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Nutritional Aspects of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Clusters Afflicted with SOUR Shrivel Is Related to Functionality of Its Vascular Tissues

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第1期7卷 194-200页

作者： bhaskar bondada Department of Horticulture Washington State University Tri-Cities Richland WA USA

Mineral nutrition is essential to growth and development of various plant organs including fruits;consequently deficiency of any element leads to a myriad of physiological disorders, which in fruits are manifested as ripening anomalies. In this study, nutritional composition in tandem with vascular structure of healthy grape clusters and clusters afflicted with SOUR shrivel, a ripening disorder has been examined to unravel its mechanistic basis. The healthy berries without any affliction accumulated the highest amounts of all nutrients, which paralleled with functional xylem and phloem tissues in their cluster framework. Among the macro nutrients, K occurred as the dominant element followed by P, Ca, Mg and S whereas B was the predominant micro nutrient followed by Fe, Cu, and Zn. Although, the SOUR shrivel berries and the healthy appearing berries of afflicted clusters followed similar accumulation patterns, their amounts were significantly lower than the perfectly healthy berries without any SOUR shrivel. The low nutrient levels of SOUR shrivel berries corresponded to necrosis of phloem tissues and a red discoloration of xylem tissues in their cluster framework indicating that a lack of functional vascular tissues provoked the induction of SOUR shrivel by reducing influx of xylem and phloem mobile nutrients into the afflicted berries. Hence, periodic nutritional checks starting before veraison may aid in curbing the incidence of SOUR shriveling.

关键词： Phloem Ripening Xylem

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Understanding Differential Responses of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Leaf and Fruit to Water Stress and Recovery Following Re-Watering

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第9期3卷 1232-1240页

作者： bhaskar bondada Janani Shutthanandan Washington State University Tri-Cities Richland USA

Among all fruit crops of horticultural importance, grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) stand out as the most drought tolerant crop species whose tolerance is credited to their proficiency to recover from water stress in both the natural and vineyard growing conditions. However, information on the recovery responses is relatively scant. Studies were conducted to address this issue using potted vines of the grapevine cultivar, Cabernet Sauvignon, which was subjected to water stress and along with anatomical and ultrastructural characterizations, physiological status was assessed in healthy and water stressed vines, and following recovery via rewatering from the water stressed vines. Water stress induced wilting of leaves, drooping of tendrils, and desiccation followed by abscission of shoot tip leaving behind a brown scar at the shoot apex. The wilted leaves accumulated ABA, which correspondingly reduced stomatal conductance and leaf water potential. Upon re-watering, both these parameters made a recovery with values similar to healthy leaves. Likewise, leaf anatomical features following rewatering resembled to that of healthy leaves. In clusters, water stress caused shriveling of preveraison (unripened) berries, which regained full turgor following water resupply, whereas the postveraison (ripening) berries in the same cluster remained unaffected as evidenced by the presence of viable mesocarp cells and epicuticular wax in the form of platelets. The study revealed that shoot tip with leaf primordia was most sensitive to water stress followed by fully expanded leaves and preveraison berries, whereas the postveraison berries remained unaffected. This information could be valuable to implementing irrigation strategies towards sustaining grape production in existing vineyards experiencing episodic droughts and targeted areas prone to drought.

关键词： ABA Berry Leaf Water Potential Water Stress Vitis vinifera

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Not All Shrivels Are Created Equal—Morpho-Anatomical and Compositional Characteristics Differ among Different Shrivel Types That Develop during Ripening of Grape (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>L.) Berries

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2012年第7期3卷 879-898页

作者： bhaskar Rao bondada Markus Keller Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center Washington State University 24106 N. Bunn Road Prosser WA 99350 USA Washington State University Tri-Cities Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture 2710 University Drive Richland WA 99354 USA

An understanding of physiological disorders associated with ripening of fruits triggered by abiotic stress relies on anatomical and physico-chemical analyses, as it provide insights into their origin and probable causes. The objective of this study was to analyze different ripening disorders of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries by dissecting their morpho-anatomy, shriveling nature, and composition. Four well-defined disorders—sunburn, prolonged dehydration (PD), late-season bunch stem necrosis (LBSN), and berry shrivel (BS) were analyzed in field-grown grapevines of the cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. Early bunch stem necrosis (EBSN) that occurred before ripening was also included in the study. Unlike healthy spherical berries, the pericarp of disordered berries except for sunburn shriveled causing concomitant reductions in fresh weight and volume. The exocarp of PD berries developed well-ordered indentations as distinct from the wrinkles in LBSN berries, whereas BS berries were flaccid with numerous skin folds. The epicuticular wax occurred as upright platelets in all shrivel forms excluding the sun-exposed hemisphere of sunburned berries. A chlorophyllous inflorescence framework persisted in all shrivel forms but in LBSN, wherein the necrotic regions developed tylosis. Unlike the translucent mesocarp of healthy, sunburned, and PD berries, the mesocarp was collapsed in BS and LBSN berries, nevertheless all had well-developed seeds. The composition of healthy berries was optimal, whereas the disordered berries were compositionally distinct from each other, which as a whole differed from the healthy berries. The BS berries had the lowest sugar content, and although sugar concentration was higher in LBSN, sunburned and PD berries, sugar amount per berry was highest in the healthy berries, the same was true for hexoses. Healthy and BS berries exhibited highest amounts of tartaric acid followed by sunburn and PD berries, whereas the LBSN berries had the lowest values. Conv

关键词： Grape Bunch Stem Dehydration Necrosis Ripening Shrivel Sunburn Vitis vinifera

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采用染料示踪法可视化研究葡萄新梢水分运输途径

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植物生理学报 2016年第8期52卷 1159-1168页

作者：谢兆森 bhaskar bondada 李勃丁杰河北科技师范学院园艺科技学院河北秦皇岛066600 华盛顿州立大学葡萄栽培与酿造科研中心美国华盛顿州里奇兰市99354 山东果树研究所育种研究室山东泰安271000 河北农业大学林学院河北保定071001

当前,对于葡萄（Vitis vinifera）新梢中水分在不同器官与组织间运输途径的研究鲜有报道,本文以八年生‘霞多丽’（‘Chardonnay’）葡萄为实验材料,采用染料示踪法观察葡萄新梢中水分运输途径及关联组织结构。结果表明,在水分沿新梢纵... 详细信息

当前,对于葡萄（Vitis vinifera）新梢中水分在不同器官与组织间运输途径的研究鲜有报道,本文以八年生‘霞多丽’（‘Chardonnay’）葡萄为实验材料,采用染料示踪法观察葡萄新梢中水分运输途径及关联组织结构。结果表明,在水分沿新梢纵向运输过程中,各器官的水势大小影响着水分在各器官中的运输与分配,同一节位上葡萄果穗水势最高,其次为叶片,副梢水势最低;新梢不同节位叶片水势和气孔导度都存在差异,从新梢基部到顶端所保留的11片叶中,从基部第1叶到第6叶水势逐渐减小,第6叶水势值最低,但从第6叶到顶端第11叶水势有小幅增加,而叶片气孔导度从基部到顶端则呈先增加后下降趋势;从不同节位叶柄的染色率来看,随着水分沿新梢纵向往上运输,从基部到顶端叶片,叶柄染色率下降;从各器官与新梢的水分联系途径来看,叶柄与新梢间通过4-9条从新梢木质部分离出来的维管束（叶迹）相联系,而卷须、果柄和副梢等器官与新梢间维管束连成一体,在节处出现分支通向以上器官,尽管果实与果柄存在木质部运输通道,但在果实发育的第二次快速生长期,只在果刷与果肉细胞相连的维管束中观察到染料分布,与此同时,冬芽处于独立状态,与新梢无木质部相连。因此,新梢着生的各器官与新梢间的水分运输途径存在差异,水分在各器官的运转与分配规律受到运转途径解剖结构的制约,同时,维持各器官水分平衡关系和生理活动需水也调控着新梢水分在各器官的运输与分配。

关键词：葡萄新梢水分染料示踪水势木质部

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葡萄萌芽期冬芽与枝蔓间水分联系再建立的动态观察

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植物生理学报 2017年第4期53卷 687-694页

作者：谢兆森 bhaskar bondada 曹红梅河北科技师范学院园艺科技学院河北秦皇岛066600 华盛顿州立大学葡萄栽培与酿造科研中心美国华盛顿州99354

在冬季休眠期葡萄冬芽与枝条间存在物质与水分运输的隔离,但进入到春季萌芽期,冬芽与枝蔓间又重新恢复了物质与水分的联系。冬芽与枝蔓/新梢间是以何种方式(细胞间扩散或木质部运输)进行水分联系,以及葡萄冬芽与枝蔓间水分联系的再建立... 详细信息

在冬季休眠期葡萄冬芽与枝条间存在物质与水分运输的隔离,但进入到春季萌芽期,冬芽与枝蔓间又重新恢复了物质与水分的联系。冬芽与枝蔓/新梢间是以何种方式(细胞间扩散或木质部运输)进行水分联系,以及葡萄冬芽与枝蔓间水分联系的再建立的动态过程,还未见报道。本文以八年生酿酒葡萄品种‘霞多丽’为试验材料,观察研究了葡萄萌发过程中冬芽与枝蔓间水分联系再建立的动态过程。结果表明,在新梢生长期,冬芽与新梢间存在维管束联系,但在冬芽停止生长后,未见冬芽与枝蔓/新梢通过木质部进行水分联系,尤其是在冬季休眠期,冬芽含水量低于枝蔓含水量,且冬芽水分含水量保持在40%以下。进入春季后,伴随冬芽的膨大生长,冬芽与枝蔓间通过维管束进行水分联系重新建立,但在冬芽膨大初期(第I期),只见冬芽基部与枝蔓间有维管束相连,芽轴中上部未见维管束,但基部维管束并未发挥水分运输的功能,随着芽轴的延伸生长,维管束逐渐形成,尤其是进入到芽鳞展开期(第III期)后,可以见到水分通过维管束运输至芽内,这表明冬芽与枝蔓间水分联系建立与芽膨大生长及芽内维管束逐渐发育密切相关。

关键词：葡萄冬芽萌芽水分木质部

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组织透明法观察葡萄叶片生长过程中气孔与叶脉形态结构特征变化

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植物生理学报 2018年第2期54卷 237-246页

作者：谢兆森杜鸿儒李建宝 bhaskar bondada 河北科技师范学院园艺科技学院河北秦皇岛066600 华盛顿州立大学葡萄栽培与酿造科研中心美国华盛顿州里奇兰市99354

本文以‘摩尔多瓦’葡萄叶片为试验材料,采用组织透明法观察了葡萄叶片生长过程中叶片表皮细胞、气孔和叶脉形态结构的变化,测定与气孔和叶脉功能相关的生理指标变化,比较了组织透明法、指甲油法和撕取法在观察葡萄叶片气孔上的实验效... 详细信息

本文以‘摩尔多瓦’葡萄叶片为试验材料,采用组织透明法观察了葡萄叶片生长过程中叶片表皮细胞、气孔和叶脉形态结构的变化,测定与气孔和叶脉功能相关的生理指标变化,比较了组织透明法、指甲油法和撕取法在观察葡萄叶片气孔上的实验效果。结果表明:组织透明法能够清晰观察到葡萄叶片生长过程中叶片表皮细胞、气孔和叶脉形态结构的变化。相对于指甲油法、撕取法,组织透明法操作简单,且能保持组织完整性,提升观察叶片细胞结构的实验效果。从叶片生长过程中气孔形态结构变化规律来看,葡萄嫩叶齿尖存在大量的大气孔,而叶片中部只观察到中央大气孔和正在发育的气孔保卫细胞母细胞。随着叶片生长,叶片气孔保卫细胞母细胞逐渐发育形成成熟气孔,叶片末端叶脉也是随叶片生长而生长,叶脉密度逐渐增加,提高了树体往叶片供水的效率。从与气孔和叶脉功能相关的各项生理指标变化来看,气孔导度随着气孔逐渐形成和成熟而逐渐升高,但叶片含水量和水势下降,有利于拉升水分和养分从根系往地上树体各器官运输,满足整个植株生长发育的需要。

关键词：葡萄组织透明叶片气孔叶脉

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