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Warnung

德语学习 2007年第2期 6-7页

作者： Thomas bernhard

Ein Kaufmann aus Koblenz hatte sich im vergangenen Jahr seinen Lebenswunsch erfüllt, die Pyramiden von Gizeh 1 zu besuchen und hatte, nachdem er die Pyramiden besucht gehabt hatte, diesen Besuch als die grte Enttuschung seines Lebens bezeichnen müssen, was ich verstehe, denn ich selbst war im vergangenen Jahr in gypten und vor allem von den Pyramiden enttuscht gewesen. Whrend ich selbst jedoch meine Enttuschung sehr rasch überwunden hatte, rchte der Koblenzer Kaufmann seine Enttuschung dadurch, dass er monatelang seitenlange Inserate2 in allen wichtigen Zeitungen Deutschlands, der Schweiz und sterreichs verffentlichte, in welchen er alle zukünftigen Besucher gyptens vor den Pyramiden, vor allem aber vor der berühmten Cheopspyramide, die ihn mehr noch als die andern zutiefst enttuscht hatte, warnte. Der Koblenzer Kaufmann hat mit diesen von ihm selbst sogenannten Antigypten und Antipyramidenplakaten in der kürzesten Zeit sein Vermgen aufgebraucht und sich ins totale Unglück gestürzt. Seine Inserate hatten auf die gyptenreisenden naturgemnicht den von ihm erhofften Einflu gehabt, im Gegenteil, vergrerte sich die Zahl derer, die heuer gypten besuchten, gegenüber jenen des Vorjahres um das Doppelte.

关键词： der Warnung

A letter of congratulations for the launching of Global Health Journal from WHO Representative in China

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Global Health Journal 2017年第2期1卷 1-2页

作者： bernhard Schwartlaender WHO Representative in China

Dear President Hao Yang,My heartfelt congratulations to you and your colleagues at the People's Medical Publishing House for successfully launching of the Global Health Journal this week in Xi'*** launching of the jou...

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Induced Deactivation of Genes Encoding Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Enzymes Disentangles Tetrapyrrole- Mediated Retrograde Signaling

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Molecular Plant 2014年第7期7卷 1211-1227页

作者： Hagen Schlicke Annabel Salinas Hartwig Vivien Firtzlaff Andreas S. Richter , Christine Glasser Klaus Maier Iris Finkemeier bernhard Grimm Institute of Biology/Plant Physiology Humboldt University Berlin Philippstr. 13 Building 12 D 10115 Berlin Germany Helmholtz Zentrum Monchen Deutsches Forschungszentrum for Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH) Ingolstadter Landstr. 1 85764 Neuherberg Germany Max-Planck-lnstitute for Plant Breeding Research. Plant Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Group Carl-von-Linne Weg 10 50829 Cologne Germany

In photosynthetic organisms, tetrapyrrole-mediated retrograde signals are proposed to contribute to a bal- anced nuclear gene expression （NGE） in response to metabolic activity in chloroplasts. We followed an experimental short- term approach that allowed the assessment of modified NGE during the first hours of specifically modified enzymatic steps of the Mg branch of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, when pleiotropic effects of other signals can be avoided. In response to 24-h-induced silencing of CHLH, CHLM, and CHL27 encoding the CHLH subunit of Mg chelatase, the Mg protoporphyrin methyltransferase and Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester cyclase, respectively, deactivated gene expression rapidly led to reduced activity of the corresponding enzymes and altered Mg porphyrin levels. But NGE was not substantially altered. When these three genes were continuously inactivated for up to 4 d, changes of transcript levels of nuclear genes were determined. CHL27 silencing for more than 24h results in necrotic leaf lesions and modulated transcript levels of oxidative stress-responsive and photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes （PhANGs）. The prolonged deactivation of CHLH and CHLM results in slightly elevated transcript levels of PhANGs and tetrapyrrole-associated genes. These time-resolved studies indicate a complex scenario for the contribution of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis on NGE mediated by IO2-induced signaling and feedback-regulated ALA synthesis.

关键词： plastid signal transcription analysis retrograde signal tetrapyrrole metabolism Mg protoporphyrin.

Novel Treatment Approach in Schizophrenia: Substitution of Glial Binding Proteins

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2016年第10期7卷 392-402页

作者： bernhard J. Mitterauer Volitronics-Institute for Basic Research Wals Austria

In chronic schizophrenia, synaptic information processing is unbalanced, as shown in a model of glial-neuronal synaptic units, called tripartite synapses. The glial component of the synapse exerts a modifying function in neurotransmission since the astrocyte activated by neurotransmitters produces gliotransmitters that negatively feedback to the presynapse. It is hypothesized that in schizophrenia nonfunctional astrocytic receptors cannot be activated, thus losing their modulating function. This causes a generalization of information processing in the neuronal networks such that the brain is unable to distinguish between subjects and objects in the environment. Delusions, hallucinations and cognitive impairment occur on the behavioral level. In a model of a cholinergic tripartite synapse, it is shown that glial binding proteins modify neurotransmission by occupancy with cognate neurotransmitters temporarily turning off neurotransmission on the presynapse. Most recently, glial binding proteins have been engineered. It is proposed that the substitution of glial binding proteins may balance synaptic information processing in schizophrenia since these proteins exert a modulatory function comparable to functional astrocytic receptors. Rap- id technical developments may enable this novel treatment approach in schizophrenia.

关键词： Schizophrenia Synaptic unbalance Astrocytic Receptors Glial Binding Protein Treatment

Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children

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World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics 2012年第3期1卷 8-12页

作者： bernhard Resch Research Unit for Neonatal Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology Division of Neonatology Department of Paediatrics Medical University of Graz

Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) is the most frequent and important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children. It is a seasonal virus, with peak rates of infection occurring annually in the cold season in temperate climates, and in the rainy season, as temperatures fall, in tropical climates. High risk groups for severe RSV disease include infants below six mo of age, premature infants with or without chronic lung disease, infants with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease, infants with immunodeficiency or cystic fibrosis, and infants with neuromuscular diseases. Mortality rates associated with RSV infection are generally low in previous healthy infants(below 1%), but increase significantly in children with underlying chronic conditions and comorbidities. Following early RSV lower respiratory tract infection, some patients experience recurrent episodes of wheezing mimicking early childhood asthma with persistence of lung function abnormalities until adolescence. There is currently no RSV vaccine available, but promising candidate vaccines are in development. Palivizumab, a monoclonal RSV antibody that is the only tool for immunoprophylaxis in high-riskinfants, lowers the burden of RSV infection in certain carefully selected patient groups.

关键词： Children Epidemiology Infant Palivizumab Respiratory syncytial virus Respiratory tract infection Risk factors Vaccine

The Potato Sucrose Transporter StSUT1 Interacts with a DRM-Associated Protein Disulfide Isomerase

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Molecular Plant 2012年第1期5卷 43-62页

作者： Undine Krugel Hong-Xia He Konstanze Gier Jana Reins Izabela Chincinska bernhard Grimm Waltraud X. Schulze Christina Kuhn Institute of Biology Department of Plant Physiology Humboldt University 10115 Berlin Germany Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology Am MGhlenberg 1 14476 Potsdam-Golm Germany

Organization of proteins into complexes is crucial for many cellular functions. Recently, the SUT1 protein was shown to form homodimeric complexes, to be associated with lipid raft-like microdomains in yeast as well as in plants and to undergo endocytosis in response to brefeldin A. We therefore aimed to identify SUTl-interacting proteins that might be involved in dimerization, endocytosis, or targeting of SUT1 to raft-like microdomains. Therefore, we identified potato membrane proteins, which are associated with the detergent-resistant membrane （DRM） fraction. Among the proteins identified, we clearly confirmed StSUT1 as part of DRM in potato source leaves. We used the yeast two-hybrid split ubiq- uitin system （SUS） to systematically screen for interaction between the sucrose transporter StSUT1 and other membrane- associated or soluble proteins in vivo. The SUS screen was followed by immunoprecipitation using affinity-purified StSUTl-specific peptide antibodies and mass spectrometric analysis of co-precipitated proteins. A large overlap was ob- served between the StSUTl-interacting proteins identified in the co-immunoprecipitation and the detergent-resistant membrane fraction. One of the SUTl-interacting proteins, a protein disulfide isomerase （PDI）, interacts also with other sucrose transporter proteins. A potential role of the PDI as escort protein is discussed.

关键词： Protein-protein interactions phloem proteins vesicle trafficking endocytosis.

Insatiable Narcissism Underlying Addictive Behavior: Outline of a Biosystematic Model

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Open Journal of Medical Psychology 2021年第4期10卷 61-69页

作者： bernhard J. Mitterauer Volitronics-Institute for Basic Research and Psychopathology Wals University of Salzburg Salzburg Austria

This study is a contribution to basic research on narcissism shown on addictive behavior. A new biosystematic model of narcissism underlying addictive behavior is outlined. Basically, normal narcissism is defined as the self-reference of living systems maintaining their circular organization and identity. The communication between narcissistic systems follows the narcissistic logic of fitting or non-fitting of structures (a third possibility is excluded) shown on geometric diagrams. From this model of narcissistic interactions with the environment, addictive behavior is deduced. If the narcissistic desire for the ideal objects cannot be satisfied in the environment, the narcissist attempts to cope with this lack of intended objects by abuse of addictive substances. This leads to an overexpression of receptors in pertinent brain areas that may underly craving on the behavioral level, interpreted as pseudo satisfaction of narcissistic desires—destiny becomes an addiction. In conclusion, the significance of the biosystematic model of narcissism for the understanding of addictive communication and the psychopathology of depression is briefly discussed.

关键词： Narcissism Logic of Narcissism Pseudosatisfaction Addiction

“Too Soon on Earth”: A Biophilosophical Model of Schizophrenia. Some Implications for Humanoid Robots

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2023年第1期14卷 34-47页

作者： bernhard J. Mitterauer Volitronics-Institute for Basic Research Psychopathology and Brain Philosophy Gotthard Guenther Archives Salzburg Austria

This paper presents a new explanatory model for schizophrenia based upon philosophical, molecular and neurobiological hypotheses as well as on years of experience in observing and treating these patients. To start with, a novel interpretation of the Hegelian concept of mediation is presented. Mediation is defined as the rejection of non-realizable programs, such as thoughts and ideas, at a certain point in time in the evolution of a living system. Whenever a system treats non-realizable programs as if they were realizable, its ability to “test the reality” is lost, and consequently a loss of ego-boundaries may occur. On the molecular level, I will try to show how “non-splicing” of introns during the mRNA splicing process is equivalent to a loss of the rejection function corresponding to mediation. At the cellular level in the brain, mediation can be explained in terms of glial-neuronal interactions. Glia exert a spatio-temporal boundary setting function determining the grouping of neurons into functional units. Mutations in genes that result in non-splicing of introns can produce truncated (“chimeric”) neurotransmitter receptors. I propose that such dysfunctional receptors are generated in glial cells and that they cannot interact properly with their cognate neurotransmitters. The glia will then lose their inhibitory-rejecting function with respect to the information processing within neuronal networks. This loss of glial boundary setting could be an explanation for the loss of ego or body boundaries in schizophrenia. Pertinent examples of case studies are given attempting to deduce the main symptoms of schizophrenia from the proposed hypothesis. Some implications for the design of delusional robots are also discussed. Finally, the evolutionary potency of non-coding introns is philosophically interpreted that schizophrenics may be “too soon on earth”.

关键词： Non-Splicing of Introns Chimeric Glial Receptors Loss of Glial Boundary Setting Disordered Mediation Loss of Ego-Boundaries Schizophrenia Evolutionary Potency Delusional Robots

Self-Frustration of Expectations in Major Depressive Disorder: The Syncytiopathy Hypothesis of Depression Revisited

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2023年第12期14卷 534-544页

作者： bernhard J. Mitterauer Volitronics Institute for Basic Research Psychopathology and Brainphilosophy Wals Salzburg Austria

This paper is a further elaboration of my model of the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder focusing on imbalances of glial-neuronal interactions in tripartite synapses and the glial network (syncytium). Basically, it is proposed that the connexin proteins building gap junctions in the glial syncytium are underexpressed or dysfunctional in major depression, called syncytiopathy. As a compensatory effect the astrocytic receptors in tripartite synapses are overexpressed. This leads to protracted synaptic information processing because of a relative lack of neurotransmitter substances for the occupancy of astrocytic receptors. Based on a new biophysical formal description of astrocytic receptors as expectation variables it can be shown that the protracted processing of sensory information frustrate the full comprehension of the expected event, since it cannot be grasped in time. Moreover, expectation frustration may stress the glial syncytium aggravating memory impairment. This cyclic process of dysbalanced synaptic information processing is characterized as self-frustration of expectations explanatory for the main cognitive dysfunctions in major depression as slowing down processing speed, deficits in attention and working memory. The main result of the study is that patients with major depression cannot fully acknowledge the existence of an intended event.

关键词： Major Depression Glial Syncytiopathy Protracted Information Processing Self-Frustration of Expectations Cognitive Impairment