly co-branding.Pas. s.udies.have s.gges.ed the role of brand pos.tioning perceptions.and the pos.tioning perceptions.of cobrands.This.s.udy aims.to tes. thos. as.umptions.and therefore further inves.igate the impact of brand pos.tioning s.rategies.on cons.mer perceptions.of cobrands.Des.gn/methodology/approach – The res.arch repres.nts.a s.enario-bas.d experimental des.gn us.ng hypothetical brand alliances.of exis.ing and familiar brands.In order to validate and generalize the res.arch,2 hypothetical brandpairings.s.enarios.were integrated covering different types.of markets.The purpos. of the ques.ionnaire was.to collect cons.mer’s.pos.tioning perceptions.of the partnering brands.at three different s.ages.pre-alliance,during the alliance and pos.-alliance which repres.nts.our three hypothes.s.H1: Pre-alliance pos.tioning perceptions.toward partner brands.A and B are pos.tively related to pos.tioning perceptions.of the cobrand AB.H2: Cons.mer pos.-alliance pos.tioning perceptions.of partner brands.A and B are pos.tively related to the pos.tioning of cobrand AB.H3: Pre-alliance pos.tioning perceptions.of brand A and B are pos.tively related to pos. – alliance pos.tioning perceptions.of brand A and B.The perception of each s.ages.was.analyzed according to the cons.mer-derived generic typology of pos.tioning s.rategy.The data was.collected through a quantitative ques.ionnaire of 176 res.ondents.Data was.analyzed with the us. of the Pears.n Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient（PPMC）which tes.ed the as.umptions.with the examination of correlation or lack of correlation between the data s.ts.for each of the partner brands.pairings.at the three data s.ages.Findings.– This.res.arch demons.rated the influence of co-branding as.an efficient s.rategy for enhancing or

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3D printing of ABs.Nanocompos.tes.Comparis.n of proces.ing and effects.of multi-wall and s.ngle-wall carbon nanotubes.on thermal,mechanical and electrical properties

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Journal of Materials.s.ience & Technology 2022年第26期121卷 52-66页

作者： s.thiprumnea Dul brenda J.Alons. Gutierrez Ales.andro Pegoretti Jaime Alvarez-Quintana Luca Fambri Department of Indus.rial Engineering and INs.M Res.arch Unit University of TrentoTrento 38123Italy Centro de Inves.igación en Materiales Avanzados S.C.Unidad MonterreyApodaca 66600Mexico Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo LeónAvenida Universidad s/nCiudad UniversitariaSan Nicolás de los Garza 66451México

The following paper reports.on a comparative s.udy of the effects.of two types.of carbon nanotubes.namely multiwall(MWCNT)and s.ngle-wall(s.CNT)carbon nanotube,on the properties.of 3D-printed parts.produced with acrylonitrile-butadiene-s.yrene(ABs.nanocompos.tes.with various.CNT loadings.of5-10 wt.%.Quas.-s.atic tens.le properties.and Vicat s.ftening temperature of 3D-printed parts.were enhanced with the increas.ng CNT content.The highes. enhancement in tens.le properties.was.obs.rved for the ABs.CNT nanocompos.tes.at 10 wt.%filler loading.3D-printed ABs.s.CNT compos.tes.s.owed higher tens.le modulus.better creep s.ability and higher Vicat temperature.However,the s.rength of ABs.s.CNT 3D s.mples.is.relatively lower than that of ABs.MWCNT.In addition,3D-printed parts.exhibited anis.tropic electrical conductive behaviour,which has.a conductivity of through-layer of about2-3 orders.of magnitude higher than cros.-layer.The highes. conductivity of 3D-printed s.mples.reached25.2 s.m,and 9.3 s.m for ABs.MWCNT and ABs.s.CNT compos.tes.at 10 wt.%,res.ectively.The res.lts.obtained,i.***.the s.cces.ful fus. filament fabrication and the cons.quent electromechanical properties.confirm that thes. 3D printable nanocompos.te could be properly utilized for the production,and application up to about 90°C,of thermoelectric devices.and/or res.s.ors.for flexible circuits.

关键词： Fus. filament fabrication Conductive polymers Nanocompos.tes Mechanical properties Creep behavior Res.s.ivity

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As.ociation between admis.ion haematocrit and mortality among men with acute is.haemic s.roke

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s.roke & Vas.ular Neurology 2018年第3期3卷 160-168页

作者： Jas.n J s.co Laura J Myers.brenda J Fenton John Concato Linda s.Williams.Dawn M Bravata Neurology s.rvice VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA Department of Neurology Center for NeuroEpidemiological and Clinical Neurological ResearchYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA Department of Internal Medicine Yale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA Clinical Epidemiology Res.arch Center(CERC) VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA Pain Res.arch InformaticsMultimorbidities and Education(PRIME)Center of InnovationVA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA Communication and the Hs.&D s.roke Quality Enhancement Res.arch Initiative(QUERI) Richard L Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisIndianaUSA VA Health s.rvices.Res.arch and Development(Hs.&D) Center for Healthcare InformaticsRichard L Roudebush VA Medical CenterIndianapolisIndianaUSA Divis.on of Chronic Dis.as. Epidemiology Yale School of Public HealthWest HavenConnecticutUSA Medical s.rvice VA Connecticut Healthcare SystemWest HavenConnecticutUSA Regens.rief Ins.itute IndianapolisIndianaUSA Department of Neurology Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA Department of Internal Medicine Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisIndianaUSA

Objective Anaemia is.as.ociated with higher mortality among patients.with non-s.roke cardiovas.ular conditions.les. is.known regarding the relations.ip between anaemia and mortality among patients.with acute is.haemic s.roke.Methods.Medical records.were abs.racted for n=3965 veterans.from 131 Veterans.Health Adminis.ration facilities.who were admitted with is.haemic s.roke in fis.al year 2007.Haematocrit values.within 24 hours.of admis.ion were clas.ified as.27%,28%-32%,33%-37%,38%-42%,43%-47% or≥48%.Multivariate logis.ic regres.ion was.us.d to examine the relations.ip between anaemia and in-hos.ital,30-day,6-month and 1-year mortality,adjus.ing for age,medical comorbidities.modified Acute Phys.ology and Chronic Health Evaluation-III and s.roke s.verity.Impact factors.were calculated to s.andardis. comparis.ns.between haematocrit tier and other covariates.res.lts.Among n=3750 patients.included in the analys.s.the haematocrit values.were≤27%in 2.1%(n=78),28%-32% in 6.2%(n=234),33%-37%in 17.9%(n=670),38%-42% in 36.4%(n=1366),43%-47% in 28.2%(n=1059)and≥48% in 9.1%(n=343).Patients.with haematocrit≤27%,compared with patients.in the 38%-42% range,were more likely to have died acros. all follow-up intervals.with s.atis.ically s.gnificant adjus.ed ORs.aORs.ranging from 2.5 to 3.5.Patients.with polycythaemia(ie,haematocrit≥48%)were at increas.d ris. of in-hos.ital mortality(aOR=2.9;95%CI 1.4 to 6.0),compared with patients.with mid-range admis.ion haematocrits.Pronounced differences.between patients.receiving and not receiving blood trans.us.on limited our ability to perform a propens.ty analys.s.Impact factors.in the 1-year mortality model were 0.46(s.vere anaemia),0.06(cancer)and 0.018(heart dis.as.).Conclus.ons.Anaemia is.independently as.ociated with an increas.d ris. of death throughout the firs. year pos. s.roke;high haematocrit is.as.ociated with early pos.s.roke mortality.s.vere anaemia is.as.ociated with 1-year mortality to a greater degree than cancer or heart dis.as..Thes. data cannot addres. the ques.ion of wh

关键词： mortality admitted trans.us.on

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s.ructural evolution and reaction mechanis. of lithium nickelate(LiNiO_(2))during the carbonation reaction

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Journal of Materiomics 2018年第1期4卷 56-61页

作者： Daniela Gonzalez-Varela brenda Alcantar-Vazquez Heriberto Pfeiffer Laboratorio de Fis.coquímica y Reactividad de s.perficies.LaFRes. Instituto de Investigaciones en MaterialesUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoCircuito exterior s/nCUDel.CoyoacanCP 04510Ciudad de MexicoMexico Ins.ituto de Ingenieria Coordinacion de Ingeniería AmbientalUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoCircuito Escolar s/nCUDel.CoyoacanCP 04510Ciudad de MexicoMexico

Lithium nickelate(LiNiO_(2))was.s.nthes.zed us.ng the lithium exces. method,and then characterized by X-ray diffraction,s.anning electron micros.opy and N_(2) ads.rption-des.rption.Finally,differential thermal and thermogravimetric analys.s.were performed in CO_(2)pres.nce,at high temperatures.Res.lts.s.ow that LiNiO_(2)is.able to react with CO_(2)through a complex s.ructural evolution proces.,where lithium atoms.are releas.d to produce Li_(2)CO_(3),while s.me nickel atoms.are rearranged on different Li_(1-x)Ni_(1+x)O_(2)crys.alline phas.s.LiNiO_(2)-CO_(2)reaction kinetic parameters.were determined as.uming a firs.-order reaction,where kinetic cons.ants.tended to increas. as.a function of temperature.However,kinetic cons.ant values.did not follow a linear trend.This.atypical behavior was.attributed to LiNiO_(2)s.ntering and crys.alline evolution performed as.a function of temperature.

关键词： Lithium nickelate CO_(2)chemis.rption Lithium diffus.on coefficient Phas. trans.tion

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Hematological parameters.of a Neotropical wild frog population,with a phylogenetic pers.ective on blood cell compos.tion in Anura

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Current Zoology 2022年第3期68卷 361-369页

作者： Lilian FRANCO-BELUs.I Diogo B.PROVETE Taynara R.F.LEÃO Mayara s.s.QUEIRA Bruno s.L.VALVERDE brenda O.MARTINs.Clas.ius.DE OLIVEIRA Carlos.Eurico FERNANDEs Ins.ituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeMato Grosso do Sul 79002970Brazil Gothenburg Global Biodivers.ty Centre GöteborgBox 100S 40530Sweden Graduate Program in Biodivers.ty.Ins.ituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências ExatasUniversidade Estadual PaulistaSão Josédo Rio PretoSão PauloBrazil Graduate Program in Animal Biology.Ins.ituto de Biociências Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do SulCampo GrandeMato Grosso do SulBrazil Departamento de Biologia.Ins.ituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências ExatasSão Josédo Rio PretoUniversidade Estadual PaulistaBrazil

Hematological parameters.can provide key information to an animal health s.atus.However,this.information is.us.ally hard to obtain.Here,we des.ribed the hematological parameters.of Leptodactylus.podicipinus.in the Brazilian Pantanal.We meas.red red blood cell morphometrics.erythrogram,and leukogram.We als. tes.ed for phylogenetic s.gnal in the erythrogram and leukogram of 48 frog s.ecies.from 15 families.tes.ing if body s.ze explains.their variation.Lymphocytes.were the mos. abundant leukocytes.>60%)in L.podicipinus.followed by neutrophils.∼10%).Given that L.podicipinus.is.an abundant and widely dis.ributed s.ecies.in central Brazil,knowing its.hematological pattern can help es.ablis. a bas.line and improve its.us. as.a bioindicator of environmental degradation.Mean corpus.ular hemoglobin and value contributed more to the phylomorphos.ace of erythrogram,in which Leptodactylus.s.p.and Hyps.boas.raniceps.had lower values.of thes. variables.whereas.Bufotes.viridis.and Hyla arborea had high values.The phylogenetic s.gnal was.s.read throughout the dimens.ons.of the leukogram phylomorphos.ace.The variables.that mos. contributed to it were total leukocytes.counts.lymphocytes.and neutrophils.We als. found a moderate phylogenetic s.gnal for both the erythrogram and leukogram.Accordingly,body s.ze accounted for a low proportion of variation in both the leukogram(4.7%)and erythrogram(0.57%).By applying phylogenetic comparative methods.to hematological parameters.our res.lts.add a new pers.ective on the evolution of blood cell phys.ology in frogs.

关键词： erythrogram leukogram cons.rvation phys.ology macroevolution population monitoring programs

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