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Prevalence and risk factors of undernutrition among schoolchildren in the Plateau Central and Centre-Ouest regions of Burkina Faso

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 140-153页

作者： Severine Erismann Astrid M.Knoblauch Serge Diagbouga Peter Odermatt Jana Gerold Akina Shrestha Grissoum Tarnagda boubacar savadogo Christian Schindler Jürg Utzinger Gueladio Cisse Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute P.O.BoxCH-4002 BaselSwitzerland University of Basel P.O.BoxCH-4003 BaselSwitzerland Institut de Recherches en Sciences de la Sante P.O.Box 7192Ouagadougou 03Burkina Faso Kathmandu University P.O.Box 625045200 DhulikhelNepa

Background:Multiple factors determine children’s nutritional status,including energy and nutrient intake,recurrent infectious diseases,access(or lack thereof)to clean water and improved sanitation,and hygiene practices,among others.The“Vegetables go to School:improving nutrition through agricultural diversification”(VgtS)project implements an integrated school garden programme in five countries,including Burkina Faso.The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of undernutrition and its risk factors among schoolchildren in Burkina Faso before the start of the project.Methods:In February 2015,a cross-sectional survey was carried out among 455 randomly selected children,aged 8-14 years,in eight schools in the Plateau Central and Centre-Ouest regions of Burkina Faso.Nutritional status was determined by anthropometric assessment.Helminth and intestinal protozoa infections were assessed using the Kato-Katz and a formalin-ether concentration method.A urine filtration technique was used to identify Schistosoma haematobium eggs.Prevalence of anaemia was determined by measuring haemoglobin levels in finger-prick blood samples.Questionnaires were administered to children to determine their knowledge of nutrition and health and their related attitudes and practices(KAP).Questionnaires were also administered to the children’s caregivers to identify basic household socio-demographic and economic characteristics,and water,sanitation and hygiene(WASH)conditions.To determine the factors associated with schoolchildren’s nutritional status,mixed logistic regression models were used.Differences and associations were considered statistically significant if P-values were below 0.05.Results:Complete datasets were available for 385 children.The prevalence of undernutrition,stunting and thinness were 35.1%,29.4%and 11.2%,respectively.The multivariable analysis revealed that undernutrition was associated with older age(i.e.12-14 years compared to<12 years;adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=3.45,95%confidence interval(CI)2.12-5.62,P<0.001)

关键词： Anaemia Burkina Faso Intestinal parasitic infections School garden Undernutrition Water sanitation and hygiene(WASH)

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Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma heamatobium Infection and Nutritional Status of Children in the Hydro-Agricultural Complex Zone of Sourou,Burkina Faso

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Occupational Diseases and Environmental Medicine 2014年第2期2卷 13-18页

作者： Leon G.B.savadogo boubacar savadogo Dayéri Dianou Jean Noel Poda Department of Epidemiology and Public Health—Child and Mother Health Nutrition and Survival UnitInstitut Supérieur des Sciences de la SantéUniversite Polytechnique de Bobo DioulassoBobo DioulassoBurkina Faso Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé OuagadougouBurkina Faso

In developing countries, efforts to face food insecurity were revealed by construction of dams and hydro-agricultural managements. This study aimed to establish sanitary consequences in a hydro- agricultural zone. Methods: Data from 1847 children were analysed. Kato-Katz and concentration in MIF were used for intestinal parasites;research of microscopic haematury was used for urinary schistosomiasis. Nutritional status was estimated by WHZ and HAZ indexes. Association between malnutrition and independents variables was measured in univariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Among children, 80.1% were infested by at least one parasite, 30.8% by S. mansoni and 49.6% by S. haematobium. Prevalence of emaciation and prevalence of stunting were respectively, 32.6% and 25.5%. In the multivariate analysis: Age: (1 - 3 y age group, OR = 2.92, 4 - 6 y age group OR = 1.85, p p = 0.008), were associated with emaciation. Age: (4 - 6 y age group, OR = 1.78, 7 - 11 y age group OR = 2.55, p p = 0.005), were associated with emaciation. Conclusion: Development of bilharziasis (urinary and intestinal) with increased morbidity and malnutrition, attenuate benefits expected from hydro-agricultural managements. It is important to invest in the control of water-related diseases, which are amplified by hydro-agricultural managements.

关键词： Schistosoma Nutritional Status Children Hydro-Agricultural Complex

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Attempts to Answer on the Origin of the High Nitrates Concentrations in Groundwaters of the Sourou Valley in Burkina Faso

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2012年第8期4卷 663-673页

作者： Francis Rosillon boubacar savadogo Aminata Kabore Hortense Bado-Sama Dayeri Dianou Convention for the Promotion of a Sustainable Development Research Institute for Health Sciences University of Liège University of Ouagadougou

Within the framework of the contract of Sourou River, a survey of the groundwater quality was performed through 7 campaigns of water sampling and analysis from 2006 till 2012. The water samples resulted from 23 drillings and 9 wells located in the Sourou Valley. Among the analyzed physico-chemical parameters, the nitrates concentrations observed were worrisome. Out of 32 water sources, 14 (44%) supplied a nitrates content superior to the WHO threshold value for drinking water (50 mg NO3/L). Very high concentrations, superior to 500 mg NO3/L with a peak in 860 mg/L, were observed. Given the important variations observed from a sampling point to another, a generalized contamination of the total aquifer was not possible. An individual diagnosis allowed to identify the possible causes of this degradation. Several sources of contamination, in connection with the anthropological activities, were observed near the water facilities (drillings/wells): animal and human wild defecation, presence of nontight latrines, solid waste, wastewater discharges. It is also advisable to wonder about the impact of the dynamite use for digging wells, this one being able to leave nitrates in the water. With regard to the intensive use of water from the strongly contaminated wells and drillings by the rural populations of Sourou, implementing protection areas within which would be eliminated the sources of contamination in addition to health education among populations could improve the situation. Care should also be taken in the use of nitrates explosives for digging new wells or drillings.

关键词： Burkina Faso Sourou Groundwaters Nitrates Pollution

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Effectiveness of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Defatted Cake versus Seed in the Treatment of Unsafe Drinking Water: Case Study of Surface and Well Waters in Burkina Faso

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2013年第11期5卷 1076-1086页

作者： Aminata Kabore boubacar savadogo Francis Rosillon Alfred S. Traore Dayéri Dianou Institute for Health Sciences Research Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Research Center for Biological Alimentary and Nutritional Sciences Research and Training Unit Life and Earth Sciences University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Water Environment Development Unit Arlon Campus University of Liège Arlon Belgique

Safe drinking water access for rural populations in developing countries remains a challenge for a sustainable development, particularly in rural and periurban areas of Burkina Faso. The study aims to investigate the purifying capacity of Moringa oleifera defatted cake as compared to Moringa oleifera seed in the treatment of surface and well waters used for populations alimentation. A total of 90 water samples were collected in sterile glass bottles from 3 dams’ water reservoirs, a river, and a large diameter well, respectively. The water samples were treated in triplicate with Moringa oleifera seed and defatted cake coagulants. At different settling time and coagulant concentration, turbidity and pH were measured to determine the optimal conditions and factors influencing treatment with regard to sampling source. Nine physicochemical parameters (turbidity, pH, nitrates, nitrites, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, organic matter and sulfates), three bacterial fecal pollution indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal Coliforms and fecal Streptococcus) and parasite cysts were monitored based on laboratory standard methods. Data were analyzed using the Student’s t test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, for the same concentration of coagulant, settling time providing the lowest turbidity was significantly shorter (p Moringa oleifera cake than seed. Optimum settling time with Moringa oleifera cake was between 15 - 60 min versus 60 - 120 min, with Moringa oleifera seed. Both treatments significantly reduced minerals concentration in water excepted sulfates for which the concentration reversely increased. However, only Moringa oleifera cake treatment reduced organic matter content in all the water samples, while it increased with Moringa oleifera seed one (p < 0.0001). The reduction of microbial pollution indicators was 92% - 100% with M. oleifera cake treatment and 84% - 100% with M. oleifera seed one. Overall, for all water samples, Moringa oleifera cake treatment appeared more efficient in

关键词： Drinking Water Moringa oleifera Cake Seed Chemistry Bacteriology Parasitology

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Microbiological Quality of Surface Water Treated with <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Seeds or Cakes during the Storage: Case Study of Water Reservoirs of Loumbila, Ziga and Ouaga 3 Dams in Burkina Faso

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2015年第4期7卷 312-321页

作者： Aminata Kabore boubacar savadogo Harmonie C. Otoidobiga Adama Sawadogo Francis Rosillon Alfred S. Traore Dayéri Dianou Research Center for Biological Alimentary and Nutritional Sciences Research and Training Unit Life and Earth Sciences University of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institute for Health Sciences Research Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Water Environment Development Unit Arlon Campus University of Liège Arlon Belgique

Water purification with Moringa oleifera seeds has received a lot of attention because it reduces water turbidity and pathogenic microorganisms. However, it is important to define the optimum conditions of storage to preserve the treated water quality. The study aims to investigate microbial quality of water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds or cake coagulants in relation to the storage temperature and shelf life in order to define the optimum conditions of storage. A total of 45 water samples from 3 water reservoirs of Loumbila, Ziga and Ouaga 3 dams were collected in sterile glass bottles and treated in triplicate with Moringa oleifera seeds or defatted cakes coagulants. Treated water samples obtained at optimum conditions were stored at room temperature (25°C - 30°C) and at 4°C. Fecal bacteria pollution indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococcus) and parasites were monitored every 24 hours during three (3) days based on laboratory standard methods. Data were analyzed using the Student’s t-test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, bacterial indicators increased significantly with storage temperature (p and shelf life (p . However, for all water samples, bacterial growth was more important in samples treated with Moringa oleifera cakes than seeds (p . For water samples treated with Moringa oleifera seeds and stored at room temperature, bacterial increase after 72 hours was 57 - 80, 42 - 50 and 22 - 47 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, E. coli and fecal streptococcus, respectively. With Moringa oleifera cake’s treatment, the increase was 63 - 104, 57 - 82 and 28 - 52 for the same indicators, respectively. Bacterial growth was also more important at room temperature than at 4°C. Thus, microbiological quality of water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds was better than cakes whatever storage temperature and shelf life. Overall, water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds should be stored at low temperature and consumed within 24 hours.

关键词： Drinking Water Moringa oleifera Cake Seed Shelf Life Microbiology

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Analysis and Comparison of Doping Level Effects on a Crystalline Silicon PV Cell under Both Moderate Light Concentration and Normal Illumination Modes

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Energy and Power Engineering 2022年第10期14卷 523-540页

作者： Mahamadi savadogo Adama Ouedraogo boubacar Soro Zi Daouda Koudougou Martial Zoungrana Issa Zerbo Laboratory of Thermal and Renewable Energies Department of Physics Unit of Training and Research in Pure and Applied Sciences University Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Universitaire Polytechnique de Kaya (CUP-Kaya) Kaya Burkina Faso Institut des Sciences et Technologies Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

The main purpose of this work is to study doping level effects on a silicon PV cell under both moderate light concentration and normal illumination. This study also aims to compare the doping level effects under the both illumination modes. The results show for both illumination modes that diffusion parameters decrease with increasing doping level. These results are in agreement with the studies of the current and the voltage which showed for the two illumination modes that doping level increase leads to a decrease in current density and an increase in voltage. It also emerges for the two illumination modes and for the doping range 1013 cm-3 - 1016 cm-3, a decrease of maximum power and conversion efficiency. The results also show that decrease of diffusion parameters is faster under moderate concentration in comparison with normal illumination. These results predict a greater variation rate of the current, the voltage, the maximum power and the conversion efficiency under moderate concentration compared to normal illumination. Contrary to diffusion parameters study, the results show higher variation rates of parameters under normal illumination. This is explained by the fact that under moderate concentration, carriers density is close to doping level: the cell is then in high injection condition. Consequently, under moderate concentration, carriers density is less sensitive to doping level variations. The study confirms that carriers density variation with the doping level is weak under the moderate concentration compared to normal illumination.

关键词： Moderate Light Concentration Doping Level High Injection Diffusion Parameters Conversion Efficiency

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Investigation of the Behavior of a Photovoltaic Cell under Concentration as a Function of the Temperature of the Base and a Variable External Magnetic Field in 3D Approximation

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2023年第12期14卷 209-220页

作者： boubacar Soro Adama Ouedraogo Mahamadi savadogo Ramatou Konate Guyserge Tchouadep Martial Zoungrana Sié Kam Laboratory of Thermal and Renewable Energies Department of Physics Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Institutdes Sciences et Technologie Ecole Normale Supérieure Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Centre Universitaire Polytechnique de Kaya Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

The photovoltaic (PV) cell performances are connected to the base photogenerated carriers charge. Some studies showed that the quantity of the photogenerated carriers charge increases with the increase of the solar illumination. This situation explains the choice of concentration PV cell (C = 50 suns) in this study. However, the strong photogeneration of the carriers charge causes a high heat production by thermalization, collision and carriers charge braking due to the electric field induced by concentration gradient. This heat brings the heating of the PV cell base. That imposes the taking into account of the temperature influence in the concentrator PV cell operation. Moreover, with the proliferation of the magnetic field sources in the life space, it is important to consider its effect on the PV cell performances. Thus, when magnetic field and base temperature increase simultaneously, we observe a deterioration of the photovoltage, the electric power, the space charge region capacity, the fill factor and the conversion efficiency. However the photocurrent increases when the base temperature increases and the magnetic field strength decreases. It appears an inversion phenomenon in the evolution of the electrical parameters as a function of magnetic field for the values of magnetic field B> 4×10-4 T.

关键词： Thermalization Base Temperature Magnetic Field Fill Factor Efficiency Space Charge Region Capacity

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3-D Modeling of Temperature Effect on a Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cell under Intense Light Illumination

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2017年第9期8卷 291-304页

作者： boubacar Soro Martial Zoungrana Issa Zerbo Mahamadi savadogo Dieudonné Joseph Bathiebo Laboratory of Thermal and Renewable Energies Department of Physics Unit of Training and Research in Pure and Applied Sciences University Ouaga I Prof Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

The efficiency of a silicon solar cell is directly linked to the quantity of carrier photogenerated in its base. It increases with the increase of the quantity of carrier in the base of the solar cell. The carrier density in the base of the solar cell increases with the increase of the flux of photons that crosses the solar cell. One of the methods used to increase the flux of photon on the illuminated side of the solar cell is the intensification of the illumination light. However, the intensification of the light come with the increase of the energy released by thermalization, the collision between carriers, their braking due to the carriers concentration gradient electric field which lead to increase the temperature in the base of the solar cell. This work presents a 3-D study, of the effect of the temperature on the electronic parameters of a polycrystalline silicon solar under intense light illumination. The electronic parameters on which we analyze the temperature effect are:?the mobility of solar cell carriers?(electrons and holes),?their diffusion coefficient, their diffusion length and their distribution in the bulk of the base. To study the effect of the temperature on electronic parameters, we take into account, the dependence of carriers (electrons and holes) mobility with the temperature (μn,(T)?μp(T)). Then, the resolution of the continuity equation,which is a function of the carriers gradient electric field and the carriers mobility,?leads to the expressions of?the diffusion coefficient, the diffusion length, and the density of carriers which are function of the temperature. Then, we studied the effects of the temperature on the diffusion parameters in order to explain their effect on the behavior the carriers distribution in intermediate, short circuit and open circuit operating modes at several positions in the base depth. It appears through this study that the diffusion coefficient and the diffusion length decrease with the increase of the temperature. We observe also that with the increase of t

关键词： Intense Light Electric Field Temperature Diffusion Coefficient Diffusion Length Density of Carriers

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Temperature Effect on Light Concentration Silicon Solar Cell’s Operating Point and Conversion Efficiency

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2020年第5期11卷 61-72页

作者： Mahamadi savadogo boubacar Soro Ramatou Konate Idrissa Sourabié Martial Zoungrana Issa Zerbo Dieudonné Joseph Bathiebo Laboratory of Thermal and Renewable Energies Department of Physics Unit of Training and Research in Pure and Applied Sci-ences University Joseph KI-ZERBO Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

It is well known that temperature acts negatively on practically all the parameters of photovoltaic solar cells. Also, the solar cells which are subjected to particularly very high temperatures are the light concentration solar cells and are used in light concentration photovoltaic systems (CPV). In fact, the significant heating of these solar cells is due to the concentration of the solar flux which arrives on them. Light concentration solar cells appear as solar cells under strong influences of heating and temperature. It is therefore necessary to take into account temperature effect on light concentration solar cells performances in order to obtain realistic results. This one-dimensional study of a crystalline silicon solar cell under light concentration takes into account electrons concentration gradient electric field in the determination of the continuity equation of minority carriers in the base. To determine excess minority carrier’s density, the effects of temperature on the diffusion and mobility of electrons and holes, on the intrinsic concentration of electrons, on carrier’s generation rate as well as on width of band gap have also been taken into account. The results show that an increase of temperature improves diffusion parameters and leads to an increase of the short-circuit photocurrent density. However, an increase of temperature leads to a significant decrease in open-circuit photovoltage, maximum electric power and conversion efficiency. The results also show that the operating point and the maximum power point (MPP) moves to the open circuit when the cell temperature increases.

关键词： Temperature Electric Power Conversion Efficiency Light Concentration Maximum Power Point Junction Dynamic Velocity

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Problematic of Drinking Water Access in Rural Area: Case Study of the Sourou Valley in Burkina Faso

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2013年第1期4卷 31-50页

作者： savadogo boubacar Kaboré Aminata Zongo Dramane Poda Jean Noel Bado Hortense Rosillon Francis Dayeri Dianou Convention for the Promotion of a Sustainable Development Non-Govern- mental Organization Ouagadougou Burkina Faso National Center for Scientific and Technological Researches Institute for Health Sciences Research Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Research Center for Biological Alimentary and Nutritional Sciences Research and Training Unit Life and Earth Sciences Univer- sity of Ouagadougou Ouagadougou Burkina Faso Water Environment Development Unit Arlon Campus University of Liège Arlon Belgique

Safe drinking water access for rural populations in developing countries remains a challenge for a sustainable development. The study aims to investigate the drinking water quality and the factors affecting this quality in the Sourou valley in Burkina Faso. A total of 135 water samples were collected in sterile glass bottles during the dry seasons 2007, 2008, and 2012 from 10 drillings and 5 wells. Fifteen physicochemical parameters and two fecal pollution indicators (Escherichia coli and fecal Coliforms) were monitored based on laboratory standard methods. Datas were analyzed, using the Student t’ test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From results obtained, water quality was related to water source and sampling period as well (p 0.0001). 30% of drillings provided water with nitrates concentration over the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value. High turbidity was also observed for some drillings. Moreover, 90% of drillings showed water total hardness largely over the WHO threshold value. Water from drillings were exempt of fecal pollution, contrasting with the wells one which appeared uniformly polluted with concentrations exceeding sometimes 103 and 104 CFU/100 ml for E. coli and fecal Coliforms, respectively. Field investigations showed a preference of wells as drinking water source, and that appeared related to the lack of self-management of drillings and to cultural considerations. Overall, this study highlighted that a regular survey of water quality, management of protection zones around drinking water sources, sensitization on water resources self-management, hygiene and health issues, and providing appropriate household disinfection methods could help advancing to reach an effective safe drinking water access for rural populations in the country.

关键词： Drinking Water Chemistry Bacteriology Pollution Sourou Burkina Faso

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