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兵工学报 1986年第3期7卷 47-57页

作者： bo janzon 顾永春瑞典国防研究院

一个高速投射物在其穿透组织时,会以压力波的形式释放出能量。压力波可引起伤道周围组织的膨胀,即“瞬时空腔”。该空腔受到组织强度的限制,在弹性物质(如肌肉)内,会迅速塌陷,随之可出现再膨胀和再塌陷,最后残留一永久伤道,其大小与投... 详细信息

一个高速投射物在其穿透组织时,会以压力波的形式释放出能量。压力波可引起伤道周围组织的膨胀,即“瞬时空腔”。该空腔受到组织强度的限制,在弹性物质(如肌肉)内,会迅速塌陷,随之可出现再膨胀和再塌陷,最后残留一永久伤道,其大小与投射物的直径相近,周围有挫伤了的失活组织区和震荡区。后者可波及较远的范围。确定伤道周围组织损伤区大小的最重要因素,就是投射物在穿过组织时释放的能量即“能量传递特性”。本文介绍了实验数据,对其他发现,如致伤时存在着比例效应等也进行了讨论。文中还讨论了一种可评定小口径枪弹能量传递特性的实验模型。该项试验是在一定距离内,向一种特殊的软肥皂(组织模拟物)射击。最后,本文介绍了1899年海牙公约中关于战时禁用“在体内易于膨胀和变形的弹头”的规定以及后来与这一国际法有关的其它补充规定。

关键词：瞬时空腔伤道能量传递失活组织比例效应损伤区小口径枪弹定距离压力波边界效应

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Incidence of Stroke among Swedish-born and Migrant Women<br/>—The Role of Socio-Economic Status, Smoking, and Physical Activity

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World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2014年第11期4卷 556-566页

作者： Raj Kumar Nayak Mohammod Easin Rahaman Kahn Ellis janzon Frederiksberg hospital KBH Copenhagen Denmark Health and Society Department of Public Health Malm&ouml University Malm&ouml Sweden

Introduction: The incidence of stroke has decreased in Sweden as well as in most developed countries, but a high number of migrants have arrived in Sweden, during the last decades, which may have influenced the incidence. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the incidence of stroke in women, born outside as well as in Sweden. Furthermore, the aim was to examine how socio-economic factors, smoking, and physical activity could modify the risk for stroke. Method: Data from the “MalmöDiet and Cancer Study” was used for the analysis. In total, 16,857 women were included (14,849 of them born in and 2,008 born outside Sweden), aged 45 - 73 years with a mean age of 57.4 years. Result. A significantly increased relative risk (RR) was found for the incidence of stroke for current smokers in both Swedish-born and migrant women. In Swedish-born women the RR was 1.98 (CI: 1.66 - 2.36) and for migrant women the RR was 1.83(CI: 1.13 - 2.96). The adjusted relative risk for the incidence of stroke in Swedish-born women performing moderate/high physical activity was RR 0.71 (CI: 0.61 - 0.84) and for migrant women it was RR 0.77 (CI: 0.49 - 1.20). The relative risk in relation to low socio-economic circumstances (SES) was significant only for Swedish-born women (RR 0.85 [CI: 0.73 - 0.99]). Among currently smoking Swedish-born women with a low SES the RR was 1.27 (CI: 1.03 - 1.57) in comparison with smoking migrant women, whose RR was 1.68 (CI: 0.92 - 3.09). Conclusion: No differences were found indicating that migrant women in this population had a higher risk as compared to Swedish-born women. However, migrant smoking women were more vulnerable to stroke compared to Swedish-born women. Physical activity was effective in reducing the risk of stroke among the total population and especially in the Swedish-born women. To increase physical activity in middle-aged women, in both migrant and Swedish-born women, is a highly recommended public health strategy.

关键词： Migration Stroke Socio-Economic Factors Physical Activity Smoking Women

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