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Use of wireless system in healthcare for developing countries

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Digital Communications and Networks 2016年第1期2卷 34-45页

作者： Humaira Abdus Salam bilal muhammad khan National University of Sciences and Technology NUST Islamabad Pakistan

Healthcare is one of the major applications of wireless systems that possess crucial issues. Specifically developing countries require a tow cost and reliable network with efficient protocols. The most challenging concern of Body Area Network （BAN） is heterogeneity, which requires fairness with reliability among all the network nodes. Solutions proposed for these networks either do not provide fair packet transmission or consume high energy and introduce delays. In this paper, we propose a cross layer protocol for healthcare applications meeting the requirements and challenges of the heterogeneous BAN. The protocol is also feasible for developing countries as it can be implemented over existing wireless infrastructure and provides high network reliability with energy efficiency through cooperation and adaptability. Results show that the proposed scheme improves reliability, throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio （PDR）, and energy consumption for scalable and mobile networks over conventional BAN protocols.

关键词： Cooperative AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector) routing Cross tayer adaptability Data aggregation Heterogeneous network Wireless BAN communication

Impact of Exchange Rate on Foreign Trade of Pakistan

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Impact of Exchange Rate on Foreign Trade of Pakistan

作者： Malik muhammad bilal khan 南京理工大学

学位级别：硕士

The study empirically investigated the impact of change in exchange rate on Foreign trade of Pakistan for the period 1993 to *** condition states that exchange rate devaluation improves trade balance of a *** econometric methods utilized in the analysis include Johansen cointegration technique and vector error correction model（VECM）*** variables used in study include trade balance（TB）,exchange rate（EXR）,export（EX）and import（IM）.Stationarity test was conducted and found stationarity among the variables after first *** estimation of the cointegration test showed evidence of long run relationship among the *** test results of VECM models states that exports of Pakistan are influenced by the exchange rate in the long-term as well as short-term;however,imports are only controlled by the exchange rate in the ***,the study through the application of VECM indicate that exchange rate（EXR）has positive and insignificant impact on exports（EX）and Negative on Imports（IM）,the study recommends that government may reconsider its exchange rate devaluation position and the results shows that in long-terms exchange rate devaluation may lead to increase in exports and show negative results with imports for Pakistan so government is advised to put more efforts to increase its export which would results in to significant improvement in the trade balance of the country in the long run,and hence,discourage excessive volume of importation observed in the economy.

关键词： exchangerate trade balance exports imports

Performance Analysis of Intelligent Neural-Based Deep Learning System on Rank Images Classification

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Computer Systems Science & Engineering 2023年第11期47卷 2219-2239页

作者： muhammad Hameed Siddiqi Asfandyar khan muhammad bilal khan Abdullah khan Madallah Alruwaili Saad Alanazi College of Computer and Information Sciences Jouf UniversitySakakaAljouf73211Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Institute of Computer Science and Information Technology ICS/IT FMCSUniversity of AgriculturePeshawar25000Pakistan

The use of the internet is increasing all over the world on a daily basis in the last two *** increase in the internet causes many sexual crimes,such as sexual misuse,domestic violence,and child *** research has been done for pornographic image detection and *** of the used models used machine learning techniques and deep learning models which show less accuracy,while the deep learning model ware used for classification and detection performed better as compared to machine ***,this research evaluates the performance analysis of intelligent neural-based deep learning models which are based on Convolution neural network(CNN),Visual geometry group(VGG-16),VGG-14,and Residual Network(ResNet-50)with the expanded dataset,trained using transfer learning approaches applied in the fully connected layer for datasets to classify rank(Pornographic ***)classification in *** simulation result shows that VGG-16 performed better than the used model in this study without augmented *** VGG-16 model with augmented data reached a training and validation accuracy of 0.97,0.94 with a loss of 0.070,*** precision,recall,and f-measure values for explicit and non-explicit images are(0.94,0.94,0.94)and(0.94,0.94,0.94).Similarly,The VGG-14 model with augmented data reached a training and validation accuracy of 0.98,0.96 with a loss of 0.059,*** f-measure,recall,and precision values for explicit and non-explicit images are(0.98,0.98,0.98)and(0.98,0.98,0.98).The CNN model with augmented data reached a training and validation accuracy of 0.776&0.78 with losses of 0.48&*** f-measure,recall,and precision values for explicit and non-explicit images are(0.80,0.80,0.80)and(0.78,0.79,0.78).The ResNet-50 model with expanded data reached with training accuracy of 0.89 with a loss of 0.389 and 0.86 of validation accuracy and a loss of *** f-measure,recall,and precision values for explicit and non-explicit

关键词： VGG-16 VGG-14 pornography detection expansion ResNet-50 convolution neural network(CNN) machine learning

Computational solution of an acid-mediated tumor-growth radial model under logistic growth regimes for normal and cancer cells

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International Journal of Biomathematics 2023年第3期16卷 45-62页

作者： Farhan khan Mudassar Abbas Jorge E.Macias-Diaz muhammad bilal khan Safar M.Alghamdi Department of Mathematics and Computer Sciences University of Palermo 90133 PalermoItaly Department of Mathematics and Applications “R.Caccioppoli”University of Naples Federico iiVia Cintia 80126NaplesItaly Department of Mathematics School of Digital Technologies Tallinn University10120 TallinnEstonia Departamento de Matematicas y Fisica Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes AguascalientesAgs.20131Merico Department of Mathematics COMSATS University Islamabad Islambad44000 Pakistan Department of Mathematics and Statistics College of Science Taif University Taif 21944Saudi Arabia

Tumor invasion follows a complex mechanism which involves cell migration and *** study the processes in which primary and secondary metastases invade and damage the normal cells,mathematical models are often extremely *** this paper,we present a mathematical model of acid-mediated tumor growth consisting of radially symmetric reaction-diffusion *** assumption on the radial symmetry of the solutions is imposed here in view that tumors present spherical symmetry at the microscopic ***,we consider various empirical mechanisms which describe the propagation of tumors by considering cancer cells,normal cells,and the concentration of H+*** other assumptions,we suppose that these components follow logistictype growth ***,this is an important difference with respect to various other mathematical models for tumor growth available in the ***,we also add competition terms of normal and tumor cells *** carry out a balancing study of the equations of the model,and a numerical model is proposed to produce *** practical remarks derived from our assumptions are provided in the discussion of our simulations.

关键词： Cancer growth model radially symmetric system acid-mediated tumor growth computer simulations

Assessment of sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of lead-polluted soil and production of seed oil and seed meal for human and animal consumption

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2020年第1期32卷 24-38页

作者： Afsheen Zehra Zulfiqar Ali Sahito Wenbin Tong Lin Tang Yasir Hamid muhammad bilal khan Zarina Ali Beena Naqui Xiaoe Yang Ministry of Education(MOE)Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health College of Environmental and Resources ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China Department of Botany Federal Urdu University of ArtsScience and TechnologyKarachi 75300Pakistan Technical Extension Station of Soil Fertilizer and Rural Energy QujiangQuzhou 324000China PCSIR Laboratories Complex KarachiDr Salimuzzaman RoadKarachi 75280Pakistan

Phytoremediation is a valuable technology for mitigating soil contamination in agricultural lands,but phytoremediation without economic revenue is unfeasible for land owners and *** use of crops with high biomass and bioenergy for phytoremediation is a unique strategy to derive supplementary benefits along with remediation ***(Helianthus annuus L.)is a high-biomass crop that can be used for the phytoremediation of polluted lands with additional advantages(biomass and oil).In this study,40 germplasms of sunflower were screened in field conditions for phytoremediation with the possibility for oil and meal *** study was carried out to the physiological maturity *** studied germplasms mopped up substantial concentrations of Pb,with maximum amounts in shoot>root>seed *** phytoextraction efficiency of the germplasm was assessed in terms of the Transfer factor(TF),Metal removal efficiency(MRE)and Metal extraction ratio(MER).Among all assessed criteria,GP.8585 was found to be most appropriate for restoring moderately Pb-contaminated soil accompanied with providing high biomass and high yield *** Pb content in the oil of GP.8585 was below the Food safety standard of China,with 59.5% oleic acid and 32.1% linoleic ***,amino acid analysis in meal illustrated significant differences among essential and nonessential amino *** acid was found in the highest percentage(22.4%),whereas cysteine in the lowest percentage(1.3%).Therefore,its efficient phytoextraction ability and good quality edible oil and meal production makes GP.8585 the most convenient sunflower germplasm for phytoremediation of moderately Pb-contaminated soil,with fringe benefits to farmers and landowners.

关键词： Heavy metal Soil contamination Metal removal efficiency(MRE) Germplasm(GP) Phytoextraction Edible oil Fatty acids(FA) Amino acids(AAs)

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拜登政府时期美巴关系“再调整”研究

拜登政府时期美巴关系“再调整”研究

作者： muhammad bilal khan 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

本篇文章重点关注拜登政府时期的美国和巴基斯坦关系。拜登政府期间,巴基斯坦和美国的关系一直侧重于加强反恐、地区稳定和经济发展等领域的合作。总体来说美巴关系取决于两国的国家利益,当两国目标相近时,两国倾向于合作;当两国利益冲... 详细信息

本篇文章重点关注拜登政府时期的美国和巴基斯坦关系。拜登政府期间,巴基斯坦和美国的关系一直侧重于加强反恐、地区稳定和经济发展等领域的合作。总体来说美巴关系取决于两国的国家利益,当两国目标相近时,两国倾向于合作;当两国利益冲突时,则会采取竞争态势。历史上影响美国政府与巴基斯坦合作的关键问题之一是阿富汗的和平进程。美国一直在鼓励塔利班与阿富汗政府和平谈判解决问题方面寻求巴基斯坦的支持。美国赞赏巴基斯坦在促成和平谈判、鼓励塔利班参与和平谈判方面发挥的作用。此外,两国之间合作的关键一直是在反恐领域。美国承认巴基斯坦在打击恐怖主义方面所做的努力,并强调需要继续合作,打击该地区的恐怖主义和暴力极端主义。同时经济合作也是两国合作的优先领域。美国一度表示支持巴基斯坦的经济发展,并承诺提供援助,帮助该国从新冠肺炎疫情的经济影响中恢复过来。总体而言,近期美巴关系同过去75年历史一样处于不稳定的状态。9·11事件发生后一段时间里,由于巴基斯坦和阿富汗的邻国关系,因此巴基斯坦一度成为美国的重要合作伙伴之一。巴基斯坦与阿富汗有着漫长的边界,巴基斯坦可以美军提供了补给基地,这对美国在阿富汗的行动很有帮助,这段时期可以被视为美巴关系的“蜜月期”。然而一旦塔利班接管阿富汗,美巴关系则会变得冷淡,美国甚至认为,巴基斯坦正在支持阿富汗的塔利班,经常指责巴基斯坦为阿富汗塔利班提供了安全避难所。近年来,美巴关系始终处于不稳定的装填。特朗普政府时期美巴关系经历了从平淡到良好的转变,拜登政府初期两国关系却一度由于巴基斯坦在俄乌冲突问题上的态度降到历史冰点。2018年伊姆兰·汗当选为巴基斯坦总理,在国内推行了更加反美的政策。伊姆兰·汗指责美国干涉他国内政,帮助巴基斯坦内部其他政党和军队,呼吁进行政权更迭。2022年2月24日,俄罗斯宣布开启对乌克兰的特别军事行动的当天,巴基斯坦总理伊姆兰·汗访问了莫斯科并与普京进行会谈。此事让本就紧张的美巴关系进一步升级。伊姆兰·汗政府因政治危机倒台后,由于其当政期间抨击拜登政府冻结70亿美元的在美阿富汗资金,以及拒绝为美国在阿富汗的反恐行动提供军事基地等问题,美巴的伙伴关系基本终结。伊姆兰·汗下台后巴基斯坦建立了新政府,美巴关系随之进入一个新的阶段。2022年5月份,新任外长比拉瓦尔·布托访问美国并与国务卿安东尼·布林肯会面。比拉瓦尔·布托表示,“我们期待与美国关系的改善”。他认为,美国从阿富汗撤军后,对与巴基斯坦建立亲密的外交关系的兴趣有所下降。2022年10月,拜登政府发布国家安全战略报告,其中提及巴基斯坦不再是美国世界计划中的关键角色。但正如一些巴基斯坦的前外交官和专家学者最近的一份报告所表明的,美国无需在“向巴基斯坦提供大量安全和经济援助”或者“断绝与此国的联系”之间做选择。在共同利益的基础上保持适度的伙伴关系是有意义的,这也将使美国能够在全世界范围内保持其外交影响力。尽管巴基斯坦和美国在人权和民主等领域存在分歧,但两国应该努力加强关系,并在共同关心的关键问题上进行合作。本篇文章共分为五章。第一章绪论部分,主要介绍了本篇文章的研究背景、研究问题、主要观点、研究意义、研究目的、研究方法、理论框架,同时对过往中外文献进行了梳理。第二章从国际背景、地区背景、特朗普政府时期的美巴关系、拜登政府时期美巴关系的调整四个方面系统论述了拜登政府时期的美巴关系。第三章从国外因素和国内因素两个角度分析了拜登政府时期美巴关系调整的原因。第四章对两国国内的影响、对国际形势的影响以及对中国的影响三个角度,分析了两国关系调整后的变局。第五章提出作者的研究结论。

关键词：伊姆兰·汗拜登政府阿富汗外交政策美国与巴基斯坦关系

Improving the Position Accuracy and Computational Efficiency of UAV Terrain Aided Navigation Using a Two-Stage Hybrid Fuzzy Particle Filtering Method

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2025年第1期82卷 1193-1210页

作者： Sofia Yousuf muhammad bilal Kadri College of Engineering Karachi Institute of Economics&TechnologyKarachi75190Pakistan College of Computer and Information Sciences Prince Sultan UniversityRiyadh11586Saudi Arabia

Terrain Aided Navigation(TAN)technology has become increasingly important due to its effectiveness in environments where Global Positioning System(GPS)is *** recent years,TAN systems have been extensively researched for both aerial and underwater navigation ***,many TAN systems that rely on recursive Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)position estimation methods,such as Extended Kalman Filters(EKF),often face challenges with divergence and instability,particularly in highly non-linear *** address these issues,this paper proposes and investigates a hybrid two-stage TAN positioning system for UAVs that utilizes Particle *** enhance the system’s robustness against uncertainties caused by noise and to estimate additional system states,a Fuzzy Particle Filter(FPF)is employed in the first *** approach introduces a novel terrain composite feature that enables a fuzzy expert system to analyze terrain non-linearities and dynamically adjust the number of particles in *** design allows the UAV to be efficiently localized in GPS-denied environments while also reducing the computational complexity of the particle filter in real-time *** the second stage,an Error State Kalman Filter(ESKF)is implemented to estimate the UAV’s *** ESKF is chosen over the conventional EKF method because it is more suitable for non-linear *** results demonstrate that the proposed fuzzy-based terrain composite method achieves high positional accuracy while reducing computational time and memory usage.

关键词： Sensor fusion fuzzy logic particle filter composite feature terrain aided navigation

Modeling and Comprehensive Review of Signaling Storms in 3GPP-Based Mobile Broadband Networks:Causes,Solutions,and Countermeasures

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Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 2025年第1期142卷 123-153页

作者： muhammad Qasim khan Fazal Malik Fahad Alturise Noor Rahman Department of Computer Science Iqra National UniversityPeshawar25000Pakistan Department of Cybersecurity College of ComputerQassim UniversityBuraydah52555Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science and Engineering Al-Fayha CollegeAl Jubayl31961Saudi Arabia

Control signaling is mandatory for the operation and management of all types of communication networks,including the Third Generation Partnership Project(3GPP)mobile broadband ***,they consume important and scarce network resources such as bandwidth and processing *** have been several reports of these control signaling turning into signaling storms halting network operations and causing the respective Telecom companies big financial *** paper draws its motivation from such real network disaster incidents attributed to signaling *** this paper,we present a thorough survey of the causes,of the signaling storm problems in 3GPP-based mobile broadband networks and discuss in detail their possible solutions and *** provide relevant analytical models to help quantify the effect of the potential causes and benefits of their corresponding *** important contribution of this paper is the comparison of the possible causes and solutions/countermeasures,concerning their effect on several important network aspects such as architecture,additional signaling,fidelity,etc.,in the form of a *** paper presents an update and an extension of our earlier conference *** our knowledge,no similar survey study exists on the subject.

关键词： Signaling storm problems control signaling load analytical modeling 3GPP networks smart devices diameter signaling mobile broadband data access data traffic mobility management signaling network architecture 5G mobile communication

Exploring Nanoscale Perovskite Materials for Next‑Generation Photodetectors:A Comprehensive Review and Future Directions

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Nano-Micro Letters 2025年第2期17卷 46-108页

作者： Xin Li Sikandar Aftab Maria Mukhtar Fahmid Kabir muhammad Farooq khan Hosameldin Helmy Hegazy Erdi Akman State Key Laboratory of Pulsed Power Laser Technology National University of Defense TechnologyHefei 230037AnhuiPeople’s Republic of China Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Laser Technology Hefei 230037AnhuiPeople’s Republic of China Nanhu Laser Laboratory Changsha 410015HunanPeople’s Republic of China Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering and Clean Energy Sejong UniversitySeoul 05006Republic of Korea Department of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Sejong UniversitySeoul 05006Republic of Korea School of Engineering Science Simon Fraser UniversityBurnabyBC V5A 1S6Canada Department of Electrical Engineering Sejong UniversitySeoul 05006South Korea Department of Physics Faculty of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityP.O.Box 9004AbhaSaudi Arabia Central Labs King Khalid UniversityAlQura’aP.O.Box 96061413 AbhaSaudi Arabia Scientific and Technological Research and Application Center Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University70100 KaramanTurkey

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has sparked much interest in applying nanoscale perovskite materials for photodetection *** materials are promising candidates for next-generation photodetectors(PDs)due to their unique optoelectronic properties and flexible synthesis *** review explores the approaches used in the development and use of optoelectronic devices made of different nanoscale perovskite architectures,including quantum dots,nanosheets,nanorods,nanowires,and *** a thorough analysis of recent literature,the review also addresses common issues like the mechanisms underlying the degradation of perovskite PDs and offers perspectives on potential solutions to improve stability and scalability that impede widespread *** addition,it highlights that photodetection encompasses the detection of light fields in dimensions other than light intensity and suggests potential avenues for future research to overcome these obstacles and fully realize the potential of nanoscale perovskite materials in state-of-the-art photodetection *** review provides a comprehensive overview of nanoscale perovskite PDs and guides future research efforts towards improved performance and wider applicability,making it a valuable resource for researchers.

关键词： Nanoscale perovskites Photodetectors Nanosheets Nanorods Nanowires Quantum dots Nanocrystals