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Spatial Modelling of Current and Future Piped Domestic Water Demand in Athi River Town, Kenya

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2019年第2期11卷 196-211页

作者： Winfred Mbinya Manetu Felix Mutua benson Kipkemboi kenduiywo Department of Geomatic Engineering and Geospatial Information System Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya

Water scarcity is currently still a global challenge despite the fact that water sustains life on earth. An understanding of domestic water demand is therefore vital for effective water management. In order to understand and predict future water demand, appropriate mathematical models are needed. The present work used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) based regression models;Geographically weighted regression (GWR) and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) to model domestic water demand in Athi river town. We identified a total of 7 water determinant factors in our study area. From these factors, 4 most significant ones (household size, household income, meter connections and household rooms) were identified using OLS. Further, GWR technique was used to investigate any intrinsic relationship between the factors and water demand occurrence. GWR coefficients values computed were mapped to exhibit the relationship and strength of each explanatory variable to water demand. By comparing OLS and GWR models with both AIC value and R2 value, the results demonstrated GWR model as capable of projecting water demand compared to OLS model. The GWR model was therefore adopted to predict water demand in the year 2022. It revealed domestic water demand in 2017 was estimated at 721,899 m3 compared to 880,769 m3 in 2022, explaining an increase of about 22%. Generally, the results of this study can be used by water resource planners and managers to effectively manage existing water resources and as baseline information for planning a cost-effective and reliable water supply sources to the residents of a town.

关键词： Geographically Weighted Regression Ordinary Least Square Water Demand

Assessment of Household Access to Groundwater: A Case Study of Gilgil Constituency

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Journal of Geographic Information System 2019年第3期11卷 293-308页

作者： Jenipher Achieng’ Obiero Mercy Mwaniki benson Kipkemboi kenduiywo Department of Geomatics Engineering & Geospatial Information Systems Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology Nairobi Kenya

In 2000, the United Nations (UN) developed Millennium Development Goals (MDG) with one of its aim being to improve access of potable water supply by 2015 in developing countries. This study thus focused on Kenya’s Gilgil constituency which lies in both arid and semi-arid zones and experiences bimodal rains which are neither heavy nor reliable. With persistent shortages, water management and monitoring became essential and in current times the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is being incorporated due to its capability as an effective tool in water resources management. The study’s aim was to provide knowledge about accessible areas and gaps using cost surface analysis as well as identify other factors that influence settlement. The study utilized walk speeds as an impedance to determine cost surfaces followed by creation of service areas from water facilities using time as a measurement of access. The study established that surface friction may not have major influence on accessibility and service areas while logistic regression established that other factors strongly influence settlement apart from water availability. The study also reveals that 77% of the semi-permanent households in Gilgil have a hard time accessing water as they are outside the 30-minute walk time.

关键词： Geography Information Systems Water Accessibility Service Area Logistic Regression Ground Water

A Multimedia Web GIS Portal for Promotion of Tourism in Kenya

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Comparative Study of Exhaust Emissions from Diesel and Syngas Powered 3.5 kW Compression Ignition Engine with and without Load

Journal of Geographic Information System（地理信息系统） 2021年第1期

作者： Charles M. Muriuki benson kenduiywo

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Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 2024年第8期12卷 30-46页

作者： benson Kariuki Paul Njogu Joseph Kamau Robert Kinyua Sameer Bachani Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology Nairobi Kenya Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technical University of Mombasa Mombasa Kenya

Despite diesel engines being highly efficient, with low fuel consumption and reduced carbon dioxide emissions, they emit relatively high levels of particulate matter and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) due to high exhaust gas temperatures. Engine emissions show the quality and completeness of combustion. This paper aims to present the results of a study comparing exhaust emissions from a diesel and syngas powered engine. Syngas was produced from co-firing coal and biomass in a gasifier then cleaned, cooled and applied as an alternative fuel in an engine operated from 0 - 100% load. Exhaust-emissions were monitored at this load conditions. The exhaust-temperature was measured using thermocouples and the emission gases were analyzed using Testo 350. The emissions were lower and decreased as the engine load increased, except for sulphur dioxide and NOx. The study shows that levels of carbon monoxide, were higher in a range of 46.5 - 80.2%, while carbon dioxide was 3.3 - 18% higher compared to those from diesel. Hydrocarbon emissions were 480 and 1250 ppm for diesel and syngas respectively. The study reveals that the engine operates optimally at higher loads since hydrocarbons and oxides of carbon are low due to complete combustion at higher temperatures. Exhaust gas temperature was higher in the syngas fuel and increased as the engine load increased in the range of 455.83 - 480.03˚C which influenced the formation of NOx. NOx from diesel was found to be higher, ranging from 32.5 - 40.5%, compared to those from syngas with an engine load of 75%. The study observed that relative to diesel, the emissions of sulfur dioxide at 50% engine load were lower in a range of 23.7 - 57.1%. Emissions of hydrocarbons depended on the degree of substitution of diesel and engine load. The study therefore shows that, relative to diesel, emissions decreased when syngas was used with upgraded syngas from Prosporis juliflora presenting as the best alternative followed by Hyphanae compressa, and last

关键词： Emissions Engine Load Temperature Neat-Diesel Syngas

Sedation reversal trends at outpatient ambulatory endoscopic center vs in-hospital ambulatory procedure center using a triage protocol

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2024年第7期16卷 413-423页

作者： Saqib Walayat Peter Stadmeyer Azfar Hameed Minahil Sarfaraz Paul Estrada Mark benson Anurag Soni Patrick Pfau Paul Hayes Brittney Kile Toni Cruz Deepak Gopal Department of Gastroenterology University of IllinoisPeoriaIL 61605United States Department of Gastroenterology University of WisconsinMadisonWI 53792United States Department of Internal Medicine Texas Health DentonDentonTX 76201United States Department of Internal Medicine Allama Iqbal Medical CollegeLahore 042Pakistan Department of Gastroenterology Texas Tech University Health Services CenterEl PasoTX 79911United States Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University of WisconsinMadisonWI 53705United States Finance Business Partners UW Health University of WisconsinMadisonWI 53792United States UW Health Digestive Health Center Endoscopy University of WisconsinMadisonWI 53792United States Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department of MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin Hospitals and ClinicsMadisonWI 53705United States

BACKGROUND Routine outpatient endoscopy is performed across a variety of outpatient settings.A known risk of performing endoscopy under moderate sedation is the potential for over-sedation,requiring the use of reversal *** needs to be reported on rates of reversal across different outpatient *** academic tertiary care center utilizes a triage tool that directs higher-risk patients to the in-hospital ambulatory procedure center(APC)for their ***,we report data on outpatient sedation reversal rates for endoscopy performed at an inhospital APC vs at a free-standing ambulatory endoscopy digestive health center(AEC-DHC)following risk stratification with a triage *** To observe the effect of risk stratification using a triage tool on patient outcomes,primarily sedation reversal *** We observed all outpatient endoscopy procedures performed at AEC-DHC and APC from April 2013 to September *** were stratified to their respective sites using a triage *** evaluated each procedure for which sedation reversal with flumazenil and naloxone was *** and characteristics recorded include patient age,gender,body mass index(BMI),American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA)classification,procedure type,and reason for sedation *** There were 97366 endoscopic procedures performed at AEC-DHC and 22494 at the APC during the study *** these,17 patients at AEC-DHC and 9 at the APC underwent sedation reversals(0.017%vs 0.04%;P=0.06).Demographics recorded for those requiring reversal at AEC-DHC vs APC included mean age(53.5±21 vs 60.4±17.42 years;P=0.23),ASA class(1.66±0.48 vs 2.22±0.83;P=0.20),BMI(27.7±6.7 kg/m^(2) vs 23.7±4.03 kg/m^(2);P=0.06),and female gender(64.7%vs 22%;P=0.04).The mean doses of sedative agents and reversal drugs used at AEC-DHC vs APC were midazolam(5.9±1.7 mg vs 8.9±3.5 mg;P=0.01),fentanyl(147.1±49.9μg vs 188.9±74.1μg;P=0.10),flumazenil(0.3±0.18μg vs 0.17±0.17μg;P=0.13)and naloxo

关键词： Ambulatory care Conscious sedation Endoscopy Colonoscopy Risk assessment Risk factors

The Entomological Efficacy of Piperonyl Butoxide (PBO) Combined with a Pyrethroid in Insecticide-Treated Nets for Malaria Prevention: A Village-Based Cohort Study Prior to Large-Scale Deployment of New Generation Mosquito Nets in Burkina Faso

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Advances in Entomology 2024年第3期12卷 224-248页

作者： Aristide S. Hien Samina Maiga Koama Bayili Adissa Y. Ouattara Dieudonné D. Soma Richard Bationo Georges benson Meda Delphine O. Karama Tiecoura Camara Georges Anicet Ouedraogo Roch K. Dabiré Abdoulaye Diabaté Malaria and Neglected Tropical Disease Department Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant (IRSS) Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Sciences and Techniques Department Institut du Developpement Rural Universit Nazi Boni Bobo-Dioulasso Burkina Faso Vector Control Department Permanent Secretariat for Malaria Elimination Ouagadougou Burkina Faso

The efficacy of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is increasingly compromised by the prevalence of malaria vectors resistant to pyrethroids. In response to this issue, a new generation of ITNs has been developed that incorporate synergistic components, such as piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The purpose of this study is to provide entomological evidence for the efficacy of a PBO-based ITN brand at the village level, serving as a basis for decision-making before large-scale net deployment. During the high malaria transmission period, ITNs were distributed in each group and vector sampling was conducted biweekly in selected households. Bionomic data were collected to assess the resistance of wild An. gambiae populations to various chemical insecticides. There was a significant disparity in total An. gambiae sl. collected between the ITN arms, the intervention arm (ITN arms), and the control arm (P = 0.003). An. coluzzi was identified as the predominant species in the study area, as confirmed by PCR analysis. Analysis of the blood-feeding inhibition rate revealed that 100% permethrin + PBO ITN exhibited significantly greater inhibition than 66.81% permethrin only ITN. According to the log-time probit regression analysis, permethrin exhibited a knockdown time of 256 min without synergists, while it decreased to 139 min (P = 0.001) when pre-exposed to PBO. The evidence from this trial supports the use of PBO ITNs over standard ITNs for pyrethroids to combat pyrethroid resistance and improve protection against malaria for both individuals and communities, particularly in areas with high pyrethroid resistance.

关键词： Pyrethroid Resistance Permethrin + PBO ITNs Permethrin ITN Bionomic Data Insecticide Susceptibility Data Burkina Faso

Geometrically constrained isogeometric parameterizedlevel-set based topology optimization via trimmed elements

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Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2016年第4期11卷 328-343页

作者： Yingjun WANG David J. benson School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510641 China Department ofMechanical Engineering McGill University Montreal H3AOC3 Canada Department of Structural Engineering University of California SanDiego 92093 USA

In this paper, an approach based on the fast point-in-polygon (PIP) algorithm and trimmed elements is proposed for isogeometric topology optimization (TO) with arbitrary geometric constraints. The isogeometric parameterized level-set-based TO method, which directly uses the non-uniform rational basis splines (NURBS) for both level set function (LSF) parameterization and objective function calculation, provides higher accuracy and efficiency than previous methods. The integration of trimmed elements is completed by the efficient quadrature rule that can design the quadrature points and weights for arbitrary geometric shape. Numerical examples demonstrate the efficiency and flexibility of the method.

关键词： isogeometric analysis topology optimization level set method arbitrary geometric constraint trimmed element

Why nanodiamond carriers manage to overcome drug resistance in cancer

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Cancer Drug Resistance 2020年第4期3卷 854-866页

作者： Veronika benson Abbas Amini Institute of Microbiology Czech Academy of SciencesPrague 14220Czech Republic Department of Mechanical Engineering Australian College of KuwaitSafat 13015Kuwait Center for Infrastructure Engineering Western Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW 2751Australia

Nanodiamonds represent an attractive potential carrier for anticancer *** main advantages of nanodiamond particles with respect to medical applications are their high compatibility with non-cancerous cells,feasible surface decoration with therapeutic and cancer-cell targeting molecules,and their relatively low manufacturing ***,nanodiamond carriers significantly increase treatment efficacy of the loaded drug,so anticancer drugs execute more effectively at a lower ***,lower drug dose results in less extensive side *** carriers decorated with a targeting molecule accumulate primarily in the tumor tissue,and those nanodiamond particles impair efflux of the drug from cancer *** approaches considering nanodiamond carriers were already tested in vitro,as well as in ***,researchers focus particularly on the possible side effects of nanodiamond carriers applied systemically in *** behavior of nanodiamond carriers depends heavily on their surface coatings,so each therapeutic complex must be evaluated ***,it seems that site-specific application of nanodiamond carriers is a rather safe therapeutic approach,but intravenous application needs further *** benefits of nanodiamond carriers are remarkable and represent a potent approach to overcome the drug resistance of many cancers.

关键词： Nanodiamond drug carrier drug resistance cancer therapy nanoparticles

Neurogenic hypothesis and psychiatric disorders

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2013年第26期58卷 3188-3198页

作者： LAU benson WuiMan LEE Jada ChiaDi SO KwokFai Department of Rehabilitation Science The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Department of Anatomy Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences The University of Hong Kong Research Centre of Heart Brain Hormone and Healthy Aging Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration Jinan University

Psychiatric illness, such as affective disorders, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia, exerts exceptional personal burden on affected individuals. Although not physically noticeable, these disorders cost enormously on ones' family and society. Currently pharma-ceutical and psychological treatments are generally accepted as effective for psychiatric disorders, while the exact mechanisms underlying the treatment efficacy, etiology and neurobiology of the disorders remain elusive. In the past decade, "neurogenic hy-pothesis" emerged as an attempt to explain the nature of psychiatric illness. The origination of the hypothesis is based on several pre-clinical and clinical observations. First, stress, which is a common risk factor of the disorders, was found to suppress neurogenesis; second, treatment for the illnesses like antidepressants and antipsychotics were shown to improve neurogenesis and behavioral deficits simultaneously; and third, the therapeutic effect of antidepressants was abolished in animal models when neuro-genesis was blocked. Increasing efforts were invested to determine whether neurogenesis is a key to the understanding and treatment of psychiatric disorders, although contrasting results are also found and thus the importance of neurogenesis remains a matter of debate. The present chapter will discuss the recent findings about the involvement of neurogenesis in major depression, anxiety disorders and schizophrenia, and whether neurogenesis would be a potential target for development of the treatment in the future.

关键词：精神疾病神经发生假说精神分裂症心理治疗临床观察抗抑郁药治疗效果