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Seasonal compensation implied no weakening of the land carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere under the 2015/2016 El Niño

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第1期67卷 281-294页

作者： Fangzhong SHI Xiuchen WU Xiaoyan LI Philippe CIAIS Hongyan LIU Chao YUE Yuting YANG Shulei ZHANG Shushi PENG Yi YIN benjamin poulter Deliang CHEN State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Land Surface Processes and Ecological Conservation Qinghai Normal UniversityXining 810016China Research and Development Center for Watershed Environmental Eco-Engineering Beijing Normal University(Zhuhai)Zhuhai 519085China Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement(LSCE) CEA-CNRS-UVSQUMR821291191Gif-sur-YvetteFrance College of Urban and Environmental Science MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface ProcessesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering Department of Hydraulic EngineeringTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai) School of Atmospheric SciencesSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA 91125USA Biospheric Sciences Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMaryland 20771USA Regional Climate Group Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg SE-40530Sweden

The recurrent extreme El Niño events are commonly linked to reduced vegetation growth and the land carbon sink over many but discrete regions of the Northern Hemisphere(NH).However,we reported here a pervasive and continuous vegetation greening and no weakened land carbon sink in the maturation phase of the 2015/2016 El Niño event over the NH(mainly in the extra-tropics),based on multiple evidences from remote sensing observations,global ecosystem model simulations and atmospheric CO_(2)*** discovered a significant compensation effect of the enhanced vegetation growth in spring on subsequent summer/autumn vegetation growth that sustained vegetation greening and led to a slight increase in the land carbon sink over the spring and summer of 2015(average increases of 23.34%and 0.63%in net ecosystem exchange from two independent datasets relative to a 5-years average before the El Niño event,respectively)and spring of 2016(6.82%),especially in the extra-tropics of the NH,where the water supply during the pre-growing-season(November of the previous year to March of the current year)had a positive *** seasonal compensation effect was much stronger than that in 1997 and 1998 and significantly alleviated the adverse impacts of the 2015/2016 El Niño event on vegetation growth during its maturation *** legacy effect of water supply during the pre-growing-season on subsequent vegetation growth lasted up to approximately six *** findings highlight the role of seasonal compensation effects on mediating the land carbon sink in response to episodic extreme El Niño events.

关键词： El Niño Seasonal compensation effect Vegetation greening Land carbon sink Net ecosystem exchange Legacy effect

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季节补偿效应导致2015/2016厄尔尼诺期间北半球未发生明显的碳汇降低

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中国科学：地球科学 2024年第1期54卷 294-308页

作者：石芳忠吴秀臣李小雁 Philippe CIAIS 刘鸿雁岳超杨雨亭张树磊彭书时印轶 benjamin poulter 陈德亮北京师范大学地表过程与资源生态国家重点实验室北京100875 北京师范大学地理科学学部北京100875 青海师范大学青藏高原地表过程与生态保育教育部重点实验室西宁810016 北京师范大学珠海校区流域环境生态工程研发中心珠海519085 Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement(LSCE) CEA-CNRS-UVSQUMR8212Gif-sur-Yvette 91191France 北京大学城市与环境科学学院地表过程教育部重点实验室北京100871 清华大学水利工程系水沙科学与水利水电工程国家重点实验室北京100084 中山大学大气科学学院南方海洋科学与工程广东省重点实验室(珠海) 广州510275 California Institute of Technology PasadenaCA 91125USA Biospheric Sciences Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMaryland 20771USA Regional Climate Group Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg SE-40530Sweden

厄尔尼诺事件通常在北半球导致广泛的植被生长下降和碳汇降低.然而,基于遥感观测、全球陆地生态系统模型模拟及大气CO_(2)反演多套数据,本研究表明在2015/2016厄尔尼诺成熟阶段,北半球(主要为热带之外的区域)植被普遍持续增绿,陆地碳汇... 详细信息

厄尔尼诺事件通常在北半球导致广泛的植被生长下降和碳汇降低.然而,基于遥感观测、全球陆地生态系统模型模拟及大气CO_(2)反演多套数据,本研究表明在2015/2016厄尔尼诺成熟阶段,北半球(主要为热带之外的区域)植被普遍持续增绿,陆地碳汇未见减弱.研究结果发现,春季植被生长增强对随后的夏季和秋季植被生长有明显的补偿效应,这种补偿效应维持了夏季植被增绿,并导致2015年春季、夏季及2016年春季陆地碳汇略有增加,特别是在生长季前期(前一年的11月至当年的3月)水分供应增加的北半球热带之外的区域.两套独立数据集结果表明,相对于厄尔尼诺事件发生前5年均值, 2015年春季和夏季陆地碳汇分别平均增加23.34%和0.63%, 2016年春季平均增加6.82%.同时,相较于1997/1998厄尔尼诺事件,更强的季节补偿效应有效地缓解了2015/2016年厄尔尼诺事件对植被生长的不利影响.本研究进一步明确,生长季前期的供水对后续植被生长的遗留效应能够持续约6个月.该研究结果凸显了季节补偿效应在应对偶发性极端厄尔尼诺事件时对植被生长和陆地碳汇的调节作用.

关键词：厄尔尼诺季节补偿效应植被增绿陆地碳汇净生态系统交换遗产效应

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The Effect of Tin on PECVD-Deposited Germanium Sulfide Thin Films for Resistive RAM Devices

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Materials Sciences and Applications 2017年第2期8卷 188-196页

作者： Rene Rodriguez benjamin poulter Mateo Gonzalez Fadil Ali Lisa D. Lau McKenzie Mangun Department of Chemistry Idaho State University Pocatello ID USA

Resistive RAM is a promising, relatively new type of memory with fast switching characteristics. Metal chalcogenide films have been used as the amorphous semiconductor layer in these types of devices. The amount of crystallinity present in the films may be important for both reliable operation and increased longevity of the devices. Germanium sulfide films can be used for these devices, and a possible way to tune the crystalline content of the films is by substituting Sn for some of the Ge atoms in the film. Thin films of GexSnySz containing varying amounts of tin were deposited in a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition reactor. Films with 2%, 8%, 15%, 26%, and 34% atomic percentage Sn were deposited to determine crystallinity and structural information with XRD and Raman spectroscopy. Based on these depositions it was determined that at about 8% Sn content and below, the films were largely amorphous, and at about 26% Sn and above, they appeared to be largely crystalline. At 15% Sn composition, which is between 8% and 26%, the film is more a mixture of the two phases. Based on this information, current-voltage (IV) curves of simple memory switching devices were constructed at 5% Sn (in the amorphous region), at 25% Sn (in the crystalline region), and at 15% (in the mixed region). Based on the IV curves from these devices, the 15% composition gave the best overall switching behavior suggesting that a certain degree of order in the semiconductor layer is important for RRAM devices.

关键词： Germanium-Tin Sulfide Thin Films PECVD Resistive RAM

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Anthropogenic emission is the main contributor to the rise of atmospheric methane during 1993-2017

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National Science Review 2022年第5期9卷 154-166页

作者：张臻 benjamin poulter Sara Knox Ann Stavert Gavin McNicol Etienne Fluet-Chouinard Aryeh Feinberg 赵园红 Philippe Bousquet Josep G.Canadell Anita Ganesan Gustaf Hugelius George Hurtt Robert B.Jackson Prabir K.Patra Marielle Saunois Lena H?glund-Isaksson 黄春林 Abhishek Chatterjee 李新 Department of Geographical Sciences University of Maryland Biospheric Sciences Laboratory NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Department of Geography University of British Columbia Global Carbon Project CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois Chicago Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Institute for Data Systems and Society Massachusetts Institute of Technology College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences Ocean University of China Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environment LSCE-IPSL (CEA-CNRS-UVSQ)Université Paris-Saclay School of Geographical Sciences University of Bristol Department of Physical Geography and Bolin Centre for Climate Research Stockholm University Woods Institute for the Environment and Precourt Institute for Energy Stanford University Research Institute for Global Change JAMSTEC International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Global Modeling and Assimilation Office NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Universities Space Research Association Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences

Atmospheric methane(CH4) concentrations have shown a puzzling resumption in growth since 2007 following a period of stabilization from 2000 to *** hypotheses have been proposed to explain the temporal variations in CH4growth,and attribute the rise of atmospheric CH4either to increases in emissions from fossil fuel activities,agriculture and natural wetlands,or to a decrease in the atmospheric chemical ***,we use a comprehensive ensemble of CH4source estimates and isotopic δ13C-CH4source signature data to show that the resumption of CH4growth is most likely due to increased anthropogenic *** emission scenarios that have the fewest biases with respect to isotopic composition suggest that the agriculture,landfill and waste sectors were responsible for 53±13% of the renewed growth over the period 2007-2017 compared to 2000-2006;industrial fossil fuel sources explained an additional 34 ±24%,and wetland sources contributed the least at 13 ±9%.The hypothesis that a large increase in emissions from natural wetlands drove the decrease in atmospheric δ13C-CH4values cannot be reconciled with current process-based wetland *** finding suggests the need for increased wetland measurements to better understand the contemporary and future role of wetlands in the rise of atmospheric methane and climate *** findings highlight the predominant role of anthropogenic activities in driving the growth of atmospheric CH4concentrations.

关键词： greenhouse gas carbon cycle climate mitigation wetland methane isotope

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Empirical estimates of regional carbon budgets imply reduced global soil heterotrophic respiration

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National Science Review 2021年第2期8卷 60-73页

作者： Philippe Ciais Yitong Yao Thomas Gasser Alessandro Baccini Yilong Wang Ronny Lauerwald Shushi Peng Ana Bastos Wei Li Peter A.Raymond Josep G.Canadell Glen P.Peters Rob J.Andres Jinfeng Chang Chao Yue A.Johannes Dolman Vanessa Haverd Jens Hartmann Goulven Laruelle Alexandra G.Konings Anthony W.King Yi Liu Sebastiaan Luyssaert Fabienne Maignan Prabir K.Patra Anna Peregon Pierre Regnier Julia Pongratz benjamin poulter Anatoly Shvidenko Riccardo Valentini Rong Wang Grégoire Broquet Yi Yin Jakob Zscheischler Bertrand Guenet Daniel S.Goll Ashley-P.Ballantyne Hui Yang Chunjing Qiu Dan Zhu State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Northwest A&F University CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere 15. Institute for Geology CEN—Center for Earth System Research and SustainabilityUniversity of Hamburg 16. Department of Earth System ScienceStanford University 17. Department of Earth System ScienceStanford UniversityStanford 18. School of Geographical SciencesNanjing University of Information Science and Technology 19. Department of Ecological SciencesVrije Universiteit Amsterdam 20. Research Institute for Global ChangeJAMSTEC Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY Center for Environmental Remote Sensing Chiba University Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) Tuva State University Republic of Tuva Max Planck Institute for Meteorology NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Biospheric Sciences Lab. 26. Department for Innovation in BiologicalAgro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF)University of Tuscia RUDN University Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and PreventionInstitute of Atmospheric SciencesFudan University 29. Division of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of Technology 30. Climate and Environmental Physics and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change ResearchUniversity of Bern 31. Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Sci

Resolving regional carbon budgets is critical for informing land-based mitigation policy. For nine regions covering nearly the whole globe, we collected inventory estimates of carbon-stock changes complemented by satellite estimates of biomass changes where inventory data are missing. The net land–atmospheric carbon exchange(NEE) was calculated by taking the sum of the carbon-stock change and lateral carbon fluxes from crop and wood trade, and riverine-carbon export to the ocean. Summing up NEE from all regions, we obtained a global ‘bottom-up’ NEE for net land anthropogenic CO2uptake of –2.2 ± 0.6 Pg C yr-1consistent with the independent top-down NEE from the global atmospheric carbon budget during 2000–2009. This estimate is so far the most comprehensive global bottom-up carbon budget accounting, which set up an important milestone for global carbon-cycle studies. By decomposing NEE into component fluxes, we found that global soil heterotrophic respiration amounts to a source of CO2of 39 Pg C yr-1with an interquartile of 33–46 Pg C yr-1—a much smaller portion of net primary productivity than previously reported.

关键词： carbon budget human appropriation of ecosystems soil carbon

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