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Morphogenesis of Oil Palm Fruit （Elaeis guineensis Jacq.） in Mesocarp and Endocarp Development

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Journal of Life Sciences 2013年第2期7卷 153-158页

作者： Hermine Bille Ngalle Joseph Martin bell georges Franck Ngando Ebongue Lambert Nyobe Felix Chancelin Ngangnou Godswill Ntsefong Ntsomboh Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Science University of Yaound~ I Yaound~ Cameroon Specialized Oil Palm Research Centre (CEREPAH-LA DIBAMABA) Douala Cameroon

This work aims to study the development of the pericarp of the fruit of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. var. dura. The thickness, the water and the oil contents of its tissues are evaluated every two weeks, from pollination to the maturity of the fruit. The development of the oil palm fruit takes 5.5 months. The endocarp reaches its maximum thickness at the 70th DPP （day post-pollination）, with a water content of 72%. It then starts its dehydration, while sclerifying. It therefore isolates the seed at start and later protects it. The mesocarp is visible at anthesis and its water content is close to 92%. From the 100th DPP, it begins a continuous dehydration associated, from the 130th DPP, with an active lipids biosynthesis. Ultimately, the pericarp of the oil palm fruit fulfills both functions, namely to protect the seed by early sclerification of the endocarp and ensure the dissemination of the species by the high oil content of the mesocarp. A comparative anatomy of the pericarp tissues of the three *** E. guineensis Jacq., during the first three weeks of fruit development, will enhance the understanding of the primary effect of sh gene.

关键词： Elaeis guineensis Jacq. fruit endocarp mesocarp development.

Morphogenesis of Oil Palm （Elaeis guineensis Jacq.） Fruit in Seed Development

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Journal of Life Sciences 2014年第12期8卷 946-954页

作者： Hermine Bille Ngalle Joseph Martin bell georges Franck Ngando-Ebongue Hernild Eman-Evina Godswill Ntsefong Ntsomboh Armand Nsimi-Mva Department of Plant Biology Faculty of Science University of Yaoundd I Yaounde P.O. Box 812 Cameroon Specialized Oil Palm Research Centre (CEREPAH of La Dibamba) IRAD Douala P.O. 243 Cameroon Ekona Regional Research Centre IRAD Buea P.O. Box 25 Cameroon

The place of the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq., in the market for fats of vegetable commodities makes it a strategic plant which requires continuous improvement. In this context, it seems appropriate to better describe the effects of the Sh gene in the developing fruit. This study aims to set a benchmark for the development of the seed in the natural palm （Elaeis guineensis var. dura） Thus the growth and development of the two major seed tissues were monitored every two weeks from pollination to maturity of the fruit. The results show that the endosperm is still liquid six weeks after pollination. It then begins an accelerated development which leads it, 11 weeks later, to completely fill the seed cavity, with an average mass of 0.81 g. This mass remains stable until the maturity of the fruit. The embryo is only visible when the endosperm is gelatinous, around 70 DPP （days post-pollination）. It then has an average length of 1.00 mm. At 126 DPP, the embryo has finished growing and measures 2.82 mm on average. This length also remains stable until 168 DPP （3.04 mm）. In perspective, a detailed follow-up of the development of the zygote from the pollination to 100 DPP is proposed. In parallel, the analysis of the chemical composition of the endosperm between 100 DPP and 168 DPP is necessary. These two complementary studies will allow to better specifying the benchmark of seed development in Elaeis guineensis var. dura.

关键词： Elaeis guineensis Jacq. embryo endosperm seed development

A Review of Main Factors Involved in the Maturation of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Fruit Bunches

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2023年第7期14卷 727-740页

作者： Ngombo Clément Eya’a Mva Armand Nsimi Pembe Hannah Ndele Bille Hermine Ngalle Thiery Molo Nkoulou Luther Fort Mbo Akoa Fouman Li-Gue Benoit Likeng Ebongue georges Frank Ngando Joseph Martin bell Department of Plant Biology and Physiology Faculty of Sciences University of Yaounde I Yaounde Cameroon Institute of Agricultural Research for Development Specialized Station for Oil Palm Research of La Dibamba Douala Cameroon Plant Production Unit Mbalmayo Agricultural Research Center (CRAM) Institute of Agricultural Research for Development Mbalmayo Cameroon

The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is a diploid perennial plant of the Arecaceae family. It is the most important plant cultivated for oil production. To ensure this production, certain optimal conditions are required: temperature, sunshine, rainfall, etc. The oil palm ensures its survival through the fruits borne on bunches located at the axis of the 17th to 20th leaves from the central stem. From pollination to the maturity of a bunch it takes about 4.5 to 6 months. Several events occur during this period: seed enlargement, weight increase, colour change, etc., but also important physiological changes: synthesis of some pigments (anthocyanin), increase in oil content correlated with the decrease in water content, etc. All of these constitute factors that can provide a better understanding of the biology of the seed. The aim of this work was to review some of the important parameters involved in the development and maturation of oil palm fruit bunches. These factors are classified into physiological, biochemical as well as environmental. The physiological parameters are color, appearance of embryo, seed weight and fruit detachment from bunches;Biochemical parameters include water content, oil content, carbohydrate, protein, mineral contents and lipase activity while temperature is the main environmental factor that affects fruit maturation. Thorough research has not yet been done at the different stages of maturation and ripening, thus a deep look into this may open up new avenues for research on early germinated oil palm seed production prior to seed dormancy.

关键词： Oil Palm Fruit Bunch Germination Maturation Parameters Immature Seed

Tailoring Quantum Correlations of a Coupled Central Two Qubits Soaked in a Finite Temperature Antiferromagnetic Environment with Frequency Gap

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Journal of Quantum Information Science 2014年第4期4卷 201-213页

作者： Lukong Cornelius Fai Ngwa Engelbert Afuoti georges Collince Fouokeng Jules Casimir Ngana Kuetche Martin Tchoffo Mesoscopic and Multilayer Structures Laboratory Department of Physics University of Dschang Dschang Cameroon Department of Thermal Engineering and Energy Douala University Institute of Technology Douala Cameroon Department of Physics University of Buea Buea Cameroon

We revisit the quantum features of an anti-ferromagnetic (AF) spin environment at finite temperature with gap in its frequency spectrum, on the dynamics quantum correlations of a coupled central two qubits system with Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction, prepared in two entangled bell states. Using entanglement and quantum discord as quantum meters of decoherence, the prepared entangled states are classified as robust or fragile relative to the degree of information leakage to the AF environment. By tailoring the size of the frequency gap, anisotropy field strength and induced field, due to system AF spin environment coupling, size of the AF environment and DM interaction parameter, a decoherence-free sub-space can be accessed for efficient execution of quantum protocols encoded in the entangled states.

关键词： Anti-Ferromagnetic Lattice Anisotropy Field Magnetic Field Quantum Correlations Central Two Qubits