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Use of ionic liquid in leaching process of brass wastes for copper and zinc recovery

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2014年第2期21卷 138-143页

作者： Ayfer Kilicarslan Muhlis Nezihi Saridede Srecko Stopic bernd Friedrich Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering (Davutpasa Campus) Yildiz Technical University Department of Process Metallurgy and Metal Recycling (IME) RWTH Aachen University

Brass ash from the industrial brass manufacturer in Turkey was leached using the solutions of ionic liquid （IL） 1-butyl-3-methyl-imi-dazolium hydrogen sulfate （[bmim]HSO4） at ambient pressure in the presence of hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） and potassium peroxymonosulfate （oxone） as the oxidants. Parameters affecting leaching efficiency, such as dissolution time, IL concentration, and oxidizing agent addition, were investigated. The results show that [bmim]HSO4 is an efficient IL for the brass ash leaching, providing the dissolution efficiencies of 99%for Zn and 24.82%for Cu at a concentration of 50vol%[bmim]HSO4 in the aqueous solution without any oxidant. However, more than 99%of zinc and 82%of copper are leached by the addition of 50vol%H2O2 to the [bmim]HSO4 solution. Nevertheless, the oxone does not show the promising oxidant behavior in leaching using [bmim]HSO4.

关键词： leaching recovery copper zinc ionic liquids oxidants

Model of an iron ore sinter plant with selective waste gas recirculation

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Carbon Resources Conversion 2022年第1期5卷 71-83页

作者： Johannes Niel bernd Weiss Walter Wukovits TU Wien Institute of ChemicalEnvironmental and Bioscience EngineeringGetreidemarkt 9/1661060 ViennaAustria Primetals Primetals Technologies Austria GmbHLinzAustria

The use of sinter influences hot metal production substantially and significantly affects an integrated steel mill’s total emissions. Sintering of iron ores is an enormousenergy-intensive and resources consuming process. Introducing a selective waste gas recirculation (SWGR) to the sintering process reduces the energy consumption,stack gas volume flow, and sulfur dioxide emissions of an iron sinter production. Simulating this complex process in flowsheet simulations of integrated iron andsteelworks is a fast and cost-effective opportunity to validate new operation settings. The implementation of a sinter plant in gPROMS ModelBuilder®characterizesthe sintering processes by three main sub-models. A burner model describes the gas combustion, a black-box model consider the main sintering processes, and a windbox model divides the total off-gas into a recycle gas and a stack gas. A specific temperature polynomial represents the temperature distribution across the wind boxesto allow detailed investigations on SWGR in complex flowsheet simulations. Implementing SWGR to the sintering process, the model shows a reduction of cokeconsumption, stack gas flow rate, and sulfur dioxide emissions by 11%, 27%, and 27%, respectively. In the SWGR scenario, the utilization rate of carbon monoxideincreases and less coke is consumed. The chlorine emissions of the sintering process differ with and without SWGR insignificantly.

关键词： dioxide monoxide consuming

Reaction mechanism of hydrogen activation by frustrated Lewis pairs

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Green Energy & Environment 2019年第1期4卷 20-28页

作者： Lei Liu Binit Lukose Pablo Jaque bernd Ensing Department of Physics & Earth Sciences Jacobs University Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Boston University Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Chile Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam

Typically, a Lewis acid and a Lewis base can react with each other and form a classical Lewis adduct. The neutralization reaction can however be prevented by ligating the acid and base with bulky substituents and the resulting complex is known as a "frustrated Lewis pair"(FLP). Since the Lewis acid and base reactivity remains in the formed complex, FLPs can display interesting chemical activities, with promising applications in catalysis. For example, FLPs were shown to function as the first metal-free catalyst for molecular hydrogen activation. This, and other recent applications of FLPs, have opened a new thriving research field. In this short-review, we recapitulate the computational and experimental studies of the H_2 activation by FLPs. We discuss the thus-far uncovered mechanistic aspects, including pre-organization of FLPs,the reaction paths for the activation, the polarization of He H bond and other factors affecting the reactivity. We aim to provide a rather complete mechanistic picture of the H_2 activation by FLPs, which has been under debate for decades since the first discovery of FLPs. This review is meant as a starting point for future studies and a guideline for industrial applications.

关键词： Frustrated Lewis pairs Hydrogen activation Reaction mechanisms Density functional theory Molecular dynamics simulations

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方法问题即宪法问题?

南大法学 2024年第3期 167-188页

作者： [德]伯恩·魏德士汪西兴(译) 不详北京大学法学院

二战后,法学方法论在德意志联邦共和国的法学教育中处于相当边缘的地位,关于法学方法史的讨论更为寥落,甚至成为禁忌。当代法律人掌握了很多方法论工具,却对这些方法在历史上的“法律政治”后果毫无所悉。德国极权时期(如纳粹)的沉痛教... 详细信息

二战后,法学方法论在德意志联邦共和国的法学教育中处于相当边缘的地位,关于法学方法史的讨论更为寥落,甚至成为禁忌。当代法律人掌握了很多方法论工具,却对这些方法在历史上的“法律政治”后果毫无所悉。德国极权时期(如纳粹)的沉痛教训不应简单归咎于法律实证主义,当时盛行的客观解释方法也应负很大的责任。法律的客观目的只是浪漫的虚构,法律文本的客观意义并不存在,故客观解释相当盲目,释法者可以借此将自己的主观意志或者“时代精神”注入法律。德国极权时期的法律人将当时主导性的意识形态注入法律,对法体系重新解释、整体改造,使法律沦为政治的婢女。需要强调的是,方法问题关乎宪法:法官受法律的拘束是民主法治国的内在要求。以解释之名行造法之实,法官自由选择方法来追求所欲的结果,法律在被法官适用之前根本不存在的“自由法”观念,等等,方法上的恣意违反了宪法所要求的民主、平等、权力分立与法治国原则,使得司法过程不具有可证伪性和可检验性。司法造法是必要的,法官法的法源地位应得到承认。但法官不能以客观解释的名义恣意造法,而应坚持方法论的诚实,为造法行为承担更高的论证义务:只有证实漏洞存在,或者在对立法目的进行历史考察,并证明当下的情事与价值确已变迁时,才可进行造法。造法的内容也要受到宪法的控制。

关键词：法学方法论客观解释民主法治国司法造法卡尔·拉伦茨

The effect of hydrogen bond acceptor properties of ionic liquids on their cellulose solubility

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Science China Chemistry 2012年第8期55卷 1663-1670页

作者： STARK Annegret SELLIN Martin ONDRUSCHKA bernd MASSONNE Klemens Institute of Chemical Technology University of Leipzig Linnéstr. 3-4 04107 Leipzig Germany Thuringian Institute of Textile and Plastics Research Breitscheidstr. 97 07407 Rudolstadt-Schwarza Germany Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry Friedrich-Schiller-University Lessingstr. 12 07743 Jena Germany BASF SE Chemical Research & Engineering 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany

It is nowadays well-known that ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose. However, little systematic data has been published that shed light onto the influence of the ionic liquid structure on the dissolution of cellulose. We have conducted 1H NMR spec- troscopy of ethanol in a large number of ionic liquids, and found an excellent correlation of the data obtained with the hydro- gen acceptor properties （B-values）. With this tool in hand, it is possible to distinguish between cellulose-dissolving and non-dissolving ionic liquids. A modulating effect of both, the anion of the non-dissolving ionic liquid and its cation was found in solubility studies with binary ionic liquid mixtures. The study was extended to other non-dissolving liquids, namely water and dimethylsulfoxide, and the effect of the cation was also investigated.

关键词： ionic liquids cellulose dissolution hydrogen bonding

Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in surface soils, Beijing

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第2期30卷 328-334页

作者： Meie Wang Rui Liu Weiping Chen Chi Peng bernd Markert State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China Environmental Institute of Scientific Networks 49733 Haren Germany

Urbanization processes affect the accumulation of heavy metals in urban soils. Effects of urbanization on heavy metal accumulation in soils were studied using Beijing as an example. It has been suggested that the ecological function of vegetation covers shifting from natural to agricultural settings and then to urban greenbelts could increase the zinc（Zn） concentrations of soils successively. The Zn concentration of urban soils was significantly correlated to the percentage of the impervious land surface at the500 m × 500 m spatial scale. For urban parks, the age or years since the development accounted for 80% of the variances of cadmium（Cd） and Zn in soils. The population density,however, did not affect the heavy metal distributions in urban soils. To conclude, the urban age turned out to be a notable factor in quantifying heavy metal accumulation in urban soils.

关键词： Urban soils Human disturbance Zn Impervious land Population density

Immunobiology and immunotherapy of HCC:spotlight on innate and innate-like immune cells

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2021年第1期18卷 112-127页

作者： Benjamin Ruf bernd Heinrich Tim F.Greten Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Malignancies BranchCentre for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer InstituteNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD 20892USA NCI CCR Liver Cancer Program National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMD 20892USA

Immune-based therapies such as immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the systemic treatment of various cancer *** therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies targeting inhibitory pathways such as programmed cell death-1(PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1)and CTLA-4 to cells of the adaptive immune system has recently been shown to generate meaningful improvement in the clinical outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Nevertheless,current immunotherapeutic approaches induce durable responses in only a subset of HCC *** immunologic mechanisms such as chronic inflammation due to chronic viral hepatitis or alcoholic and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease play a crucial role in the initiation,development,and progression of HCC,it is important to understand the underlying mechanisms shaping the unique tumor microenvironment of liver *** liver is an immunologic organ with large populations of innate and innate-like immune cells and is exposed to bacterial,viral,and fungal antigens through the gut-liver ***,we summarize and highlight the role of these cells in liver cancer and propose strategies to therapeutically target *** also discuss current immunotherapeutic strategies in HCC and outline recent advances in our understanding of how the therapeutic potential of these agents might be enhanced.

关键词： HCC immunotherapy innate immunity tumor microenvironment

Oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state(UASS) with anaerobic filter(AF) system

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016年第7期28卷 200-206页

作者： Yao Meng Carsten Jost Jan Mumme Kaijun Wang bernd Linke State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of Environment Tsinghua University Department Bioengineering Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering UK Biochar Centre School of Geo Sciences University of Edinburgh

In order to investigate the oxygen tolerance capacity of upflow anaerobic solid-state（UASS）with anaerobic filter（AF） system, the effect of microaeration on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of maize straw was investigated under batch conditions and in the UASS with AF system. Aeration intensities of 0–431 m L O2/gvswere conducted as pretreatment under batch conditions. Aeration pretreatment obviously enhanced anaerobic digestion and an aeration intensity of 431 m L O2/gvsincreased the methane yield by 82.2%. Aeration intensities of 0–355 m L O2/gvswere conducted in the process liquor circulation of the UASS with AF system. Dissolved oxygen（DO） of UASS and AF reactors kept around 1.39 ±0.27 and 0.99 ± 0.38 mg/L, respectively. p H was relatively stable around 7.11 ± 0.04. Volatile fatty acids and soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration in UASS reactor were higher than those in AF reactor. Methane yield of the whole system was almost stable at 85 ± 7 m L/gvs as aeration intensity increased step by step. The UASS with AF system showed good oxygen tolerance capacity.

关键词： Anaerobic digestion Oxygen tolerance capacity UASS Maize straw Microaeration Solid-state

Pervasive geo-security - a lightweight triple-A approach to securing distributed geo-service infrastructures

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2014年第5期7卷 373-390页

作者： bernd Resch Bernhard Schulz Manfred Mittlboeck Thomas Heistracher Research Studio iSPACE Research Studios AustriaSalzburgAustria SENSEable City Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonMAUSA Department of Information Technology and Systems Management University of Applied SciencesSalzburgAustria

Security has recently become a major concern in distributed geo-infrastructures for spatial data ***,a lightweight approach for securing distributed low-power environments such as geo-sensor networks is *** first part of this article presents a survey of current security mechanisms for authentication and *** on this survey,a lightweight and scalable token-based security infrastructure was developed,which is tailored for use in distributed geo-web service *** developed security framework comprises dedicated components for authentication,rule-based authorisation and optimised storage and administration of access *** validation purposes,a prototypical implementation of the approach has been created.

关键词： pervasive security distributed geo-service infrastructures triple-A geo-authorisation standardised sensor networks service protection Geographic Information Systems(GIS) geoinformatics spatial data infrastructure Digital Earth Digital Earth Architecture