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Forest and Soil Carbon Stock., Pools and Dynamics and Potential Climate Change Mitigation in Nepal

Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering(B) 2012年第6期1卷 800-811页

作者： Shrestha Him Lal Roshan M. Bajracharya bishal k. sitaula Department of Environmental Science and Engineering School of Science Kathmandu University Dhulikhel Nepal Department of lnternational Environment and Development Studies Norwegian University of Life Sciences Aas Norway

The degradation of forest and soil contribute significantly to carbon emission to the atmosphere leading to the build-up of carbon dioxide in atmosphere and contributing to global warming. Consequences of climate change are not only the rise in global temperatures, but also changes in the precipitation patterns, which could affect agricultural production, food security, human health and long-term ecosystem properties balance. The deforestation and land degradation are major sources of GHG （greenhouse gas） emissions. International negotiations and dialogues on REDD＋ mechanism are held for both national and local level mitigation policies formulation for the reduction of carbon emission from land use, land use change and forestry sector. The reduction of emissions from fossil fuel combustion and avoidance of deforestation and forest/land degradation constitute lasting and long-term solutions for mitigating climate change. There is an urgent need of relevant and efficient methods of measuring forest and soil carbon through application of the latest geospatial technologies, i.e., GIS （geographic information system）, Remote Sensing and LiDAR （Light Detection and Ranging）. These technologies can support the precise measurement of carbon stock., as well as, offer cost effective and interoperable data generation methods. The REDD＋ mechanism is being promoted worldwide mainly to reduce the diminishing of forest in developing countries. Such an approach must consider use rights, sustainable management of forests, ensuring and safe-guarding the benefit sharing mechanism and good governance, along with the legal framework.and local livelihood concerns.

关键词： Carbon pool land use change mitigation REDD+

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Assessment of Soil Quality Using Microarthropod Communities Under Different Land System： A Case Study in the Mid-Hills of Central Nepal

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Journal of Life Sciences 2011年第1期5卷 66-73页

作者： Farida Begum Roshan Man Bajracharya Subodh Sharma bishal k. sitaula Department of Biological sciences Karakoram International University Gilgit Baltistan 1500 Pakistan Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering School of Science Kathmandu University DhulikheL Kavre 6250 Nepal Department of International Environment and Development Studies （Noragric） Norwegian University of Life Sciences As （Akershus） P.O. Box 5003 Norway

The study aimed to evaluate soil quality using microarthopods density, diversity and soil biological quality index （QBS-ar） under different land use systems and elevation gradients. A secondary aim was to determine the relationship among soil biological and physiochemical indicators. Three groups of soil microarthropods were recognized viz. （1） Collembola （38%）（2） Acarina （33%） and （3） other microarthropods （29%）. ANOVA indicated that total microarthropods densities differed significantly with land use and elevation. Population density of Acarina and other mieroarthropods were weak.y significant different according to land use, while Collembola and Acarina densities showed highly significant difference with elevation. Total microarthropods, Acarina and Collembola densities were positively significantly correlated with soil organic carbon （SOC） and moisture but negatively correlated with bulk.density, pH and temperature of the soil. SOC and soil moisture appeared to be good indicators of soil quality as reflected by the higher density and diversity of soil total microarthropods, Collembola, Acarina and other microarthropods group. The use of microarthropods for soil quality assessment could be effective and relatively inexpensive tool; however, further research is required to evaluate the impact of agricultural practices and elevation gradient on soil microarthropods density, diversity and species composition for the sustainable management of agro ecosystems.

关键词： Assessment of soil quality acarina collembola soil organic carbon moisture monsoon.

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Agroforestry Practices in Midhills of Nepal from Gender Perspective

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Open Journal of Forestry 2019年第4期9卷 323-340页

作者： Deepa Paudel k.ishna Raj Tiwari Nani Raut bishal k. sitaula Prabin Poudel Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University Pokhara Nepal Department of Environmental Science and Engineering School of Science Kathmandu University Dhulikhel Nepal Department of International Environment and Development Studies Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås Norway

Agroforestry practice is becoming compassionate option for rural communities to fulfil basic needs and generate income for households’ wellbeing. Gender consideration seems worthful to obtain optimum benefits from agroforestry practices in the scarcity of male labour in the locality. This paper has attempted to analyse tendency of gendered participation in agroforestry practice and their existence in gaining benefits. We selected three mid-hills districts of Nepal where people are adopting both traditional (fulfilling subsistence needs) and improved (commercial purpose along with fulfilling subsistence needs) practices. We organized focused group discussions (n = 9), randomly sampled (n = 420) households for interview from each practice (n = 210) to analyse gendered wise participation in farm establishment, management intervention, capacity building and access to information, k.own as major agroforestry promoting activities. k.y informant interview (n = 18), focused group discussions (n = 9), randomly sampled (n = 420) households for interview from each practice (n = 210) was organized to analyse gendered wise participation in farm establishment, management intervention, capacity building and access to information, k.own as major agroforestry promoting activities. Women participation seemed to be higher in establishment activities than male in traditional practices whereas males were front in applying chemical fertilizer and pesticides and irrigation in improved practices. While changing in practices from traditional to improved, male participation during land tillage found to be significant. Male domination was observed in mak.ng decisions regarding species selection in traditional practices whereas women domination was observed in improved practices. Men’s involvement in species selection and plantation was found significant with changing in practices from traditional to improved. Men were ahead in capacity building and sk.ll development activities in traditional

关键词： Traditional Improved Gender Benefits Technology

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Evaluating Contribution of Trees Outside Forests for Income of Rural Livelihoods of Terai Region of Nepal

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Open Journal of Forestry 2020年第4期10卷 388-400页

作者： Yogendra Yadav Bir Bahadur k.anal Chhetri Santosh Raymajhi k.ishna Raj Tiwari bishal k. sitaula Office of the Dean Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University Pokhara Nepal Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University Hetauda Campus Hetauda Nepal Institute of Forestry Tribhuvan University Pokhara Campus Pokhara Nepal Norwegian University of Life Sciences &#197 s Norway

Trees Outside Forests (TOF) is a reliable source of income for farmers in rural area but study regarding this has not been explored in depth yet. Therefore, this study was objectively conducted to assess the contribution of income from TOF products in annual income of rural household. Dhangadimai Municipality of Siraha district, Nepal was selected as study site. Altogether, 300 household surveys and 20 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted to find the income sources and their contribution including TOF. The descriptive analysis and unitary method were applied to analyze the collected data. The off-farm income was US$ 1802.57 in total per household. Among it, the highest income was from remittance around US$ 762.34 (42.29%) and the lowest from government job around US$ 166.68 (9.25%). The farm based total annual income per household was US$ 685.94 on which, the highest income was US$ 220.28 (32.11%) from grains and the lowest income was US$ 0.04 from ploughing other farmers’ field. The total value of livestock.of average household was US$ 805.99 and out of this, the highest value was of buffalo i.e. US$ 333.01. At the same time, annual income from TOF product was about US$ 853.31 in total per household. Out of this, the highest income was approximately US$ 521.90 (61.16%) from fruits followed by US$ 214.77 (25.17%) from selling of timber. The highest net income per household was US$ 448.66 respectively from selling timber by rich family while US$ 233.78 for medium family. In addition, the net income from selling fruit by rich, medium and poor family was US$ 427.82, 550.71, and 382.43 respectively. Specifically, the total contribution of income only from TOF product was US$ 853.3027 (20.57%). This research will be useful document to develop the economic policy related to TOFs in different agroforestry

关键词： Farmland Households Income Livelihoods Trees Outside Forests (TOF)

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On the Urbach's formula for evaluation of electron trapping parameter:The case of persistent luminescent materials

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Journal of Rare Earths 2017年第8期35卷 733-738页

作者： Ngangbam Chandrasek.ar k.bishal Singh R.k.Gartia Department of Physics Manipur University Imphal-795003 Manipur India

Urbach’s formula for evaluation of electron trapping parameter that happens to be the earliest has emerged as a popular method amongst researchers of persistent luminescence. In this study, we analysed the thermoluminescence curves of glow-in-the-dark.phosphors. Those included some curves recorded by us and others that solely used the Urbach’s formula. Using the parameter obtained by rigorous analysis by fitting the whole TL curves, we presented a comprehensive picture of the potentialities and limitations of the simple Urbach’s relation E=T_m/500, where E is the trap-depth and T_m the peak.temperature in absolute scale, first proposed by Urbach in 1930. Some simple thumb rules on the use of the formula were presented for beginners as well as non-specialists so that entry of physically unrealistic data into the literature was prevented.

关键词： Urbach’s formula electron-trapping parameter glow-in-the-dark.phosphor afterglow rare earths

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Morphometric Analysis of Gilgit River Basin in Mountainous Region of Gilgit-Baltistan Province, Northern Pak.stan

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Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2017年第7期5卷 70-88页

作者： k.ramat Ali Roshan M. Bajracharya bishal k.mar sitaula Nani Raut Hriday Lal k.irala Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Aquatic Ecology Center Kathmandu University Kathmandu Nepal Department of Environmental Sciences Karakoram International University Gilgit Pakistan Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric) Norwegian University of Life Sciences (UMB) Akershus Norway Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan University Kirtipur Nepal

Watershed morphometric analysis of a basin is k.y to understand the hydrological processes. The Gilgit river basin is situated in the Hindu k.sh and k.rak.ram Mountains of Pak.stan. The provincial capital of Gilgit-Baltistan is located in the lower part of the basin. Morphometric evaluation of the Gilgit river basin was carried out to study its drainage characteristics and overall water resource potential. The entire Gilgit river basin has been divided into six sub-basins to calculate and analyze the selected morphometric parameters. Morphometric parameters have been classified into linear, aerial and relief aspect. Geographic Information System (GIS) provides a viable method to extract and evaluate the characteristic of hydrological response behaviour of the basin. In the present study the utilization of remote sensing data such as Thermal Topography Mission and Global Elevation Model (ASTER-GDEM), Sentinel 2A image, coupled with geological and field data into GIS environment for morphometric analysis of Gilgit Basin. The drainage area of the basin is 13,538 k.2 and shows a dendritic drainage pattern for all sub-basins. The analysis reveals that drainage network.of entire Gilgit river basin constitutes a 7th order basin. Out of six sub-basins, Gilgit-Gahk.ch (B1), Ishk.man (B2) and Phunder (B4) are 6th order sub-basins. Yasin (B3) and Gupis (B5) are 5th order sub-basins, while Bagrot (B6) is a 4th order sub-basin. The Gilgit Basin drainage density value is 0.50 k./k.2, which indicates a well-drained basin. Morphometric parameters lik. stream number, order, length, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency, elongation ratio, circularity ratio, form factor, relief and relative relief, slope, length of overland flow, ruggedness number, and hypsometric integral are calculated. The results indicate that the entire drainage basin area reflects youthful to early mature stage of the fluvial geomorphic cycle and high potential of stream discharge which is domina

关键词： Drainage Morphometry Gilgit Basin Remote Sensing

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