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Changes in Water Use Efficiency Caused by Climate Change,CO_(2) Fertilization,and Land Use Changes on the Tibetan Plateau

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第1期40卷 144-154页

作者： binghao jia Xin LUO Longhuan WANG Xin LAI State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD) Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Key Lab of Virtual Geographic Environment(Nanjing Normal University) Ministry of EducationNanjing 210023China jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application Nanjing 210023China Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu University of Information TechnologyChengdu 610225China

Terrestrial ecosystem water use efficiency(WUE)is an important indicator for coupling plant photosynthesis and transpiration,and is also a key factor linking the carbon and water cycles between the land and ***,under the combination of climate change and human intervention,the change in WUE is still unclear,especially on the Tibetan Plateau(TP).Therefore,satellite remote sensing data and process-based terrestrial biosphere models(TBMs)are used in this study to investigate the spatiotemporal variations of WUE over the TP from 2001 to ***,the effects of land use and land cover change(LULCC)and CO_(2) fertilization on WUE from 1981-2010 are assessed using *** show that climate change is the leading contributor to the change in WUE on the TP,and temperature is the most important *** makes a negative contribution to WUE(-20.63%),which is greater than the positive contribution of CO_(2) fertilization(11.65%).In addition,CO_(2) fertilization can effectively improve ecosystem resilience on the *** the northwest plateau,the effects of LULCC and CO_(2) fertilization on WUE are more pronounced during the driest years than the annual *** findings can help researchers understand the response of WUE to climate change and human activity and the coupling of the carbon and water cycles over the TP.

关键词： water use efficiency gross primary productivity evapotranspiration Tibetan Plateau carbon and water cycle

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Elucidating Dominant Factors Affecting Land Surface Hydrological Simulations of the Community Land Model over China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第2期40卷 235-250页

作者： jianguo LIU Zong-Liang YANG binghao jia Longhuan WANG Ping WANG Zhenghui XIE Chunxiang SHI School of Mathematics and Computational Science and Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control Technology for Wuling-Mountain Ecological Agriculture in Hunan ProvinceHuaihua UniversityHuaihuaHunan 418008China Department of Geological Sciences The John A.and Katherine G.Jackson School of GeosciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTexas 78712-1722USA State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China National Meteorological Information Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China

In order to compare the impacts of the choice of land surface model(LSM)parameterization schemes,meteorological forcing,and land surface parameters on land surface hydrological simulations,and explore to what extent the quality can be improved,a series of experiments with different LSMs,forcing datasets,and parameter datasets concerning soil texture and land cover were *** simulations are run for the Chinese mainland on 0.1°×0.1°grids from 1979 to 2008,and the simulated monthly soil moisture(SM),evapotranspiration(ET),and snow depth(SD)are then compared and assessed against *** results show that the meteorological forcing is the most important factor governing *** that,SM seems to be also very sensitive to soil texture information;SD is also very sensitive to snow parameterization scheme in the *** Community Land Model version 4.5(CLM4.5),driven by newly developed observation-based regional meteorological forcing and land surface parameters(referred to as CMFD_CLM4.5_NEW),significantly improved the simulations in most cases over the Chinese mainland and its eight *** increased the correlation coefficient values from 0.46 to 0.54 for the SM modeling and from 0.54 to 0.67 for the SD simulations,and it decreased the root-mean-square error(RMSE)from 0.093 to 0.085 for the SM simulation and reduced the normalized RMSE from 1.277 to 0.201 for the SD *** study indicates that the offline LSM simulation using a refined LSM driven by newly developed observation-based regional meteorological forcing and land surface parameters can better model reginal land surface hydrological processes.

关键词： hydrological simulations land surface model meteorological forcing land surface parameters uncertainty

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Coupling of the Calculated Freezing and Thawing Front Parameterization in the Earth System Model CAS-ESM

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第9期40卷 1671-1688页

作者： Ruichao LI Jinbo XIE Zhenghui XIE binghao jia Junqiang GAO Peihua QIN Longhuan WANG Si CHEN State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 101408China School of Mathematics and Statistics Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China

The soil freezing and thawing process affects soil physical properties,such as heat conductivity,heat capacity,and hydraulic conductivity in frozen ground regions,and further affects the processes of soil energy,hydrology,and carbon and nitrogen *** this study,the calculation of freezing and thawing front parameterization was implemented into the earth system model of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS-ESM)and its land component,the Common Land Model(CoLM),to investigate the dynamic change of freezing and thawing fronts and their *** results showed that the developed models could reproduce the soil freezing and thawing process and the dynamic change of freezing and thawing *** regionally averaged value of active layer thickness in the permafrost regions was 1.92 m,and the regionally averaged trend value was 0.35 cm yr–*** regionally averaged value of maximum freezing depth in the seasonally frozen ground regions was 2.15 m,and the regionally averaged trend value was–0.48 cm yr–*** active layer thickness increased while the maximum freezing depth decreased year by *** results contribute to a better understanding of the freezing and thawing cycle process.

关键词： frozen ground freezing and thawing fronts maximum freezing depth active layer thickness earth system model CAS-ESM

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Improving microwave brightness temperature predictions based on Bayesian model averaging ensemble approach

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Applied Mathematics and Mechanics(English Edition) 2016年第11期37卷 1501-1516页

作者： binghao jia Zhenghui XIE State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics (LASG) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences

The choices of the parameterizations for each component in a microwave emission model have significant effects on the quality of brightness temperature （Tb） sim- ulation. How to reduce the uncertainty in the Tb simulation is investigated by adopting a statistical post-processing procedure with the Bayesian model averaging （BMA） ensemble approach. The simulations by the community microwave emission model （CMEM） cou- pled with the community land model version 4.5 （CLM4.5） over China's Mainland are con- ducted by the 24 configurations from four vegetation opacity parameterizations （VOPs）, three soil dielectric constant parameterizations （SDCPs）, and two soil roughness param- eterizations （SRPs）. Compared with the simple arithmetical averaging （SAA） method, the BMA reconstructions have a higher spatial correlation coefficient （larger than 0.99） than the C-band satellite observations of the advanced microwave scanning radiometer on the Earth observing system （AMSR-E） at the vertical polarization. Moreover, the BMA product performs the best among the ensemble members for all vegetation classes, with a mean root-mean-square difference （RMSD） of 4 K and a temporal correlation coefficient of 0.64.

关键词： Bayesian model averaging (BMA) microwave brightness temperature com-munity microwave emission model (CMEM) community land model version 4.5 (CLM4.5)

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Impacts of hydraulic redistribution on eco-hydrological cycles： A case study over the Amazon basin

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第9期61卷 1330-1340页

作者： Yuanyuan WANG binghao jia Zhenghui XIE Beijing Meteorological Observatory Beijing 100089 China State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

Hydraulic redistribution(HR)refers to the process of soil water transport through the low-resistance pathway provided by plant *** has been observed in field studies and proposed to be one of the processes that enable plants to resist water ***,most land-surface models(LSMs)currently do not include this underground root *** this study,a HR scheme was incorporated into the Community Land Model version 4.5(CLM4.5)to investigate the effect of HR on the eco-hydrological *** paired numerical simulations(with and without the new HR scheme)were conducted for the Tapajos National Forest km83(BRSa3)site and the *** for the BRSa3 site in the Amazon showed that HR during the wet season was small,<0.1 mm day^(–1),transferring water from shallow wet layers to deep dry layers at night;however,HR in the dry season was more obvious,up to 0.3 mm day^(–1),transferring water from deep wet layers to shallow dry layers at *** incorporating HR into CLM4.5,the new model increased gross primary production(GPP)and evapotranspiration(ET)by 10%and 15%,respectively,at the BRSa3 site,partly overcoming the *** the Amazon,regional analysis also revealed that vegetation responses(including GPP and ET)to seasonal drought and the severe drought of 2005 were better captured with the HR scheme incorporated.

关键词： Land-surface model CLM4.5 Hydraulic redistribution Gross primary production Evapotranspiration

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Ensemble Simulation of Land Evapotranspiration in China Based on a Multi-Forcing and Multi-Model Approach

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2016年第6期33卷 673-684页

作者： jianguo LIU binghao jia Zhenghui XIE Chunxiang SHI High Performance Computing Center School of Mathematics and Computational ScienceHuaihua University State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences National Meteorological Information Center China Meteorological Administration

In order to reduce the uncertainty of offline land surface model （LSM） simulations of land evapotranspiration （ET）, we used ensemble simulations based on three meteorological forcing datasets [Princeton, ITPCAS （Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences）, Qian] and four LSMs （BATS, VIC, CLM3.0 and CLM3.5）, to explore the trends and spatiotemporal characteristics of ET, as well as the spatiotemporal pattern of ET in response to climate factors over China's Mainland during 1982-2007. The results showed that various simulations of each member and their arithmetic mean （EnsAVlean） could capture the spatial distribution and seasonal pattern of ET sufficiently well, where they exhibited more significant spatial and seasonal variation in the ET compared with observation-based ET estimates （Obs_MTE）. For the mean annual ET, we found that the BATS forced by Princeton forcing overestimated the annual mean ET compared with Obs_MTE for most of the basins in China, whereas the VIC forced by Princeton forcing showed underestimations. By contrast, the Ens_Mean was closer to Obs_MTE, although the results were underestimated over Southeast China. Furthermore, both the Obs_MTE and Ens_Mean exhibited a significant increasing trend during 1982-98; whereas after 1998, when the last big EI Nifio event occurred, the Ens_Mean tended to decrease significantly between 1999 and 2007, although the change was not significant for Obs_MTE. Changes in air temperature and shortwave radiation played key roles in the long-term variation in ET over the humid area of China, but precipitation mainly controlled the long-term variation in ET in arid and semi-arid areas of China.

关键词： land evapotranspiration ensemble simulations multi-forcing and multi-model approach spatiotemporal varia-tion uncertainty

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A soil moisture assimilation scheme based on the ensemble Kalman filter using microwave brightness temperature

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Science China Earth Sciences 2009年第11期52卷 1835-1848页

作者： binghao jia ZhengHui Xie XiangJun Tian ChunXiang Shi ICCES/LASG Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China

This study presents a soil moisture assimilation scheme, which could assimilate microwave brightness temperature directly, based on the ensemble Kalman filter and the shuffled complex evolution method (SCE-UA). It uses the soil water model of the land surface model CLM3.0 as the forecast operator, and a radiative transfer model (RTM) as the observation operator in the assimilation system. The assimilation scheme is implemented in two phases: the parameter calibration phase and the pure soil moisture assimilation phase. The vegetation optical thickness and surface roughness parameters in the RTM are calibrated by SCE-UA method and the optimal parameters are used as the final model parameters of the observation operator in the assimilation phase. The ideal experiments with synthetic data indicate that this scheme could significantly improve the simulation of soil moisture at the surface layer. Further- more, the estimation of soil moisture in the deeper layers could also be improved to a certain extent. The real assimilation experiments with AMSR-E brightness temperature at 10.65 GHz (vertical polariza- tion) show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of soil moisture in the top layer (0―10 cm) by as- similation is 0.03355 m3·m-3, which is reduced by 33.6% compared with that by simulation (0.05052 m3·m-3). The mean RMSE by assimilation for the deeper layers (10―50 cm) is also reduced by 20.9%. All these experiments demonstrate the reasonability of the assimilation scheme developed in this study.

关键词： land data assimilation soil moisture ensemble Kalman filter SCE-UA method radiative transfer model AMSR-E

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Contributions of climate change, land use change and CO2 to changes in the gross primary productivity of the Tibetan Plateau

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2020年第1期13卷 8-15页

作者： LUO Xin jia binghao LAI Xin Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu University of Information TechnologyChengduChina State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina

The ecosystems on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are highly vulnerable to climate change, rising CO2 concentration, and land-use and land-cover change(LULCC), but their contributions to changes in the gross primary productivity(GPP) of the TP are not clearly understood. In this study, the role of these three factors on the interannual variations(IAVs) and trends of the TP’s GPP were investigated using 12 terrestrial biosphere models. The ensemble simulations showed that climate change can explain most of the changes in the GPP, while the direct effect of LULCC and rising CO2(mainly fertilization effect) contributed 10% and-14% to the mean GPP values, 37% and -20% to the IAV, and 52% and -24% to the GPP’s trend, respectively. The LULCC showed higher contributions to the significant positive trend in the annual GPP of the TP. However, the results from different model simulations showed that considerable uncertainties were associated with the effects of LULCC on the GPP of the TP.

关键词： Multi-model ensemble gross primary productivity CO2 land-use and land-cover change Tibetan Plateau

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FastAFLGo:Toward a Directed Greybox Fuzzing

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第12期69卷 3845-3855页

作者： Chunlai Du Tong Jin Yanhui Guo binghao jia Bin Li School of Information Science and Technology North China University of TechnologyBeijing100144China Department of Computer Science University of Illinois SpringfieldSpringfield62703ILUSA Civil Aviation Management Institute of China Beijing100102China

While the size and complexity of software are rapidly increasing,not only is the number of vulnerabilities increasing,but their forms are *** has become an important factor in network attack and ***,automatic vulnerability discovery has become critical to ensure software *** is one of the most important methods of vulnerability *** is based on the initial input,i.e.,a seed,to generate mutated test cases as new inputs of a tested program in the next execution *** monitoring the path coverage,fuzzing can choose high-value test cases for inclusion in the new seed set and capture crashes used for triggering *** there have been remarkable achievements in terms of the number of discovered vulnerabilities,the reduction of time cost is still *** paper proposes a fast directed greybox fuzzing model,FastAFLGo.A fast convergence formula of temperature is designed,and the energy scheduling scheme can quickly determine the best seed to make the program execute toward the target basic *** results show that FastAFLGo can discover more vulnerabilities than the traditional fuzzing method in the same execution time.

关键词： Directed greybox fuzzing power schedule

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A Soil Moisture Data Assimilation System for Pakistan Using PODEn4DVar and CLM4.5

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2019年第6期33卷 1182-1193页

作者： Tariq MAHMOOD Zhenghui XIE binghao jia Ammara HABIB Rashid MAHMOOD State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics(LASG) Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Pakistan Meteorological Department Islamabad 44000Pakistan Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Science and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Soil moisture is an important state variable for land–atmosphere *** is a vital land surface variable for research on hydrology,agriculture,climate,and drought *** current study,a soil moisture data assimilation framework has been developed by using the Community Land Model version 4.5(CLM4.5)and the proper orthogonal decomposition(POD)-based ensemble four-dimensional variational assimilation(PODEn4 DVar)*** experiments were conducted at four agricultural sites in Pakistan by assimilating in-situ soil moisture *** results showed that it was a reliable *** quantify further the feasibility of the data assimilation(DA)system,soil moisture observations from the top four soil-depths(0–5,5–10,10–20,and 20–30 cm)were *** evaluation results indicated that the DA system improved soil moisture *** addition,updating the soil moisture in the upper soil layers of CLM4.5 could improve soil moisture estimation in deeper soil layers[layer 7(L7,62.0 cm)and layer 8(L8,103.8 cm)].To further evaluate the DA system,observing system simulation experiments(OSSEs)were designed for Pakistan by assimilating daily *** idealized experiments produced statistical results that had higher correlation coefficients,reduced root mean square errors,and lower biases for assimilation,which showed that the DA system is able to produce and improve soil moisture estimation in Pakistan.

关键词： PODEn4DVar Community Land Model version 4.5 data assimilation soil moisture Pakistan

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