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Study of Socio-cultural Impacts of Chinese Tourists in Nepal:A Social Exchange Theory Perspective

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Study of Socio-cultural Impacts of Chinese Tourists in Nepal...

作者： binod PRASAD bhattarai 三峡大学

学位级别：硕士

旅游发展给群体和个人的社会性格带来了变化。旅游业在全球发展迅速,给社会文化方面带来了越来越大的挑战。随着旅游业的迅速发展,许多旅游地区的社会文化规范也发生了巨大的变化。旅游业已发展成为国家发展的重要政策之一。旅客和当地... 详细信息

旅游发展给群体和个人的社会性格带来了变化。旅游业在全球发展迅速,给社会文化方面带来了越来越大的挑战。随着旅游业的迅速发展,许多旅游地区的社会文化规范也发生了巨大的变化。旅游业已发展成为国家发展的重要政策之一。旅客和当地人之间的积极关系是旅游业成功的关键因素。本研究旨在探讨去尼泊尔旅游的中国游客带来的社会文化影响、旅游发展、尼泊尔居民对中国游客的态度、尼泊尔人民与在尼泊尔的中国游客之间的互动以及中国游客与当地人所面临的社会和文化等方面问题。本研究的重点是居民对旅游业的态度、对旅游部门发展的态度、对旅游部门规划和管理的参与态度、对当前和未来旅游发展的支持态度。因为,每年都有相当数量的中国游客到加德满都山谷旅游,中国是尼泊尔第二大国际游客来源国。所以本研究以尼泊尔的加德满都谷地为研究中心。调查数据来源于尼泊尔加德满都山谷的247名居民。使用社会科学统计软件包(SPSS)25软件对模型和路径进行验证。结果表明,居民大力支持关于旅游业发展对群体产生的积极社会文化影响。调查发现当地居民和旅游团体是所在地当前和未来旅游业增长的强大动力。去尼泊尔的中国游客带来的社会文化影响受到旅游发展、东道国和游客互动情况以及东道国人口结构等所有变量的显著影响。东道主和中国游客之间的互动是中国游客带来的的社会文化影响和形成的对旅游的态度和看法的最重要的因素。政府和旅游局对旅游开发和目的地营销的支持无效;只有私营部门才能在没有政府援助的情况下运营旅游业。由于经济、社会和文化上的差异,当地居民和游客之间存在很多分歧。东道主人口统计学特征,包括性别、年龄、教育、住宅的时限,职业,收入水平,和外语技能,这些都影响了去尼泊尔的中国游客带来的社会文化影响,解释了为什么大多数专业知识扎实的年轻人对旅游业进行研究。本研究的结果支持并验证了社会交换理论的观点。

关键词：旅游社会文化影响尼泊尔的中国游客社会交换理论

Patterns,Causes and Perceptions of Human-Large Carnivore Conflict in the Chitwan National Park,Nepal

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2024年第4期15卷 838-849页

作者： Parwati TIWARI Bishnu Prasad bhattarai Jagan Nath ADHIKARI binod bhattarai Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKathmandu 44600Nepal Department of Zoology Birendra Multiple CampusTribhuvan UniversityChitwan 44200Nepal Nepal Zoological Society Kathmandu 44600Nepal

One of the major management problems in and around protected areas is the intensifying conflict between local people and wildlife,especially large *** depredation and human fatalities caused by attacks of carnivores are found to be serious obstacles in conflict *** study aims to explore the patterns,costs,causes and perceptions of human large carnivore conflict in the Nawalpur area of Chitwan National *** patterns of livestock loss and human casualties due to large carnivores(Panthera tigris and Panthera pardus)were analysed using the secondary data reported to Chitwan National Park from 2001 to *** understand the people’s perception towards carnivores and wildlife conservation,150 victim respondents were asked,with one household selected from each *** 19-year study period,a total of 521 incidents caused by large carnivores were reported,which included 33 human casualties and 488 livestock *** was responsible for the maximum conflict incidents in *** total relief provided for human deaths and injuries was US$17524.41,whereas US$13702.18 was used to compensate for livestock depredation in the Nawalpur area by authorities of the Chitwan National *** than 64%of the respondents liked the presence of carnivores in their area and had a positive attitude toward the conservation of large carnivores,even though the carnivores were responsible for livestock depredation and human injury and ***’s satisfaction with the relief scheme provided by the government depended on ethnicity,gender,age class,occupation,education,insurance,and livestock ownership,but they believed the scheme was not ***,an effective relief scheme and awareness about the process of relief funding should be conducted in conflict *** awareness programs for local communities about large carnivores,their behavior,and preparing predator-proof corrals would be helpful in minimizing conflict in the study a

关键词： depredation human wildlife conflict leopard tiger relief fund

Role of bromocriptine in multi-spectral manifestations of traumatic brain injury

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2017年第2期20卷 84-86页

作者： Sunil Munakomi binod bhattarai Bijoy Mohan Kumar Department of Neurosurgery College of Medical Sciences Bharatpur Nepal

Purpose： Despite the prevalence and cost of traumatic brain injury related disabilities, there is paucity in the literature on modern approaches to pharmacotherapy. Medications may promote recovery by enhancing some neurological functions without impacting others. Herein we discussed the role of bromocriptine in neurorehabilitation for patients with traumatic brain injury. Methods： A cohort comprising of 36 selective nonsurgical cases of traumatic brain injury in minimally conscious state were enrolled in the study. After hemodynamic stability, bromocriptine was given at paediatric dose of 3.75 mg/d and adult dose of 7.5 mg/d. It was administered through a naso-gastric （NG） feeding tube in the patients with minimally conscious state, then changed to oral route after proper swallowing and good gag reflex were ensured in the patient. The drug was slowly reduced over three weeks after neurological improvement in the patients. Positive result was determined by improved GCS score of 2 and motor power by at least 1 British Medical Council （BMC） motor score. Improvement of deficits was evaluated in terms of fluency of speech for aphasia, task switching, digit span double tasking and trail-making test for cognition and attention, and functional independence measure score for motor functioning and self-independence. Results： Accelerated arousal was seen in 47.0% of cases （8/17） in 4-40 days. In 41.2% of cases （7117）, Glasgow outcome score （GOS） was improved to 4/5 in 90 days. Improvement in hemiparesis by at least 1 BMC score was seen in 55.6% of cases （5/9） in 40 days. Aphasia was improved in 80% of cases （4/5） in 7 30 days. Moderate improvement in cognitive impairment was seen in 66.7% of cases （2]3） in 14-20 days. Improvement in memory was observed in 50% of cases （1/2） in over 30 days. No cases were withdrawn from the study because of adverse reactions of the drug. There was no mortality in the study group. Conclusion： Bromocriptine improves neurological sequelae of trau

关键词： Brain injuries traumatic BromocriptineRehabilitation

Estimation of Global Solar Radiation for Four Selected Sites in Nepal Using Sunshine Hours, Temperature and Relative Humidity

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2013年第3期1卷 1-9页

作者： Krishna R. Adhikari binod K. bhattarai Shekhar Gurung Central Department of Physics Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal Institute of Engineering Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal

Rational and accurate solar energy databases, essential for designing, sizing and performing the solar energy systems in any part of the world, are not easily accessible in different localities of Nepal. In this study, daily global solar radiation, sunshine hours and meteorological data for Biratnagar, Kathmandu, Pokhara and Jumla have been used to derive the regression constants. The linear regression technique has been used to develop a model for Biratnagar, Kathmandu, Pokhara and Jumla. The model has calculated the global solar radiation for these locations. The values of global solar radiation estimated by the model are found to be in close agreement with measured values of respective sites. The estimated values were compared with Angstrom-Prescott model and examined using the root mean square error (RMSE), mean bias error (MBE), mean percentage error (MPE), coefficient of regression (R), coefficient of determinant (R2) and correlation coefficient (CC) statistical techniques. Thus, the resultant correlations and linear regression relations may be then used for the locations of similar meteorological/geographical characteristics and also can be used to estimate the missing data of solar radiation for the respective site.

关键词： Global Solar Radiation Clearness Index Sunshine Hours Linear Regression Relation Model

Estimation of Global Solar Radiation Using Clearness Index and Cloud Transmittance Factor at Trans-Himalayan Region in Nepal

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Energy and Power Engineering 2012年第6期4卷 415-421页

作者： Khem N. Poudyal binod K. bhattarai Balkrishna Sapkota Berit Kjeldstad Department of Physics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway Institute of Engineering Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal

This paper presents the global solar radiation (GSR) and cloud transmittance factor (cf) measured at the horizontal surface over a period of one year from 2009 to 2010 using CMP6 Pyranometer and NILUUV Irradiance Meter at Lukla (Latitude 26.69oN,Longitude 86.73?E and Altitude 2850 m) in the foothills of the Mt Everest (8850 m high). Monthly and seasonal variations of global solar radiation as well as correlation between clearness index and cloud transmittance factor at Lukla are presented. The annual average daily global solar radiation is about 3.83 kWh/sq·m/day which is sufficient to promote solar active and passive energy technology at high mountain terrain where there is no other viable alternative sources of energy. The maximum and minimum global solar radiation of 5.33 and 2.08 kWh/sq·m/day is recorded in April and September 2010 respectively. The seasonal variation of solar energy is about 2.87 kWh/sq·m/day and 4.83 kWh/sq·m/day in summer and spring respectively which is not in line with the general trend. The coefficient of determination (R2) between cloud transmittance factor (cf) and clearness factor (K) is found to be 0.97. This novel result can be utilized to estimate the global solar radiation at the horizontal surface where K and cf are available.

关键词： Global Solar Radiation Seasonal Variation Cloud Transmittance Factor Clearness Index Coefficient of Determination High Himalaya Region

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拉萨气溶胶光学厚度的测量

中国科技信息 2010年第20期 43-45页

作者：诺桑措加旺姆益西旺杰 Berit Kjeldstad binod K.bhattarai 西藏大学地球物理研究所尼珀尔Tribhuvan大学工程研究所挪威科技大学物理系

我们利用美国多波段太阳辐射计(MICROTOPII)测量了西藏拉萨2008年8月～2010年8月期间大气气溶胶光学厚度,研究了拉萨气溶胶光学厚度日变化、月变化和季节变化等问题。结果表明,拉萨晴天气溶胶光学厚度很小870nm通道大气溶胶光学厚度仅在... 详细信息

我们利用美国多波段太阳辐射计(MICROTOPII)测量了西藏拉萨2008年8月～2010年8月期间大气气溶胶光学厚度,研究了拉萨气溶胶光学厚度日变化、月变化和季节变化等问题。结果表明,拉萨晴天气溶胶光学厚度很小870nm通道大气溶胶光学厚度仅在0.016～0300之间,平均值为0.067。拉萨干季气溶胶光学厚度比湿季略高,月平均气溶胶光学厚度比北京小四倍以上。然而,数据显示,在观测的时间里拉萨气溶胶光学厚度成逐渐波动放大现象。拉萨气溶胶主要来源于生物质燃烧、机动车尾气、季节风沙,宗教烧香、周边水泥、采石等活动。

关键词：气溶胶光学厚度拉萨太阳光度计

人脑Willis动脉环前循环变异的显微解剖

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上海交通大学学报（医学版） 2007年第4期27卷 448-450页

作者：崔宇辉徐涛薛绛宇陈炯比诺德高文伟上海交通大学第六人民医院神经外科上海200233

目的探讨Willis动脉环前半环各组成血管的解剖变异特点。方法利用45具(90侧)福尔马林固定的硬脑膜完整的成人脑标本进行Willis动脉环前半环各血管显微解剖,观察和测量血管的形态和走行。结果约13.3%的标本大脑前动脉双侧A1段发育不均衡,... 详细信息

目的探讨Willis动脉环前半环各组成血管的解剖变异特点。方法利用45具(90侧)福尔马林固定的硬脑膜完整的成人脑标本进行Willis动脉环前半环各血管显微解剖,观察和测量血管的形态和走行。结果约13.3%的标本大脑前动脉双侧A1段发育不均衡,约6.7%交叉对侧供应;前交通动脉简单型仅占37.8%,复杂型占60%。结论约60%以上的人脑Willis动脉环前半环存在变异,熟悉这一区域的变异对介入治疗和手术有很大意义。

关键词： Willis动脉环前循环显微解剖变异

载脂蛋白E基因多态性和急性脑损伤的关联研究(英文)

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中国神经精神疾病杂志 2007年第7期33卷 385-388页

作者：顾奕高星杰徐涛王敢胡锦比诺德汪栋祥江三多周良辅上海交通大学附属第六人民医院神经外科上海200233 上海市精神卫生中心分子遗传学研究所上海复旦大学附属华山医院神经外科

背景急性脑损伤及其预后的影响因素是多方面的,如年龄、损伤程度与患者体质情况等,但其对外伤性脑损伤的预后结局仅作部分预测。近年来,有关遗传因素对脑损伤的影响和其预后的报道开始增多,关于载脂蛋白E在颅脑外伤预后中所起作用已引... 详细信息

背景急性脑损伤及其预后的影响因素是多方面的,如年龄、损伤程度与患者体质情况等,但其对外伤性脑损伤的预后结局仅作部分预测。近年来,有关遗传因素对脑损伤的影响和其预后的报道开始增多,关于载脂蛋白E在颅脑外伤预后中所起作用已引起人们的关注。在国外以往的研究中,关于载脂蛋白E基因多态性和脑损伤预后的研究结果也不相同。本研究初步探讨有关我国急性脑损伤及其预后与APOE基因之间的关系。方法采用病例对照研究,选取94名车祸脑损伤患者和正常人作为研究对象,采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)方法鉴定载脂蛋白E(APOE)基因型,探讨其等位基因及基因型同车祸脑损伤及其预后的关系。结果车祸脑损伤患者中其等位基因ε2频率为0.1010,其基因型ε2/ε3的频率为0·1596明显高于正常人群ε2等位基因频率0.0050,及ε2/ε3基因型的频率0.0100(P<0.05)。同时,患者中,其未愈死亡组中ε2等位基因频率为0.1970及ε2/ε3基因型的频率为0.2727,明显高于好转治愈组ε2等位基因频率0.0508及ε2/ε3基因型的频率0.1017(P<0.05),有统计学意义。结论APOE基因的等位基因ε2基因型ε2/ε3初步可作为预示不良的预后参数。

关键词：脑损伤载脂蛋白E 基因多态性

人脑Willis动脉环后循环变异的显微解剖研究

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中华神经外科疾病研究杂志 2007年第2期6卷 108-110页

作者：徐涛薛绛宇陈炯比诺德崔宇辉高文伟王韧曹合利上海交通大学附属第六人民医院神经外科上海200233

目的了解人脑Willis动脉环后循环的变异特点,为血管和颅底外科手术提供参考依据。方法对46例经福尔马林处理的人脑完整标本在显微镜下进行观察、测算,并作摄影。结果46例(92侧)中,两侧后交通动脉(PCoA)管径不等超过60%,长度相差2mm以上... 详细信息

目的了解人脑Willis动脉环后循环的变异特点,为血管和颅底外科手术提供参考依据。方法对46例经福尔马林处理的人脑完整标本在显微镜下进行观察、测算,并作摄影。结果46例(92侧)中,两侧后交通动脉(PCoA)管径不等超过60%,长度相差2mm以上者约占50%;PCoA与大脑后动脉(PCA)的解剖关系中,约50%发育正常;基底动脉(BA)与两侧PCA组成的分叉角为45°～150°,平均105°,PCA交通前段内穿支出现率98%。结论人脑Willis动脉环后循环中,约50%以上存在血管的管径、长度和解剖变异。

关键词： Willis动脉环显微解剖后循环内穿支