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Strategies for managing reservoir sedimentation

International Journal of Sediment research 2009年第4期24卷 369-384页

作者： Zhao-yin WANG 1 and Chunhong HU 21 Prof., State Key Lab of Hydroscience and Engineering, Tsinghua University, beijing 100084, china. 2 Prof., Secretary general of International research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation, beijing 100048, china and Vice President of china institute of Water Resources and Hydropower research, No. A-1, Fuxing Rd, beijing 100038, china. Prof. State Key Lab of Hydroscience and Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China Prof. Secretary General of International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation Beijing 100048 China and Vice President of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research No. A-1 Fuxing Rd Beijing 100038 China

Sediment deposition in reservoirs has caused the loss of 66% of the reservoir capacity in china. The main sedimentation control strategies are: 1) storing the clear water and releasing the turbid water; 2) releasing turbidity currents; 3) Draw-down flushing and empty flushing; and 4) dredging. The paper summarizes these strategies with examples. Sediment transport in many Chinese rivers occurs mostly during the 2-4 month flood season, that is, 80-90% of the annual sediment load is transported with 50-60% of the annual runoff. By storing the clear water after the flood season and releasing the turbid water during the flood season, less sediment deposits in the reservoir while the reservoir is still able to store enough water for power generation in the low flow season. The Three Gorges and Sanmenxia reservoirs apply this strategy and control sedimentation effectively. Turbidity currents have become the main sedimentation control strategy for the Xiaolangdi Reservoir. Empty flushing involves reservoir draw-down to temporarily establish riverine flow along the impound reach, flushing the eroded sediment through the outlets. Case studies with the Hengshan Reservoir and Zhuwo Reservoir are presented. Jet dredgers have been used to agitate the reservoir deposit so that the deposit is released from the reservoir with currents. The sediment releasing efficiency is 30-100% for storing the clear and releasing the turbid; 6-40 % for turbidity current; and 2,400-5,500% for empty flushing. Empty flushing causes high ecological stress on the ecosystem to the downstream reaches. Storing the clear and releasing the turbid is the best strategy to control reservoir sedimentation while achieving hydro-power benefit and maintain ecological stability.

关键词： Reservoir sedimentation Storing clear and releasing turbid Flushing Turbidity current Three Gorges Reservoir

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Study of the effect of atorvastatin on the interaction between ICAM-1 and CD11b by live-cell single-molecule force spectroscopy

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Science china Chemistry 2010年第4期53卷 752-758页

作者： LI Yi1, SHI XiaoLi2, LIU HuiLiang1, YI ShaoQiong3, ZHANG XueJie2 & FANG XiaoHong2 1Department of Cardiology, the general Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, beijing 100039, china 2beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100190, china 3State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity beijing institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, beijing 100071, china Department of Cardiology the General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces Beijing China beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity Beijing China beijing institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing China

The interaction between the cell adhesion molecule CD11b and its ligand ICAM-1 plays an important role in inflammatory responses in the disease of atherosclerosis. Atorvastatin is a commonly prescribed statin drug which has been considered as one of the most potent therapeutic agents for atherosclerosis due to its lipid-lowering effect. Recently, there is a growing body of evidence that atorvastatin has anti-inflammatory effect. We have applied the advanced method of live-cell single-molecule force spectroscopy to investigate the effect of atorvastatin on adhesion force between ICAM-1 and CD11b. Our result showed that single-molecule binding force of ICAM-1 and CD11b detected by AFM in the living cells was about 40 pN, and atorvastatin did not affect this force by blocking ICAM-1 or CD11b. This was different from the ICAM-1 monoclonal antibody, which could directly reduce the binding force of ICAM-1 and CD11b. Flow cytometry results revealed that atorvastatin pretreatment decreased the ICAM-1 expression in TNF-α activated HUVECs, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory effect. The study provides a new approach to study anti-inflammatory mechanism for clinic drugs.

关键词： atherosclerosis atorvastatin atomic force microscopy single-molecule force spectroscopy protein-protein interaction

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Control of atmospheric CO_2 concentrations by 2050: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

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Science china Earth Sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： DING ZhongLi1, DUAN XiaoNan2, GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100029, china 2 The general Office of Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100864, china 3 institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100101, china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment, Lanzhou 730000, china institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The general Office of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment Lanzhou China

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2 concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2005, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2006―2050), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2 concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2050, actual emissions from 1900 to 2005, emissions levels in 2005, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2005―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2005 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2005 had already expended their 2050 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (20 dollars per ton of CO2). Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2006 to 2050 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

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THE NEW CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROOF AND FLOOR AROUND COALFACE

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Journal of Coal Science & Engineering(china) 1995年第1期1卷 13-19页

作者： SHI Yuanwei(Central Coal mining research institute beijing, china)

This paper briefly describes the new principle about the classification of inimediate roof after its stabilities and main roof after the intensity of its weighing, as well as the floor based on its resistance and rigidity that are against supports to penetrate in coal face. These have been done on the basis of theory and measured data obtained from field observation. These classifications are very important for optimal determination of technique for control of surrounding rock-mass including the selection of supports, as well as the economic effect and safety during

关键词：煤层顶板管理分级法地层控制

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Dynamic fracture toughness of TA15ELI alloy studied by instrumented impact test

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Rare Metals 2010年第6期29卷 608-612页

作者： LIU Rui,HUI Songxiao,YE Wenjun,XIONG Baiqing,YU Yang,and FU Yanyan State Key Laboratory for Fabrication & Processing of Nonferrous Metals,general research institute for Nonferrous Metals,beijing 100088,china State Key Laboratory for Fabrication & Processing of Nonferrous Metals General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals Beijing China

The dynamic fracture toughness of TA15ELI alloy with two types of microstructures was studied by instrumented impact *** specimens with both the 0.2 mm U-notch and the a/W = 0.2 pre-crack were adopted to compare notch sensitivity in the two *** result shows that the specimen with Widmanst？tten microstructure exhibits a better dynamic fracture toughness and lower notch sensitivity than that with lath-like *** surfaces in the case of the two microstructures are analyzed to have a ductile and brittle mixed feature under dynamic *** fracture surface of lath-like microstructure is composed of dimples and tear ridges,while that of Widmanst？tten microstructure is covered with rough block-like facets and dimples and tear *** α phase boundaries and α/β interfaces act as locations for void nucleation and crack arrest and *** decrease in width of α phase lamellae leads to the increase in the amount of boundaries and interfaces,which causes the increase in the consumption of impact energy and results in the improvement in dynamic fracture toughness.

关键词： titanium alloys fracture toughness impact testing microstructure

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Germanium Production in china

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Rare Metals 1990年第2期10卷 152-155页

作者： Shen Huasheng general research institute for Non-ferrous Metals, beijing 100088

1 .Introduetion Germanium differs from other metals for its semieonducting *** first major stud-ies of solid state Physies in utilizing semieondueting ProPerties were due Primarily to the availabili-ty of high Purity germanium.P一tyPe germanium erystal ean be obtained by doPing high Puritygermanium with 3 valenee element as indium,gallium or ***一tyPe germanium erys-tal can be doPed with 5 valenee element

关键词： high Germanium Production in china

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Recent advances in the data analysis method of functional magnetic resonance imaging and its applications in neuroimaging

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第8期16卷 785-795页

作者： TIAN Jie, YANG Lei and HU Jin (institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100080, china Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, beijing 100039, china) institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100080 China Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039 China

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has opened a new area to explore the human brain. The fMRI can reveal the deep insights of spatial and temporal changes underlying a broad range of brain function, such as motor, vision, memory and emotion, all of which are helpful in the clinical investigation. In this paper, we introduce some recent-developed algorithms for fMRI signal detection such as model-driven method (general linear model, deconvolution model, non-linear model, etc. ) and data-driven method (principle component analysis, independent component analysis, self-organization mapping, clustered constrained non-negative matrix factorization, etc. ). We also propose several important applications of neuroimaging and point out their shortcomings and future perspectives.

关键词： fMR1 data analysis neuroimaging.

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The Stress Analysis for Notched Specimen of Brittle Material under Plane Dead Loading

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Rare Metals 1989年第4期9卷 44-48页

作者： Zhu Qifang He Yaozu general research institute for Non-ferrous Metals,beijing

The stress distribution of notched specimen of brittle material under a plane pressure was studied using a photoelastic meth- od,When elastic deformation appeared inside the specimen,the force transferred by dowel part was triangular transverse force and frictional force on the upper surface of the *** quantity of the frictional force was about 31 percent of transverse *** stress inside the sample was linear along the central cross section of the sample and there was maximum tensile stress σ_y at the tip of the *** on shearing stress deviation method,the tensile stress σ_y,σ_x and shearing stress τ_(xy) at the cen- tral sections and four adjacent cross sections were *** result pointed out that σ_x and τ_(xy) were smaller than σ_***- fore,σ_y was the main factor for crack formation and propagation.

关键词： Pr The Stress Analysis for Notched Specimen of Brittle Material under Plane Dead Loading

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TEM STUDIES FOR DIGM IN Kr ION IRRADIATED Au-Cu BILAYERS

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中国有色金属学会会刊：英文版 1996年第3期6卷 119-121页

作者： Gao Yuzun Alexander D E Rehn L E(general research institute for Nonferrous Metals, beijing 100088 Argonne National Laboratory, IL 60439,U.S.A.) general research institute for Nonferrous Metals Beijing 100088 China Argonne National Laboratory IL 60439 United States

ＴＥＭＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＦＯＲＤＩＧＭＩＮＫｒＩＯＮＩＲＲＡＤＩＡＴＥＤＡｕ－ＣｕＢＩＬＡＹＥＲＳ￥ＧａｏＹｕｚｕｎ；ＡｌｅｘａｎｄｅｒＤＥ；ＲｅｈｎＬＥ（ＧｅｎｅｒａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｆｏｒＮｏｎｆｅ... 详细信息

ＴＥＭＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＦＯＲＤＩＧＭＩＮＫｒＩＯＮＩＲＲＡＤＩＡＴＥＤＡｕ－ＣｕＢＩＬＡＹＥＲＳ￥ＧａｏＹｕｚｕｎ；ＡｌｅｘａｎｄｅｒＤＥ；ＲｅｈｎＬＥ（ＧｅｎｅｒａｌＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｆｏｒＮｏｎｆｅｒｒｏｕｓＭｅｔａｌｓ，Ｂｅｉｊｉ...

关键词： grain boundary migration electron microscopy Kr ion

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Natural gas geochemistry and its origins in Kuqa depression

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 174-182页

作者： LIU QuanYou 1 ,QIN ShengFei 1 ,LI Jian 2 ,LIU WenHui 3 ,ZHANG DianWei 3 ,ZHOU QingHua 1 &HU AnPing 1 1 research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,Petrochina,beijing 100083,china 2 Langfang Branch of research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,Petrochina,Langfang 065007,china 3 Exploration and Production research institute,SINOPEC,beijing 100083,china research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China Langfang Branch of research institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Langfang China Exploration and Production research institute SINOPEC Beijing China

According to gas compositional and carbon isotopic measurement of 114 gas samples from the Kuqa depression,accumulation of the natural gases in the depression is dominated by hydrocarbon gases, with high gas dryness(C1/C1-4)at the middle and northern parts of the depression and low one towards east and west sides and southern *** carbon isotopes of methane and its homologues are relatively enriched in 13 C,and the distributive range ofδ13C 1 ,δ13C 2 andδ13C 3 is-32‰―-36‰,-22‰―-24‰and-20‰―-22‰,*** general,the carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes become less negative with the increase of carbon ***δ13C CO2 value is less than-10‰in the Kuqa depression,indicating its organogenic *** distributive range of 3 He/ 4 He ratio is within n×10-8 and a decrease in 3 He/ 4 He ratio from north to south in the depression is *** on the geochemical parameters of natural gas above,natural gas in the Kuqa depression is of characteristics of coal-type gas *** possible reasons for the partial reversal of stable carbon isotopes of gaseous alkanes involve the mixing of gases from one common source rock with different thermal maturity or from two separated source rock intervals of similar kerogen type,multistages accumulation of natural gas under high-temperature and over-pressure conditions,and sufficiency and diffusion of natural gas.

关键词： Kuqa depression natural gas stable carbon isotope gas origin

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