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2011 World Congress on Engineering and Technology(CET 2011)

作者： belinda chong chiew meng Mohd Nor B.Mohd Than Harapajan Singh Nagindar Singh Faculty of Electrical Engineering Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM) Penang Malaysia

Modelling is the inevitable first step in the optimization of the heat exchanger plant operation. In this paper, mathematical modelling of the heat exchanger plant was carried out to understand the dynamics of the liquid product temperature for different settings of the PID controller mode. The modelling objective is to address the prediction of the plant performance with sufficient accuracy so that experimental data can be verified with the results of simulation experiments. The experimental data was obtained from heat exchanger plant and the simulation results by model developed by using Simulink toolbox in Matlab software. The experimental and simulation results that were verified exhibited fair agreement.

关键词： Mathematical model heat exchanger PID controller and transfer function

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Synergistic nano-tribological interaction between zinc dialkyldithiophosphate(ZDDP)and methyl oleate for biodiesel-fueled engines

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Friction 2021年第3期9卷 612-626页

作者： Siti Hartini HAMDAN chiew Tin LEE Mei Bao LEE William Woei Fong chong Cheng Tung chong Suhaila Mohd SANIP Bio-Engineering Technology Department University Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Institute of Chemical&Bioengineering Technology(UniKL MICET)Alor Gajah 78000Malaysia School of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of EngineeringUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM)Johor Bahru 81310Malaysia Automotive Development Centre(ADC) Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UTM)Johor Bahru 81310Malaysia China-UK Low Carbon College Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 201306China Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences University of Southampton Malaysia(UoSM)Iskandar Puteri 79200Malaysia

In biodiesel-fueled compression-ignition(CI)engines,dilution by unburned biodiesel has been found to have adverse effects on the boundary lubrication properties of additives in fully formulated engine *** dilution of engine lubricants could be even more pronounced for CI engines running on higher blend concentrations of *** the nanoscopic nature of the interaction,this study seeks to determine the nano-tribological properties of an engine lubricant additive(e.g.,zinc dialkyldithiophosphate(ZDDP))when diluted with a fatty acid methyl ester(e.g.,methyl oleate).Using lateral force microscopy(LFM)together with a fluid imaging technique,the lowest nanoscopic friction forces and coefficient of friction values(0.068-0.085)were measured for ZDDP when diluted with 70 vol%of methyl *** values are also observed to be lower than those measured for neat ZDDP and neat methyl oleate,respectively,under similar ***,interpreting the data with the Eyring thermal activation energy approach,it could then be elucidated that the lower frictional losses observed for the contact lubricated with this volumetric mixture are a result of the lower potential energy barrier and activation energy required to initiate *** energy values are approximated to be 2.6%and 28.9%(respectively)lower than that of the contact lubricated with neat *** was also found that the mixture,at this volumetric concentration,possesses the highest possible pressure activation energy(load-carrying capacity)along with the lowest possible shear activation energy(shearing),potentially indicating optimum tribological conditions for boundary ***,the findings of this study suggest that an optimum concentration threshold exists in which a synergistic nano-tribological interaction between additives and fatty acid methyl esters can be attained,potentially reducing boundary frictional losses of lubricated *** findings could prove to be ess

关键词： boundary lubrication lateral force microscopy thermal activation energy methyl ester boundary additives

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