Urbanization affects vegetation within city administrative boundary and nearby rural *** primary production(GPP)of vegetation in global urban areas is one of important metrics for assessing the impacts of urbanization...
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Urbanization affects vegetation within city administrative boundary and nearby rural *** primary production(GPP)of vegetation in global urban areas is one of important metrics for assessing the impacts of urbanization on terrestrial *** date,very limited data and information on the spatial-temporal dynamics of GPP in the global urban areas are *** this study,we reported the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of annual GPP during 2000–2016 from 8,182 gridcells(0.5°by 0.5°latitude and longitude)that have various proportion of urban *** 79.3%of these urban gridcells had increasing trends of annual GPP during *** urban area proportion(%)within individual urban gridcells increased,the means of annual GPP trends also *** results suggested that for those urban gridcells,the negative effect of urban expansion(often measured by impervious surfaces)on GPP was to large degree compensated by increased vegetation within the gridcells,mostly driven by urban management and local climate and *** findings on the continued increases of annual GPP in most of urban gridcells shed new insight on the importance of urban areas on terrestrial carbon cycle and the potential of urban management and local climate and environment on improving vegetation in urban areas.
After decades of research and development, the WSR-88 D(NEXRAD) network in the United States was upgraded with dual-polarization capability, providing polarimetric radar data(PRD) that have the potential to improve we...
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After decades of research and development, the WSR-88 D(NEXRAD) network in the United States was upgraded with dual-polarization capability, providing polarimetric radar data(PRD) that have the potential to improve weather observations,quantification, forecasting, and warnings. The weather radar networks in China and other countries are also being upgraded with dual-polarization capability. Now, with radar polarimetry technology having matured, and PRD available both nationally and globally, it is important to understand the current status and future challenges and opportunities. The potential impact of PRD has been limited by their oftentimes subjective and empirical use. More importantly, the community has not begun to regularly derive from PRD the state parameters, such as water mixing ratios and number concentrations, used in numerical weather prediction(NWP) *** this review, we summarize the current status of weather radar polarimetry, discuss the issues and limitations of PRD usage, and explore potential approaches to more efficiently use PRD for quantitative precipitation estimation and forecasting based on statistical retrieval with physical constraints where prior information is used and observation error is included. This approach aligns the observation-based retrievals favored by the radar meteorology community with the model-based analysis of the NWP community. We also examine the challenges and opportunities of polarimetric phased array radar research and development for future weather observation.
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