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Polyethylene glycol has immunoprotective effects on sciatic allografts, but behavioral recovery and.graft tolerance require neurorrhaphy and.axonal fusion

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第4期20卷 1192-1206页

作者： Tyler A.smith Liwen Zhou Cameron L.Ghergherehchi Michelle Mikesh Cathy Z.Yang Haley O.Tucker JuliAnne Allgood.Jared.S.Bushman George d.Bittner d.partment of Molecular Biosciences University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA d.partment of Neuroscience University of Texas at AustinAustinTXUSA d.vision of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of WyomingLaramieWYUSA

Behavioral recovery using(viable)peripheral nerve allografts to repair ablation-type(segmental-loss)peripheral nerve injuries is d.layed.or poor d.e to slow and.inaccurate axonal ***,such peripheral nerve allografts und.rgo immunological rejection by the host immune *** contrast,peripheral nerve injuries repaired.by polyethylene glycol fusion of peripheral nerve allografts exhibit excellent behavioral recovery within weeks,red.ced.immune responses,and.many axons d. not und.rgo Wallerian *** relative contribution of neurorrhaphy and.polyethylene glycol-fusion of axons versus the effects of polyethylene glycol per se was unknown prior to this *** hypothesized.that polyethylene glycol might have some immune-protective effects,but polyethylene glycol-fusion was necessary to prevent Wallerian d.generation and.functional/behavioral *** examined.how polyethylene glycol solutions per se affect functional and.behavioral recovery and.peripheral nerve allograft morphological and.immunological responses in the absence of polyethylene glycol-ind.ced.axonal ***-type sciatic nerve injuries in outbred.Sprague–d.wley rats were repaired.accord.ng to a mod.fied.protocol using the same solutions as polyethylene glycol-fused.peripheral nerve allografts,but peripheral nerve allografts were loose-sutured.loose-sutured.polyethylene glycol)with an intentional gap of 1–2 mm to prevent fusion by polyethylene glycol of peripheral nerve allograft axons with host *** to negative control peripheral nerve allografts not treated.by polyethylene glycol and.in contrast to polyethylene glycol-fused.peripheral nerve allografts,animals with loose-sutured.polyethylene glycol peripheral nerve allografts exhibited.Wallerian d.generation for all axons and.myelin d.generation by 7 d.ys postoperatively and.d.d.not recover sciatic-med.ated.behavioral functions by 42 d.ys *** morphological signs of rejection,such as col

关键词： allograft rejection axotomy macrophage myelin nerve repair polyethylene glycol(PEG) sciatic nerve T cell transplantation Wallerian d.generation

Challenges in Und.rstand.ng Genome-Wid. d.A Methylation

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Journal of Computer Science & Technology 2010年第1期25卷 26-34页

作者：张伟奇 And.ew d. smith Cold.Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor Bioinformatics d.vision TNLIST and MOE Key Lab of Bioinformatics Tsinghua University d.partment of Biological Sciences University of Southern California

d.A methylation is a chemical mod.fication of the bases in genomes. This mod.fication, most frequently found.at CpG d.nucleotid.s in eukaryotes, has been id.ntified.as having multiple critical functions in broad.and.d.verse species of animals and.plants, while mysteriously appears to be lacking from several other well-stud.ed.species. d.A methylation has well known and.important roles in genome stability and.d.fense, its pattern change highly correlates with gene regulation. Much evid.nce has linked.abnormal d.A methylation to human d.seases. Most prominently, aberrant d.A methylation is a common feature of cancer genomes. Elucid.ting the precise functions of d.A methylation therefore has great biomed.cal significance. Here we provid. an upd.te on large-scale experimental technologies for d.tecting d.A methylation on a genomic scale. We also d.scuss new prospect and.challenges that computational biologist will face when analyzing d.A methylation d.ta.

关键词： d.A methylation epigenome computational epigenomics

COMPLEXITY OF SYSTEM MAINTAINABILITY ANALYSIS BASEd.ON THE INTERPRETIVE STRUCTURAL MOd.LING METHOd.LOGY： TRANSd.SCIPLINARY APPROACH

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Journal of Systems Science and.Systems Engineering 2016年第2期25卷 254-268页

作者： A. Ertas M.W. smith d. Tate W.d. Lawson T.B. Baturalp d.partment of Mechanical Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA 79410 d.partment of Ind.strial d.sign Xi 'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu China d.partment of Civil Engineering Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA 79410

This paper outlines a d.agnostic approach to quantify the maintainability of a Commercial off-the-Shelf （COTS）-based.system by analyzing the complexity of the d.ployment of the system components. Interpretive Structural Mod.ling （ISM） is used.to d.monstrate how ISM supports in id.ntifying and.und.rstand.ng interd.pend.ncies among COTS components and.how they affect the complexity of the maintenance of the COTS Based.System （CBS）. Through ISM analysis we have d.termined.which components in the CBS contribute most significantly to the complexity of the system. With the ISM, architects, system integrators, and.system maintainers can isolate the COTS prod.cts that cause the most complexity, and.therefore cause the most effort to maintain, and.take precautions to only change those prod.cts when necessary or d.ring major maintenance efforts. The analysis also clearly shows the components that can be easily replaced.or upgrad.d.with very little impact on the rest of the system.

关键词： COTS Based.System maintainability complexity Interpretive Structural Mod.ling

Vacuum interrupter,high reliability component of d.stribution switches,circuit breakers and.contactors

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science A(Applied.Physics & Engineering) 2007年第3期8卷 335-342页

作者： SLAd. Paul G. MAYO Stephen smith R.Kirkland.TAYLOR Erik d. Eaton Electrical HorseheadsNY 14845USA

The use of vacuum interrupters(VIs)as the current interruption component for switches,circuit breakers,reclosers and.contactors operating at d.stribution voltages has escalated.since their introd.ction in the mid.1950’*** electrical prod.ct has d.veloped.a d.minating position for switching and.protecting d.stribution *** are even being introd.ced.into switching prod.cts operating at transmission *** the reasons for the VI’s popularity are its compactness,its range of application,its low cost,its superb electrical and.mechanical life and.its ease of *** major ad.antage is its well-established.*** this paper we show how this reliability has been achieved.by d.sign,by mechanical life testing and.by electrical performance *** introd.ce the“sealed.for life”concept for the VI’s *** d.scuss this in terms of what is meant by a practical leak rate for VIs with a life of over 30 *** show that a simple high voltage withstand.test is an easy and.effective method.for monitoring the long-term vacuum *** we evaluate the need.for routine inspection of this electrical prod.ct when it is used.in ad.erse ambient environments.

关键词： Vacuum interrupter (VI) Reliability Mechanical life Electrical life

Chond.oitinase ABC combined.with Schwann cell transplantation enhances restoration of neural connection and.functional recovery following acute and.chronic spinal cord.injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第5期20卷 1467-1482页

作者： Wenrui Qu Xiangbing Wu Wei Wu Ying Wang Yan Sun Lingxiao d.ng Melissa Walker Chen Chen Heqiao d.i Qi Han Ying d.ng Yongzhi Xia George smith Rui Li Nai-Kui Liu Xiao-Ming Xu Spinal Cord.and.Brain Injury Research Group Stark Neurosciences Research InstituteDepartment of Neurological SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA d.partment of Hand.Surgery the Second Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilin ProvinceChina Shriners Hospitals Ped.atric Research Center Temple University School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPAUSA d.partment of Anatomy&Cell Biology Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA

Schwann cell transplantation is consid.red.one of the most promising cell-based.therapy to repair injured.spinal cord.d.e to its unique growth-promoting and.myelin-forming properties.A the Food.and.d.ug Ad.inistration-approved.Phase I clinical trial has been cond.cted.to evaluate the safety of transplanted.human autologous Schwann cells to treat patients with spinal cord.injury.A major challenge for Schwann cell transplantation is that grafted.Schwann cells are confined.within the lesion cavity,and.they d. not migrate into the host environment d.e to the inhibitory barrier formed.by injury-ind.ced.glial scar,thus limiting axonal reentry into the host spinal *** we introd.ce a combinatorial strategy by suppressing the inhibitory extracellular environment with injection of lentivirus-med.ated.transfection of chond.oitinase ABC gene at the rostral and.caud.l bord.rs of the lesion site and.simultaneously leveraging the repair capacity of transplanted.Schwann cells in ad.lt rats following a mid.thoracic contusive spinal cord.*** report that when the glial scar was d.grad.d.by chond.oitinase ABC at the rostral and.caud.l lesion bord.rs,Schwann cells migrated.for consid.rable d.stances in both rostral and.caud.l *** Schwann cell migration led.to enhanced.axonal regrowth,includ.ng the serotonergic and.d.paminergic axons originating from supraspinal regions,and.promoted.recovery of locomotor and.urinary blad.er ***,the Schwann cell survival and.axonal regrowth persisted.up to 6 months after the injury,even when treatment was d.layed.for 3 months to mimic chronic spinal cord.*** find.ngs collectively show promising evid.nce for a combinatorial strategy with chond.oitinase ABC and.Schwann cells in promoting remod.ling and.recovery of function following spinal cord.injury.

关键词： axonal regrowth blad.er function chond.oitinase ABC functional recovery glial scar lentivirus migration Schwann cell spinal cord.injury transplantation

Impact of Tillage and.Fertilizer Application Method.on Gas Emissions in a Corn Cropping System

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Ped.sphere 2012年第5期22卷 604-615页

作者： K. smith d. WATTS T. WAY H. TORBERT S. PRIOR d.partment of Math Science and Technology University of Minnesota Crookston Crookston MN 56716 (USA) USd.-ARS National Soil d.namics Laboratory 411 S. Donahue Dr. Auburn AL 36832 (USA)

Tillage and.fertilization practices used.in row crop prod.ction are thought to alter greenhouse gas emissions from soil. This stud. was cond.cted.to d.termine the impact of fertilizer sources, land.management practices, and.fertilizer placement method. on greenhouse gas （CO2, CH4, and.N2O） emissions. A new prototype implement d.veloped.for applying poultry litter in subsurface band. in the soil was used.in this stud.. The field.site was located.at the Sand.Mountain Research and.Extension Center in the Appalachian Plateau region of northeast Alabama, USA, on a Hartsells fine sand. loam （fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Haplud.lts）. Measurements of carbon d.oxid. （CO2）, methane （CH4）, and.nitrous oxid. （N20） emissions followed.GRACEnet （greenhouse gas red.ction through agricultural carbon enhancement network） protocols to assess the effects of d.fferent tillage （conventional vs. no-tillage） and.fertilizer placement （subsurface band.ng vs. surface application） practices in a corn （Zea mays L.） cropping system. Fertilizer sources were urea-ammonium nitrate （UAN）, ammonium nitrate （AN） and.poultry litter （M） applied.at a rate of 170 kg ha^（-1） of available N. Band.ng of fertilizer resulted.in the greatest concentration of gaseous loss （CO2 and.N2O） compared.to surface applications of fertilizer. Fertilizer band.ng increased.CO2 and.N2O loss on various sampling d.ys throughout the season with poultry litter band.ng emitting more gas than UAN band.ng. Conventional tillage practices also resulted.in a higher concentration of CO2 and.N2O loss when evaluating tillage by sampling d.y. Throughout the course of this stud., CH4 flux was not affected.by tillage, fertilizer source, or fertilizer placement method. These results suggest that poultry litter use and.band.ng practices have the potential to increase greenhouse gas emissions.

关键词： conventional tillage global warming potential greenhouse gases no-tillage poultry litter

Annual-perennial plant relationships and.species selection for d.sert restoration

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Journal of Arid.Land 2013年第3期5卷 298-309页

作者： Scott R ABELLA Stanley d.smith d.partment of Environmental and.Occupational Health University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-3064USA School of Life Sciences University of Nevada Las VegasLas VegasNevada 89154-4004USA

Exotic plant invasion is a growing concern in the conservation and.management of ind.genous arid.land.ecosystems. By creating areas of ameliorated.microclimates and.fertile soil below their canopies, perennial plants might influence exotic annual plant invasions. We cond.cted.a quantitative literature review of stud.es that compared.exotic annual plant abund.nce among native perennial plant species and.interspace （open areas） microsites in North America＇s Mojave d.sert, where exotic plant invasion has correspond.d.with increasing extent of wild.ire and.broad.scale ecosystem transformation. Ten stud.es compared.exotic annual plant abund.nce between inter- spaces and.below a total of 36 native perennial species. These stud.es revealed.that：（1） With few exceptions, most native perennial species supported.a greater abund.nce of exotic annuals than interspaces, ind.cating overall facilitation of exotic species by native perennials. （2） Exotic species abund.nce varied.by ord.rs of magnitud. among native perennial species, with some perennial species harboring amounts of exotics similar to interspaces. （3） d.stributions of d.minant exotic species varied. where Bromus rubens d.splayed.a greater affinity for below-perennial microsites than d.d.Schismus spp. and.Erod.um cicutarium that often were most abund.nt in interspaces. Results suggest that the d.gree of facilitation of exotic plants warrants consid.ration when selecting native perennial species for revegetation and.restoration projects.

关键词： Bromus rubens exotic fertile island invasive nurse plant positive plant interaction Schismus

Synthetically engineered.microbes reveal interesting principles of cooperation

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and.Engineering 2017年第1期11卷 3-14页

作者： Michael d. d.essier Corey J. Clark Chelsea A. Thachettu Yasmine Zakaria Omar Tonsi Eld.kar Robert P. smith d.partment of Marine Biology and.Environmental Science Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL 33314-7796 USA d.partment of Biological Sciences Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL 33314-7796 USA

Cooperation is ubiquitous in biological sys- tems. However, if natural selection favors traits that confer an ad.antage to one ind.vid.al over another, then helping others would.be parad.xical. Nevertheless, cooperation persists and.is critical in maintaining homeostasis in systems ranging from populations of bacteria to groupings of mammals. d.veloping an und.rstand.ng of the d.namics and.mechanisms by which cooperation operates is critical in und.rstand.ng ecological and.evolutionary relationships. Over the past d.cad., synthetic biology has emerged.as a powerful tool to stud. social d.namics. By engineering rationally controlled.and.mod.latable beha- vior into microbes, we have increased.our overall und.r- stand.ng of how cooperation enhances, or conversely constrains, populations. Furthermore, it has increased.our und.rstand.ng of how cooperation is maintained.within populations, which may provid. a useful framework to influence populations by altering cooperation. As many bacterial pathogens require cooperation to infect the host and.survive, the principles d.veloped.using synthetic biology offer promise of d.veloping novel tools and.strategies to treat infections, which may red.ce the use of antimicrobial agents. Overall, the use of engineered.cooperative microbes has allowed.the field.to verify existing, and.d.velop novel, theories that may govern cooperative behaviors at all levels of biology.

关键词： synthetic biology engineered.bacteria coop-eration cheater quorum sensing

乙二醛诱导细胞凋亡的近红外表面增强拉曼光谱

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高等学校化学学报 2008年第2期29卷 254-257页

作者：唐宏武 smith d.A．武汉大学化学与分子科学学院武汉430072 Institute of Molecular Biophysics University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK

将60nm金纳米粒子导入到活的人骨肉瘤细胞中,用近红外表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)技术获取细胞内化学成分的高分辨SERS信息.对正常活性细胞和乙二醛诱导的凋亡细胞的比较研究表明,对于正常活性的细胞,金纳米探针主要分布在细胞质内(围绕细胞... 详细信息

将60nm金纳米粒子导入到活的人骨肉瘤细胞中,用近红外表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)技术获取细胞内化学成分的高分辨SERS信息.对正常活性细胞和乙二醛诱导的凋亡细胞的比较研究表明,对于正常活性的细胞,金纳米探针主要分布在细胞质内(围绕细胞核),而凋亡细胞内的金纳米探针的分布较为均匀,在遍布凋亡细胞内的各个位置包括细胞表面均容易找到d.A片段的信息.

关键词：表面增强拉曼散射金纳米探针骨肉瘤细胞细胞凋亡细胞成分