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Improving milk safety at farm-level in an intensive dairy production system:relevance to smallholder dairy producers

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Food Quality and Safety 2018年第3期2卷 135-143页

作者： Habtamu Lemma D. Ashenafi Mengistu Taddese kuma berhanu kuma Wolaita Sodo University College of AgriculturePOB 138Ethiopia Addis Ababa University College of Veterinary Medicine and AgricultureEthiopia Ethiopian Development Research Institute Ethiopia

Objective:This paper discusses methods for improving milk safety in smallholder ***:Analyzing best practices/experiences of selected countries and Ethiopian dairy farming as a case study(household survey and milk testing).Results:The coliform count was slightly higher than European *** value of total bacterial count found was higher than the standard of bacteriological quality of *** Cell count is slightly higher than US standard,but it is in the range of the EU ***,there were other associated challenges facing dairy farmers,including shortage of feed concentrate and water,milk marketing,health of dairy stock,and manure *** better practices were also observed including literacy and dairying experience of smallholder dairy *** this,increased availability of some dairy stakeholders and their efforts would also be an added *** efforts of private veterinarians to engage in provision of drugs and on-call home-treatment for stall-fed cows were good,but this needs to be complemented with laboratory based-diagnostic/clinical and advisory services prevent ***:Improvement of milk safety can be achieved through good management practices by dairy farmers,market incentives,and increased efforts of various stakeholders and the adoption of best *** this regard,a coordinated action involving all stakeholders is needed to implement preventative/control measures,quality management strategies,and appropriate regulation while supporting and building capacity of smallholder dairy producers to minimize risks associated with milk production.

关键词： milk safety challenges prevention intensive dairy systems smallholders dairy farms.

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Effect of border planting of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook. on the growth and biomass production performance of Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt ex Bor Grass at Wondo Genet,Southern Ethiopia

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Journal of Forestry Research 2019年第2期30卷 639-646页

作者： berhanu Girma Sisay Feleke Abdu Abdulkadir Department of Forestry College of Agriculture Wollo University Forest Resource Utilization Research Division Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources Hawassa University

The use of Eucalyptus trees, in association with other plants, has the potential to reduce the growth of neighbouring plants or grasses by competing for resources or releasing allelochemicals that may cause other plants to grow slowly. Our purpose here is to assess whether border planting of Eucalyptus is harmful to the establishment,growth, and production of Cymbopogon winterianus at various distances from tree lines in the Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center in Southern Ethiopia. Several factors were studied: growth performances and yield of aromatic grasses; soil properties, including total nitrogen,organic carbon, and moisture content; and plant leaf nutrient content(NPK) at various distances away from the Eucalyptus citriodora border line were studied. Chemical compositions of hydro-distilled essential oils obtained from selected C. winterianus grasses leaves were analysed by gas chromatography. Plant height, biomass yield, amount of essential oil yield, and essential oil composition all were significantly affected due to Eucalyptus effect in the first10-m distance as compared to beyond 10 m from the tree border line. There were increases in soil total nitrogen,organic carbon, and moisture content with decreasing distances to the Eucalyptus tree border. The result of plant leaf nutrient content(NPK) differed across treatment and distance. The pot experiment(15 cm 9 20 cm), shoot length,and number of leaves of aromatic plants varied in the degree of inhibition based on the concentration of the aqueous extract. Significantly higher inhibitions of the shoot length and number of leaf parameters were observed when using 25% fresh leaf extract compared to other extract levels.

关键词： Allelopathic Aqueous extracts Cymbopogon winterianus Eucalyptus citriodora

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Elevation patterns of woody taxa richness in the evergreen Afromontane vegetation of Ethiopia

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第4期28卷 787-793页

作者： Abiyot berhanu Zerihun Woldu Sebsebe Demissew Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management Addis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia

Plant species distributions show patterns along elevation gradients. Regardless of the diverse Afromontane vegetation in Ethiopia (AFE), studies of elevation patterns of woody plants are limited and they are restricted to small areas or single/few Mountains. Moreover, there is no general consensus on the patterns of woody taxa distribution by elevation. The objectives of this study were to examine the elevation patterns of woody taxa richness and their relationship with elevation in the AFE. Data were collected and compiled from the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea (Vols. 1-7). About 5918 plant species of 243 families were examined and their elevational distributions were recorded. The distributional ranges of woody taxa were aggregated at 19 points (sites) at 100 m intervals starting from 1500 to 3400 m a.s.l. Single-factor analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) was used to test the hypothesis that mean species richness of woody taxa decreases from the lower to the upper limit of AFE. Simple linear correlation and regression were used to show the relationships of woody taxa richness with elevation. We documented the presence of 505 woody taxa (441 species, 31 subspecies and 33 varieties) representing 267 genera and 90 families in the AFE. In terms of habit, 279 taxa are shrubs, 178 are trees and 48 are lianas. The distribution of woody taxa (trees, shrubs and lianas) showed a slight increase at the lower portion and a monotonic decline with increasing elevation. Species richness of trees, shrubs and lianas was negatively and significantly correlated with elevation (r = −0.985, −0.984, −0.981, respectively; all p < 0.001). Our hypothesis was accepted because mean richness significantly decreased from the lower to the upper limit of AFE (p < 0.001). Generally, monotonic patterns of decline in richness were observed for trees, shrubs and lianas. The contribution of shrubs to total richness increased with increasing elevation whereas that of trees and lianas decreased.

关键词： Plant elevational distribution Lianas Shrubs Trees

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Combined antibacterial activity of stingless bee(Apis mellipodae)honey and garlic(Allium sativum)extracts against standard and clinical pathogenic bacteria

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2013年第9期3卷 725-731页

作者： berhanu Andualem Department of Biotechnology Natural and Computational Sciences FacultyUniversity of Gondar

Objective:To investigate the synergic antibacterial activity of garlic and tazma honey against standard and clinical pathogenic ***:Antimicrobial activity of tazma honey,garlic and mixture of them against pathogenic bacteria were *** and water were used as positive and negative controls,*** inhibitory concentration(MIC)and minimum bactericidal concentration of antimicrobial samples were determined using standard ***:Inhibition zone of mixture of garlic and tazma honey against all tested pathogens was significantly(P≤0.05)greater than garlic and tazma honey *** diameter zone of inhibition ranged from(18±1)to(35±1)mm for mixture of garlic and tazma honey,(12±1)to(20±1)nun for tazma honey and(14±1)to(22±1)mm for garlic as compared with(10±1)to(30±1)mm for *** combination of garlic and tazma honey(30-35 mm)was more significantly(P≤0.05)effective against Salmonella(NCTC 8385),Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923),Lyesria moncytogenes(ATCC 19116)and Streptococcus pneumonia(ATCC 63).Results also showed considerable antimicrobial activity of garlic and tazma *** of mixture of garlic and tazma honey at 6.25%against total test bacteria was 88.9%.MIC of mixture of garlic and tazma honey at6.25%against Gram positive and negative were 100%and 83.33%,*** bactericidal activities of garlic,tazma honey,and mixture of garlic and tazma honey against all pathogenic bacteria at 6.25%concentration were 66.6%,55.6%and 55.6%,***:This finding strongly supports the claim of the local community to use the combination of tazma honey and garlic for the treatment of different pathogenic bacterial ***,garlic in combination with tazma honey can serve as an alternative natural antimicrobial drug for the treatment of pathogenic bacterial *** in vivo study is recommended to come up with a comprehensive conclusion.

关键词： Garlic Honey Antimicrobial activity Bactericidal activity Inhibition zone Minimum inhibitory concentration Minimum bactericidal concentration

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Biology and resource acquisition of mistletoes,and the defense responses of host plants

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 332-344页

作者： Meseret Muche A.Muthama Muasya berhanu Abraha Tsegay Department of Biology Woldia UniversityP.O.Box 400WoldiaEthiopia Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape TownRonde-bosch 7700South Africa Department of Biology Bahir Dar UniversityP.O.Box 79Bahir DarEthiopia

Background:Mistletoes are the most successful group of obligatory hemi-parasitic flowering plants that attach to the host via haustorium for obtaining water and *** review aims to assess the current knowledge on mistle-toes host plant recognition,haustorium formation,water/minerals acquisition,and host plants’defense signaling and responses against mistletoe ***:Some mistletoes are host-specific while others are generalists occurring on a wide range of vascular *** host nitrogen(N)content,parasite–host chemical interactions,compatibility,and dispersal agents are the main determinant factors for host *** take up substantial amounts of water and minerals passively via apoplastic routes,and most are xylem feeders,but could shift to phloem-feeding during the physiological stress of the host *** evidence highlighted that cell wall loosening and modification are critical during the development of the haustorium in the host *** is made possible by the application of physical pressures by the developing haustorium and cell wall degradation using enzymes(xyloglucan endotransglycosylases,glucanase,expansins,etc.)produced by the *** plants defend against mistletoe infection mechanically by producing spines,lignin,suberin,etc.,which discourages dispersers,and chemically defend by killing the infector or inhibiting the establishment of the haustorium using their secondary metabolites such as terpenes,phenolics,and N-containing *** the host plants’response to mistletoe attack resembles the response to other biotic stresses,unlike short-term stressors,the effect of mistletoe attack is long-term and depends on the parasite *** by mistletoe leads to water and nutrient stress of the host plant and deteriorates its healthy establishment and ***:Mistletoes are heterogeneous group in the order Santalales which have versatile mechanisms for pollination,seed dispersal and

关键词： Biotic stress Haustorium Host defense Mistletoes Mimicry Resource procurement

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UNIFORM APPROXIMATION OF ENTIRE FUNCTIONS OF SLOW GROWTH ON COMPACT SETS

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Acta Mathematica Scientia 2012年第6期32卷 2401-2410页

作者： G.S.Srivastava S.kuma Department of Mathematics Indian Institute of Technology RoorkeeRoorkee-247667India Department of Mathematics Central University of Himachal PradeshDharamshala-176215India

In the present paper, we study the polynomial approximation of entire functions of several complex variables. The characterizations of generalized order and generalized type of entire functions of slow growth are obta... 详细信息

关键词： entire function generalized order generalized type approximation errors interpolation errors

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Germination pretreatment and storage behavior of Terminalia laxiflora seed

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Journal of Forestry Research 2019年第4期30卷 1337-1342页

作者： Befkadu Mewded Debissa Lemessa Hailu Negussie Abiyot berhanu Forest and Rangeland Biodiversity Directorate Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute

Terminalia laxiflora Engl.&*** an important indigenous and multi-purpose species in *** threatened due to low germination and its storage behavior is *** this study,we aimed to(1)test pretreatments for breaking the dormancy of *** seed and(2)determine its storage *** were subjected to four pretreatments such as soaking,scarification,high-temperature,and *** were done before storage and after 2 years of dry storage at cold temperature(-10℃)based on randomized design with four *** first round of experimental results showed that *** seeds with high temperature treatments at 78℃for 10 min showed significantly higher germination percentage(80%).In the second round experiment,high-temperature treatment at 78℃for15 min,cold water soaking,high-temperature treatment at78℃for 10 min,hot water soaking,and high-temperature treatment at 78℃for 5 min showed significantly higher germination percentage from the remaining treatments(75,64,58,56,and 53%,respectively).To break the dormancy of *** seed and attain good germination result,seeds should be pretreated with high-temperature at 78℃for 10 min to test the initial germination before storage and should be pretreated with high-temperature(at 78℃for15,10,or 5 min),soaked in cold,or hot water for 24 h to monitor the germination after *** two experiments show that *** produces orthodox seed.

关键词： Dormancy breaking Dry storage High-temperature Soaking Storage behavior

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Woody species composition and structure of Kuandisha afromontane forest fragment in northwestern Ethiopia

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Journal of Forestry Research 2017年第2期28卷 343-355页

作者： Abiyot berhanu Sebsebe Demissew Zerihun Woldu Motuma Didita Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity Management Addis Ababa UniversityP.O.Box 1176Addis AbabaEthiopia Forest and Rangeland Plants Biodiversity Directorate Ethiopian Biodiversity InstituteP.O.Box 30726Addis AbabaEthiopia

To investigate the woody species composition,diversity and structure of Kuandisha Afromontane forest,vegetation and environmental data were collected from 53 plots of 10 m 9 50 m for trees and shrubs and 265 subplots of 2 m 9 4 m for seedlings were laid along eight transect lines. The local name, scientific name, abundance,DBH, height and percentage foliage cover of species were recorded. Environmental variables, namely altitude, latitude and longitude as well as disturbance levels were also recorded in each plot. Structure, basal area, importance value index（IVI） and species prioritization were analyzed using spreadsheet programs. Correlation coefficients, frequency, relative frequency, Shannon diversity index,Shannon evenness and vegetation classification were analyzed using an R package. Sixty-six species belonging to40 families were recorded. Fabaceae was the most diverse family consisting of seven species, followed by Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae. In terms of habit, 29 species were trees, 28 were shrubs, and 9 were lianas. The overall Shannon diversity index was 2.5. The frequency and relative frequency of woody species with DBH C2.5 cm ranged from 1.9 to 92.5 and 0.1 to 5, respectively. Seedling density varied among species ranging from five to 9938 individuals ha-1. The total basal area of woody species having DBH C2.5 cm is 15.3 m2ha-1. The IVI of species ranged from 0.13 for Solanum giganteum Jacq. to 28.4 for Croton macrostachyus Del. The woody vegetation was classified into five community types. Species richness,diversity and evenness of communities were strongly positively correlated. On the other hand, the correlation between disturbance and seedling density, and species richness was strongly negative. Thus, among the recorded woody species, a significant portion was either lacking regeneration or selectively removed for various *** lack of seedlings of those species is mainly attributed to anthropogenic disturbances particularly free grazing.

关键词： vegetation woody shrub richness liana diverse basal disturbance Species habit

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On the Boundary Behaviour,Including Second Order Effects,of Solutions to Singular Elliptic Problems

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Acta Mathematica Sinica,English Series 2007年第3期23卷 479-486页

作者： S.berhanu F.CUCCU G.PORRU Department of Mathematics Temple UniversityPhiladelphiaPA 19122USA Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica University of Cagliarivia Ospedale 72 09124 CagliariItaly

For γ≥1 we consider the solution u=u（x） of the Dirichlet boundary value problem Δu ＋ u^-γ=0 in Ω, u=0 on δΩ. For γ= 1 we find the estimate u（x）=p（δ（x））[1＋A（x）（log 1/δ（x）^-6],where p（r） ≈ r r√2 log（1/r） near r = 0,δ（x） denotes the distance from x to δΩ, 0 〈ε 〈 1/2, and A（x） is a bounded function. For 1 〈 γ 〈 3 we findu（x）=（γ＋1/√2（γ-1）δ（x））^2/γ＋[1＋A（x）（δ（x））2γ-1/γ＋1]For γ3= we prove thatu（x）=（2δ（x））^1/2[1＋A（x）δ（x）log 1/δ（x）]

关键词： elliptic problems singular equations boundary behaviour

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Production of microbial medium from defatted brebra(Milletia ferruginea)seed flour to substitute commercial peptone agar

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2013年第10期3卷 790-797页

作者： berhanu Andualem Amare Gessesse Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Natural and Computational SciencesUniversity of Gondar.GondarEthiopiaP.O.Box 196GondarEthiopia Biotechnology Institute Collage of Natural SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia

Objective:To investigate and optimize microbial media that substitute peptone agar using brebra seed defatted ***:Defatted *** preparation,evaluation of bacterial growth,preparation of cooked and hydrolyzed media and growth turbidity of tested bacteria were ***:Two percent defatted flour was found to be suitable concentration for the growth of pathogenic bacteria:Escherichia coli(ATCC 25922)(E,coli),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(ATCC27853),Salmonella(NCTC 8385)and Shigella flexneri(ATCC 12022)(***),while 3%defatted flour was suitable for Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 25923)(***).***(93±1)and ***(524±1)colony count were significantly(P≤0.05)greater in defatted flour without supplement than in supplemented ***[(3.72×10~9±2)CFU/mL],***[(7.4×10~9±2)CFU/mL],***[(4.03×10~9±2)CFU/mL]and Salmonella[(2.37×10~9±1)CFU/mL]in non-hydrolyzed sample were statistically(P≤0.05)greater than hydrolyzed one and commercial peptone *** count of Salmonella[(4.55≤10~9±3)CFU/mL],***[(5.40≤10~9±3)CFU/mL]and Lyesria moncytogenes(ATCC 19116)[(5.4×10~9±3)CFU/mL]on raw defatted flour agar was significantly(P≤0.05)greater than cooked defatted flour and commercial peptone *** of ***,*** and Enterococcus faecalis in non-hydrolyzed defatted flour is highly increased over hydrolyzed defatted flour and commercial peptone ***:The defatted flour agar was found to be better microbial media or comparable with peptone *** substances in it can serve as sources of carbon,nitrogen,vitamins and minerals that are essential to support the growth of microorganisms without any ***,all supplements of peptone agar are very expensive in the market.

关键词： Colony counts Commercial media Defatted flour Microbial media Pathogenic bacteria Peptone agar

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