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Darwin3: a large-scale neuromorphic chip with a novel ISA and on-chip learning

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National science Review 2024年第5期11卷 29-45页

作者： De Ma Xiaofei Jin Shichun sun Yitao Li Xundong Wu Youneng hu Fangchao Yang huajin tang Xiaolei Zhu Peng Lin gang Pan college of Computer science and technology Zhejiang University Research Center for Intelligent Computing Hardware Zhejiang Lab The State Key Lab of Brain-Machine Intelligence Zhejiang University MOe Frontier science Center for Brain science and Brain-machine Integration Zhejiang University college of Micro-Nano college of Micro-Nano electronics Zhejiang University

Spiking neural networks(SNNs) are gaining increasing attention for their biological plausibility and potential for improved computational efficiency. To match the high spatial-temporal dynamics in SNNs,neuromorphic chips are highly desired to execute SNNs in hardware-based neuron and synapse circuits directly. This paper presents a large-scale neuromorphic chip named Darwin3 with a novel instruction set architecture, which comprises 10 primary instructions and a few extended instructions. It supports flexible neuron model programming and local learning rule designs. The Darwin3 chip architecture is designed in a mesh of computing nodes with an innovative routing algorithm. We used a compression mechanism to represent synaptic connections, significantly reducing memory usage. The Darwin3 chip supports up to2.35 million neurons, making it the largest of its kind on the neuron scale. The experimental results showed that the code density was improved by up to 28.3× in Darwin3, and that the neuron core fan-in and fan-out were improved by up to 4096× and 3072× by connection compression compared to the physical memory depth. Our Darwin3 chip also provided memory saving between 6.8× and 200.8× when mapping convolutional spiking neural networks onto the chip, demonstrating state-of-the-art performance in accuracy and latency compared to other neuromorphic chips.

关键词： neuromorphic computing spiking neural network instruction set architecture connectivity compression

Performance analysis of a photovoltaic/thermal system with lunar regolith-based thermal storage for the lunar base

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science china(Technological sciences) 2024年第4期67卷 1113-1123页

作者： sun WenGan ZHAO Bin PeI Yu SHI LingFeng hu MaoBin LI MuJun ReN Xiao PeI gang Deep Space exploration Laboratory Hefei 230026China department of Thermal science and energy engineering University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China department of Mechanical and Aerospace engineering University of California San DiegoLa JollaCA 92093USA department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China college of New energy China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266000China

Powering a moon base,especially keeping it warm during the long lunar night,is a big *** paper introduces a photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T)system incorporating regolith thermal storage to solve the challenge of power and heat provision for the lunar base *** vacuum of space around the moon helps this system by reducing heat *** the moon's daytime,the system not only generates electricity but also captures *** stored heat in the regolith is then used at night,reducing the amount of equipment we need to send from *** spectrally selective PV/T panels are designed to absorb a wide range of sunlight(0.3–2.5μm)while minimizing heat loss in the infrared range(3–30μm).Simulation results of the hybrid solar energy system indicate the average value of the overall efficiency is 45.9%,which relatively elevates 56.1%compared to the PV *** launch mass of the proposed PV/T system is only 8.4%of a traditional photovoltaic-lithium battery system with the same amount of energy *** the total specific energy of the proposed system is 7.3 kWh kg^(-1),while that of the photovoltaic-lithium battery system is about 0.3 kWh kg^(-1).In summary,this study proposes an alternative combined heat and electricity supply system for the lunar base,which can greatly reduce the launch mass and free up load for other scientific research equipment.

关键词： in-situ resource utilization(IRSU) regolith thermal storage photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T) spectral selectivity

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Healing the structural defects of spinel MnFe_(2)O_(4) to enhance the electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction

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Journal of energy Chemistry 2024年第10期97卷 12-19,I0001页

作者： Manting tang Yue Zou Zhiyong Jiang Peiyu Ma Zhiyou Zhou Xiaodi Zhu Jun Bao Shi-gang sun National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026AnhuiChina State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces Department of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen 36005 FujianChina iCheM(Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for energy Materials) University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026AnhuiChina

Spinel metal oxides containing Mn,Co,or Fe(AB_(2)O_(4),A/B=Mn/Fe/Co)are one of the most promising nonPt electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)in alkaline ***,the low conductivity of metal oxides and the poor intrinsic activities of transition metal sites lead to unsatisfactory ORR *** this study,eutectic molten salt(eMS)treatment is employed to reconstruct the atomic arrangement of MnFe_(2)O_(4)electrocatalyst as a prototype for enhancing ORR *** analyses by using XAFS,soft XAS,XPS,and electrochemical methods reveal that the eMS treatment reduces the oxygen vacancies and spinel inverse in MnFe_(2)O_(4)effectively,which improves the electric conductivity and increases the population of more catalytically active Mn^(2+)sites with tetrahedral ***,the enhanced Mn-O interaction after eMS treatment is conducive to the adsorption and activation of O_(2),which promotes the first electron transfer step(generally considered as the ratedetermining step)of the ORR *** a result,the eMS treated MnFe_(2)O_(4)catalyst delivers a positive shift of 40 mV in the ORR half-wave potential and a two-fold enhanced mass/specific *** work provides a convenient approach to manipulate the atomic architecture and local electronic structure of spinel oxides as ORR electrocatalysts and a comprehensive understanding of the structureperformance relationship from the molecular/atomic scale.

关键词： Spinel MnFe_(2)O_(4) Oxygen reduction reaction Spinel inverse Oxygen vacancies eutectic molten salt

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Phase separation and domain crystallinity control enable open-air-printable highly efficient and sustainable organic photovoltaics

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InfoMat 2024年第3期6卷 131-143页

作者： Jie Lv Xiaokang sun hua tang Fei Wang Guangye Zhang Liangxiang Zhu Jiaming huang Qianguang Yang Shirong Lu gang Li Frédéric Laquai Hanlin hu Hoffmann Institute of Advanced Materials Shenzhen Polytechnic UniversityShenzhenthe People's Republic of China Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced technology Chinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenthe People's Republic of China School of Materials science and engineering Xiangtan UniversityXiangtanthe People's Republic of China KAUST Solar Center Physical Sciences and Engineering Division(PSE)Materials Science and Engineering Program(MSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)ThuwalKingdom of Saudi Arabia college of New Materials and New energies Shenzhen Technology UniversityShenzhenthe People's Republic of China department of electronic and Information engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong SARthe People's Republic of China department of Material science and technology Taizhou UniversityTaizhouthe People's Republic of China

Organic solar cells(OSCs)have emerged as a promising solution for sustainable energy production,offering advantages such as a low carbon footprint,short energy payback period,and compatibility with ***,the use of hazardous solvents continues to dominate the best-performing OSCs,mainly because of the challenges of controlling phase separation and domain crystallinity in *** this study,we combined the solvent vapor treatment of CS2 and thermal annealing to precisely control the phase separation and domain crystallinity in PM6:M-Cl and PM6:O-Cl systems processed with the eco-solvent *** method resulted in a maximum power conversion efficiency(PCe)of 18.4%,which is among the highest values reported for sustainable binary ***,the fabrication techniques were transferred from spin coating in a nitrogen environment to blade printing in ambient air,retaining a PCe of 16.0%,showing its potential for high-throughput and scalable *** addition,a comparative analysis of OSCs processed with hazardous and green solvents was conducted to reveal the differences in phase *** work not only underscores the significance of sustainability in OSCs but also lays the groundwork for unlocking the full potential of open-air-printable sustainable OSCs for commercialization.

关键词： open-air printable organic solar cells sustainability

The BTB/TAZ domain-containing protein CmBT1-mediated CmANR1 ubiquitination negatively regulates root development in chrysanthemum

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2024年第2期66卷 285-299页

作者： Lian-Da Du Zhang-Ji Guan Yan-Hong Liu hui-Dong Zhu Quan sun Da-gang hu Cui-hui sun Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit&Vegetable Quality and efficient Production College of Horticulture Science and EngineeringShandong Agricultural UniversityTaian 271018China

Roots are fundamental for plants to adapt to variable environmental *** development of a robust root system is orchestrated by numerous genetic determinants and,among them,the MADS-box gene ANR1 has garnered substantial *** research has demonstrated that,in chrysanthemum,CmANR1positively regulates root system ***,the upstream regulators involved in the CmANR1-mediated regulation of root development remain *** this study,we successfully identified bric-a-brac,tramtrack and broad(BTB)and transcription adapter putative zinc finger(TAZ)domain protein CmBT1 as the interacting partner of CmANR1 through a yeasttwo-hybrid(Y2H)screening ***,we validated this physical interaction through bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull-down *** assays revealed that CmBT1 exerted a negative influence on root development in *** both in vitro and in vivo assays,it was evident that CmBT1mediated the ubiquitination of CmANR1 through the ubiquitin/26S proteasome *** ubiquitination subsequently led to the degradation of the CmANR1 protein and a reduction in the transcription of CmANR1-targeted gene CmPIN2,which was crucial for root development in *** analysis suggested that CmBT1 modulated root development,at least in part,by regulating the level of CmANR1 ***,these findings shed new light on the regulatory role of CmBT1 in degrading CmANR1 through ubiquitination,thereby repressing the expression of its targeted gene and inhibiting root development in chrysanthemum.

关键词： chrysanthemum MADS-box transcription factor root development

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Iron-nickel alloy particles with N-doped carbon “armor” as a highly selective and long-lasting catalyst for the synthesis of Nbenzylaniline molecules

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Nano Research 2024年第4期17卷 2308-2319页

作者： gang Wang Longchao sun Wanyi Liu Haijuan Zhan Shuxian Bi college of Chemistry and Chemical engineering Ningxia UniversityYinchuan 750021China

A scalable strategy for the convenient and rapid preparation of nitrogen-doped carbon-coated iron-based alloy catalysts was *** controlling the type and amount of metal salts in the precursor,various types of nitrogen-doped carbon-coated alloy catalysts can be prepared in a targeted ***_(2)Ni2@CN materials with small particle sizes and relatively homogeneous basic sites showed promising results in the N-alkylation reaction of benzyl alcohol with aniline(optimum yield:99%).It is worth noting that the catalyst can also be magnetically separated and recovered after the reaction,and its performance can be regenerated through simple ***,it was confirmed by kinetic experiments that the activation of C–H at the benzyl alcohol benzylic position is the rate-determining step(RDS).According to density flooding theory calculations,Fe_(2)Ni2@CN catalysts require less energy than other materials(Fe@CN and Ni@CN)for the RDS(dehydrogenation reaction)*** N-alkylation reactions are more easily carried out on Fe_(2)Ni2@CN catalysts,which may be the reason for the best catalytic activity of Fe-Ni alloy *** carbon-coated alloy materials will show great potential in more types of heterogeneous catalysis.

关键词： iron-nickel alloy catalyst N-alkylation reaction magnetic separation reaction path dehydrogenation reaction

New quantification of symmetry energy from neutron skin thicknesses of 48Ca and 208Pb

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Nuclear science and Techniques 2024年第10期35卷 217-225页

作者： Rong An Shuai sun Li-gang Cao Feng-Shou Zhang School of Physics Ningxia University Key Laboratory of Beam technology of the Ministry of education College of Nuclear Science and TechnologyBeijing Normal University Key Laboratory of Beam technology of the Ministry of education Institute of Radiation TechnologyBeijing Academy of Science and Technology Center of Theoretical Nuclear Physics National Laboratory of the Heavy Ion Accelerator of Lanzhou

Precise knowledge of the nuclear symmetry energy can be tentatively calibrated using multimessenger *** neutron skin thickness of a heavy nucleus is one of the most sensitive indicators for probing the isovector components of effective interactions in asymmetric nuclear *** studies have suggested that the experimental data from the CReX and PReX2 collaborations are not mutually compatible with existing nuclear *** this study,we review the quantification of the slope parameter of the symmetry energy L from the neutron skin thicknesses of48Ca *** energy density functionals classified by various isoscalar incompressibility coefficients K were employed to evaluate the bulk properties of finite *** calculated results suggest that the slope parameter L deduced from208Pb is sensitive to the compression modulus of symmetric nuclear matter,but not that *** effective parameter sets classified by K=220 MeV can provide an almost overlapping range of L from48Ca and208Pb.

关键词： energy density functional Neutron skin thickness Nuclear symmetry energy

In silico off-target profiling for enhanced drug safety assessment

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2024年第7期14卷 2927-2941页

作者： Jin Liu Yike Gui Jingxin Rao Jingjing sun gang Wang Qun Ren Ning Qu Buying Niu Zhiyi Chene Xia sheng Yitian Wang Mingyue Zheng Xutong Li college of Pharmaceutical sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Drug Discovery and Design Center State Key Laboratory of Drug ResearchShanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201203China university of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China Nanjing university of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023China School of Pharmaceutical science and technology Hangzhou Institute for Advanced StudyHangzhou 330106China

ensuring drug safety in the early stages of drug development is crucial to avoid costly failures in subsequent ***,the economic burden associated with detecting drug off-targets and potential side effects through in vitro safety screening and animal testing is *** off-target interactions,along with the adverse drug reactions they induce,are significant factors affecting drug *** assess the liability of candidate drugs,we developed an artificial intelligence model for the precise prediction of compound off-target interactions,leveraging multi-task graph neural *** outcomes of off-target predictions can serve as representations for compounds,enabling the differentiation of drugs under various ATC codes and the classification of compound ***,the predicted off-target profiles are employed in adverse drug reaction(ADR)enrichment analysis,facilitating the inference of potential ADRs for a *** the withdrawn drug Pergolide as an example,we elucidate the mechanisms underlying ADRs at the target level,contributing to the exploration of the potential clinical relevance of newly predicted off-target ***,our work facilitates the early assessment of compound safety/toxicity based on off-target identification,deduces potential ADRs of drugs,and ultimately promotes the secure development of drugs.

关键词： Drug safety Off-target prediction Adverse drug reactions Toxicity Molecular representation Artificial intelligence

Multi-layer network embedding on scc-based network with motif

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Digital Communications and Networks 2024年第3期10卷 546-556页

作者： Lu sun Xiaona Li Mingyue Zhang Liangtian Wan Yun Lin Xianpeng Wang gang Xu department of Communication engineering Institute of Information Science TechnologyDalian Maritime UniversityDalian116026China Key Laboratory of Big Data Intelligent Computing Chongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsChongqing400065China Key Laboratory for Ubiquitous Network and Service Software of Liaoning Province DUT School of Software Technology&DUT-RU International School of Information Science and EngineeringDalian University of TechnologyDalian 116620China college of Information and Communication engineering Harbin Engineering UniversityHarbin 150001China School of Information and Communication engineering Hainan UniversityHaikou 570228China State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves School of Information Science and EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing 210096China

Interconnection of all things challenges the traditional communication methods,and Semantic Communication and Computing(SCC)will become new *** is a challenging task to accurately detect,extract,and represent semantic information in the research of SCC-based *** previous research,researchers usually use convolution to extract the feature information of a graph and perform the corresponding task of node ***,the content of semantic information is quite *** graph convolutional neural networks provide an effective solution for node classification tasks,due to their limitations in representing multiple relational patterns and not recognizing and analyzing higher-order local structures,the extracted feature information is subject to varying degrees of ***,this paper extends from a single-layer topology network to a multi-layer heterogeneous topology *** Bidirectional encoder Representations from Transformers(BeRT)training word vector is introduced to extract the semantic features in the network,and the existing graph neural network is improved by combining the higher-order local feature module of the network model representation network.A multi-layer network embedding algorithm on SCC-based networks with motifs is proposed to complete the task of end-to-end node *** verify the effectiveness of the algorithm on a real multi-layer heterogeneous network.

关键词： Semantic communication and computing Multi-layer network Graph neural network Motif