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Psychobiological Model of Bipolar Disorder: Based on Imbalances of Glial-Neuronal Information Processing

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Open Journal of Medical Psychology 2018年第4期7卷 91-110页

作者： bernhard J. Mitterauer Volitronics Institute for Basic Research University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria

A psychobiological model of the etiopathology of bipolar disorder is proposed. Based on genetic-epigenetic and chronobiological factors a hyperintentional personality structure, if faced with non-feasible intentional programs in the environment, suffers from inner and outer stress. This stress situation leads to imbalances in information processing in glial-neuronal synaptic units, called tripartite synapses. In depression the overexpression of astrocytic receptors and of gap junctions in the astroglial network causes a prolonged information processing which affects the behavior generating systems in the brainstem reticular formation. Because the activation of the behavior generating systems is protracted, they are unable to select an appropriate mode of behavior (e.g. communicating, eating, working, sleeping, etc.) from sensory information in real time. Inversely, in mania astrocytic receptors and gap junctions are underexpressed causing a shortened synaptic information processing with rapid changes in behavior. Switching may represent a coping-attempt with depression by mania and vice versa. Towards a comprehensive model of the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder the role of microglia and their devastating effects on glial-neuronal interactions are outlined. Finally, the testing of the model is discussed.

关键词： Bipolar Disorder Glial-Neuronal Interactions Synaptic Imbalances Hyperintentionality

源分类家庭有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中的PAHs

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环境科学 2008年第3期29卷 844-848页

作者：冯磊 bernhard Raninger 李润东李延吉沈阳航空工业学院辽宁省清洁能源重点实验室沈阳110136

将源分类家庭生物有机垃圾同秸秆按质量比10：1混合后进行堆肥处理,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）按照*** 8270方法对生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中16种PAHs进行分析测试,比较生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中16种PAHs含量、分布及生物降解... 详细信息

将源分类家庭生物有机垃圾同秸秆按质量比10：1混合后进行堆肥处理,应用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）按照*** 8270方法对生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中16种PAHs进行分析测试,比较生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中16种PAHs含量、分布及生物降解率,评估堆肥产品PAHs农田风险,综合论述影响家庭有机垃圾堆肥过程中PAHs降解因素,为生物有机垃圾堆肥农田利用提供依据.结果表明,源分类家庭生物有机垃圾及其堆肥产品中∑PAH16化合物含量分别为2.19和1.96mg/kg（以干重计,下同）,其中萘、芴、菲、荧蒽含量相对较高,占总量的79.76%和81.76%,这4种有机物的苯环在2-3之间,属于易降解非致癌物质,在农田施用中易被降解;在生物垃圾堆肥过程中∑PAH16的生物降解率为25.88%,堆肥后产品PAHs含量符合农田使用标准.

关键词：源分类家庭生物有机垃圾堆肥多环芳烃

Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia Based on Impaired Glial-Neuronal Interactions

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Open Journal of Medical Psychology 2014年第2期3卷 126-140页

作者： bernhard J. Mitterauer Volitronics-Institute for Basic Research Psychopathology and Brain Philosophy Gotthard Guenther Archives Wals/Salzburg Austria

The model of impaired glial-neuronal interactions in schizophrenia is based on the core hypothesis that non-functional astrocyte receptors may cause an unconstrained synaptic information flux such that glia lose their modulatory function in tripartite synapses. This may lead to a generalization of information processing in the neuronal networks responsible for delusions and hallucinations on the behavioral level. In this acute paranoid stage of schizophrenia, non-functional astrocytic receptors or their loss decompose the astrocyte domain organization with the effect that a gap between the neuronal and the glial networks arises. If the illness progresses the permanent synaptic neurotransmitter flux may additionally impair the oligodendrocyte-axonic interactions, accompanied by a “creeping” decay of oligodendroglia, axons and glial gap junctions responsible for severe cognitive impairment. Here we may deal with after-effects caused by the basic fault of information processing in tripartite synapses. The gaps between the neuronal and glial networks prohibit the neuronal reality testing of intentional programs presumably generated in the glial networks, called schizophrenic dysintentionality. In non-schizophrenic delusions glia may not be disturbed, but exhausted extrasynaptic information processing may cause an unconstrained synaptic flux responsible for delusions.

关键词： Schizophrenia Glial-Neuronal Interactions Impairments

Self-Structuring of Motile Astrocytic Processes within the Network of a Single Astrocyte

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2015年第12期6卷 723-733页

作者： bernhard J. Mitterauer University of Salzburg Volitronics-Institute for Basic Research Wals Austria

Dynamic structuring and functions of perisynaptic astrocytic processes and of the gap junction network within a single astrocyte are outlined. Motile perisynaptic astrocytic processes are generating microdomains. By contacting and retracting of their endfeet an appropriate receptor pattern is selected that modulates the astrocytic receptor sheath for its activation by neurotransmitter substances, ions, transporters, etc. This synaptic information processing occurs in three distinct time scales of milliseconds to seconds, seconds to minutes, hours or longer. Simultaneously, the interconnecting gap junctions are activated by building a network within the astrocyte. Frequently activated gap junction cycles become embodied in gap junction plaques. The gap junction network formation and gap junction plaques are governed and controlled in the same time scales as synaptic information processing. Biomimetic computer systems may represent an alternative to limitations of brainphysiological research. The model proposed allows the interpretation of affective psychoses and schizophrenia as time disorders basically determined by a shortened, prolonged or lacking time scale of synaptic information processing.

关键词： Perisynaptic Astrocytic Processes Glial Network Self-Structuring Time Scales Autonomous Function

Testing and Approval Procedures for New Slab Track Systems in Europe

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Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(English Edition) 2010年第2期18卷 129-133页

作者：刘佳 bernhard Lechner Institute of Road Railway and Airfield ConstructionMunich University of Technology(TUM)Baumbachstr.

This paper describes the required testing and approval procedures of new track systems operated in Europe. To begin with, test methods and performance specifications according to European Standard （EN） are outlined. These include the repeated loading test, the determination of the static and dynamic stiffness of rail pads, clamping force and longitudinal rail resistance. The fact that labor tests are unable to simulate all the conditions in situ shows that these labor tests are not sufficient for the evaluation of the long term behaviour of a new track system： a test track of sufficient length must be constructed and exposed to traffic loads. In Europe to be accredited as a new system, a new slab track system must have a trial time of more than two years, during which the features of the whole system can be recognized. In the second part of this paper, the experience of the Institute of Road, Railway and Airfield Construction of TUM concerning the measuring methods of slab track systems carrying traffic are outlined. Also the approval procedure of the new slab tracks in Germany is discussed.

关键词： Testing Approval Slab track system Fastening system Europe TUM

The Astrocyte as a Mediator for Self-Reflexive Agents

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2017年第6期8卷 195-210页

作者： bernhard J. Mitterauer University of Salzburg Volitronics-Institute for Basic Research Psychopathology and Brain Philosophy Gotthard Guenther Archives Salzburg Austria

A model of synapse-astrocyte interactions is proposed which enables repeated neuron-to-neuron connections from the single synapse to the network level. Specifically, the possibility that astrocytes may be organized in networks and processes of a single astrocyte may enable intracellular signaling loops via gap junctions is suggested as a plausible biophysical correlate for hierarchical signaling organization of cyclic pathways. This process ultimately translates to abstract planning, intention and execution of complex actions. The formalism applied is called proemial counting and it enables the generation of cycles of various length in the astroglial network, interpreted as intended action programs. Furthermore, the implementation of a model of the reticular formation in a robot brain based on glial-neuronal interactions is suggested. Finally, the implementation of robot brains with self-reflexive capabilities is discussed.

关键词： Astrocyte Cyclic Organization Self-Reflexive Systems Reticular Formation Implementation

Computer system for simulation of human perception. Some implications for the pathophysiology of the schizophrenic syndrome

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2010年第10期3卷 964-977页

作者： bernhard J. Mitterauer 不详

After the description of a brain model based on glial-neuronal interactions, a computer system for simulation of human perception, called clocked perception system, is proposed. The computer system includes a receptor field with sensors, each of which receives data with specific characteristics. These data are passed to processors, whereby only those connections between sensors and processors are released that are suited for an evaluation of the data according to a combination of specific data dictated by a phase program circuit. The computer system also includes a selector circuit that discards those dictated program commands that lead to a “senseless” computation result. A motor program circuit for the control of effectors may be connected to the computer system which at least contributes to the movement of the receptor field in order to bring the receptor field closer to suitable data with specific characteristics for better execution of the program. From disorders of the computer system implications are deduced for the pathophysiology of the schizophrenic syndrome. Finally, a novel treatment approach to this syndrome is proposed.

关键词： Glial-Neuronal Interactions Clocked Perception System Technical Implementation schizophrenic Syndrome

Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research in Chinese subtropical forests

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2017年第1期10卷 1-3页

作者： Keping Ma Jin-Sheng He Helge Bruelheide Alexandra-Maria Klein Xiaojuan Liu bernhard Schmid State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China Department of Ecology College of Environmental SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergAm Kirchtor 106120 HalleGermany German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research(iDiv)Halle-Jena-Leipzig DeutscherPlatz 5e04103 LeipzigGermany Chair of Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Faculty of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of FreiburgTennenbacher Straße 479106 FreiburgGermany Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies and Zürich-Basel Plant Science Center University of ZürichWinterthurerstrasse 190CH-8057 ZürichSwitzerland

Worldwide,forests provide habitat for a large diversity of plants,animals and *** the same time,forest ecosystems are essential providers of multiple ecosystem services important for human ***,the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning has only been little researched in forests and therefore its role for the functioning of forest ecosystems and their services is not yet *** results from comparable studies in other ecosystems are considered(*** et al.2006),it is conceivable that diverse forests would,for example,grow faster,produce more biomass,store more carbon and better maintain soil fertility and plant-insect interactions and functional stability than less diverse forests or monoculture tree *** hypothesis that biodiversity increases and stabilizes interactions and functions is the common theme of the papers in the present issue of the Journal of Plant Ecology.

关键词： forest fertility soil

Disintegration of the Astroglial Domain Organization May Underlie the Loss of Reality Comprehension in Schizophrenia: A Hypothetical Model

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Open Journal of Medical Psychology 2019年第2期8卷 15-35页

作者： bernhard J. Mitterauer Volitronics Institute for Basic Research University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria

A pathophysiological model of the loss of reality comprehension in schizophrenia is proposed. Based on a formalism it is hypothesized that astroglial domains exert an information-categorizing function which becomes progressively lost in the schizophrenic process, caused by functional and structural disintegration of astroglial domains. Unconstrained synaptic neurotransmission functionally disintegrates the astroglial domains. Microdomains located between perisynaptic astroglial processes and the synaptic membrane are interpreted as elementary functional units categorizing synaptic information processing. Unconstrained diffusion of neurotransmitters into the extrasynaptic space leads to the dysfunction of microdomain formation. In parallel, atrophic processes of astroglia progressively break up the connectivity between synaptic and extrasynaptic compartments disrupting astroglial domains. Basically, the organization of astroglia into definite functional and structural units (modules) of astroglial-synaptic information processing may enable the brain to comprehend ontological realms such as subjects and objects in the environment and their distinct qualities. This fundamental capability of cognition is lost in schizophrenia. It is suggested that this ontological confusion of astroglial domain boundaries progressively disorganizes reality comprehension and may represent the basic pathology in schizophrenia underlying the main symptoms of the disorder. Finally, the testing of the model is shortly discussed.

关键词： Schizophrenia Astroglial Domains Disintegration Loss of Reality Comprehension