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Land use and land cover change within the Koshi River Basin of the central Himalayas since 1990

Journal of Mountain Science 2021年第1期18卷 159-177页

作者： XIE Fang-di WU Xue LIU Lin-shan ZHANG Yi-li basanta paudel Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research(IGSNRR)Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100101China CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Kathmandu Center for Research and Education Chinese Academy of Sciences/Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmanduNepal

Land change is a cause and consequence of global environmental *** use and land cover have changed considerably due to increasing human activities and climate change,which has become the core issue of major international research *** study interprets land use and land cover status and the changes within the Koshi River Basin(KRB)using Landsat remote sensing(RS)image data,and employs logistic regression model to analyze the influence of natural and socioeconomic driving forces on major land cover *** results showed that the areas of built-up land,bare land and forest in KRB increased from 1990 to 2015,including the largest increases in forest and the highest growth rate in construction *** of glacier,grassland,sparse vegetation,shrub land,cropland,and wetland all decreased over the study *** the perspective of driving analysis,the role of human activities in land use and land cover change is significant than climate *** expansion is the reclamation of cropland by farmers,mainly from early ***,labor force separation,geological disasters and drought are the main factors of cropland *** increase of forest area in India and Nepal was attributed to the government’s forest protection policies,such as Nepal’s community forestry has achieved remarkable *** expansion and contraction of grassland were both dominated by climatic *** probability of grassland expansion increases with temperature and precipitation,while the probability of grassland contraction decreases with temperature and precipitation.

关键词： Koshi River Basin Land use and land cover change Logistic model Grassland expansion Grassland contraction Mt.Qomolangma

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Vertical distribution changes in land cover between 1990 and 2015 within the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2021年第10期31卷 1419-1436页

作者： WU Xue paudel basanta ZHANG Yili LIU Linshan WANG Zhaofeng XIE Fangdi GAO Jungang SUN Xiaomin Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing 100101China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchCASBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Texas A&M AgriLife Blackland Res&Extens CtrTempleTX 76502USA

The study of mountain vertical natural belts is an important component in the study of regional *** areas are especially sensitive to climate change and have indicative function,which is the core of three-dimensional zonality ***,based on high precision land cover and digital elevation model(DEM)data,and supported by MATLAB and ArcGIS analyses,this paper aimed to study the present situation and changes of the land cover vertical belts between 1990 and 2015 on the northern and southern slopes of the Koshi River Basin(KRB).Results showed that the vertical belts on both slopes were markedly different from one *** vertical belts on the southern slope were mainly dominated by cropland,forest,bare land,and glacier and snow *** contrast,grassland,bare land,sparse vegetation,glacier and snow cover dominated the northern *** found that the main vertical belts across the KRB within this region have not changed substantially over the past 25 *** contrast,on the southern slope,the upper limits of cropland and bare land have moved to higher elevation,while the lower limits of forest and glacier and snow cover have moved to higher *** upper limit of alpine grassland on the northern slope retreated and moved to higher elevation,while the lower limits of glacier and snow cover and vegetation moved northward to higher *** in the vertical belt were influenced by climate change and human activities over *** was mainly controlled by human activities and climate warming,and the reduced precipitation also led to the abandonment of cropland,at least to a certain *** in grassland and forest ecosystems were predominantly influenced by both human activities and climate *** the same time,glacier and snow cover far away from human activities was also mainly influenced by climate warming.

关键词： vertical belt land cover Central Himalayas Koshi River Basin climate change

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Review of studies on land use and land cover change in Nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2016年第4期13卷 643-660页

作者： basanta paudel ZHANG Yi-li LI Shi-cheng LIU Lin-shan WU Xue Narendra Raj KHANAL Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBering 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Beijing 100101China Central Department of Geography Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmandu 44613Nepal

Land use and land cover(LULC) in Nepal has undergone constant change over the past few decades due to major changes caused by anthropogenic and natural factors and their impacts on the national and regional environment and *** comprehensive review of past and present studies of land use and land cover change(LUCC) in Nepal concentrates on cropland, grassland, forest, snow/glacier cover and urban areas. While most small area studies have gathered data from different sources and research over a short period, across large areas most historical studies have been based on aerial photographs such as the Land Resource Mapping Project in 1986. The recent trend in studies in Nepal is to focus on new concepts and techniques to analyze LULC status on the basis of satellite imagery, with the help of geographic information system and remote sensing tools. Studies based on historical documents, and historical and recent spatial data on LULC, have clearly shown an increase in cropland areas in Nepal,and present results indicating different rates and magnitudes. A decrease in forest and snow/glacier coverage is reported in most studies. Little information is available on grassland and urban areas from past research. The unprecedented rate of urbanization in Nepal has led to significant urban land changes over the past 30 years. Meanwhile, long term historical LUCC research in Nepal is required for extensive work on spatially explicit reconstructions on the basis of historical and primary data collection, including LULC archives and drivers for future change.

关键词： Land use Land cover Geographic information system Remote sensing Nepal

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Use of the Max Ent model to predict changes in sloth bear(Melursus ursinus)habitats in the Gandaki River Basin,Nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2022年第7期19卷 1988-1997页

作者： Raju RAI ZHANG Yi-li WANG Zhao-feng basanta paudel LIU Lin-shan Mohan Kumar RAI Narendra Raj KHANAL Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing100049China Institute of Fundamental Research and Studies Kathmandu44600Nepal Kathmandu Center for Research and Education Chinese Academy of Sciences-Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmandu44613Nepal

The Gandaki River Basin(GRB),located in the central Himalaya,provides habitats for a large number of important flora and fauna *** habitats of key protected species have changed over time as a result of climate changes and human activities related to land use change,including the development of *** study assessed the present and future distributions of sloth bear(Melursus ursinus)habitats using the maximum entropy(Max Ent)*** data,a digital elevation model and roads were used as environmental layers to assess current and future distributions of *** show that the overall habitat within the study area is likely to undergo important changes in the *** 8(the mean temperature of the wettest quarter)and slope were found to be important variables affecting the distribution of the *** habitats very highly suitable for sloth bears currently cover an area of 148 km^(2) within the *** habitats are predicted to increase by 122 km^(2) more by ***,a net change by 680.38 km^(2) was found in the *** measures are necessary for this key protected species and its habitat within the GRB and elsewhere in Nepal.

关键词： Sloth bear Melursus ursinus Habitat prediction Max Ent Gandaki River Basin Himalays

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Spatiotemporal changes in agricultural land cover in Nepal over the last 100 years

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2018年第10期28卷 1519-1537页

作者： basanta paudel 张镱锂李士成刘林山 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences School of Public Administration China University of Geosciences

In order to advance land use and land cover change（LUCC） research in Nepal, it is essential to reconstruct both the spatiotemporal distribution of agricultural land cover as well as scenarios that can explain these changes at the national and regional levels. Because of rapid population growth, the status of agricultural land in Nepal has changed markedly over the last 100 years. Historical data is used in this study, encompassing soils, populations, climatic variables, and topography. Data were revised to a series of 30 m grid cells utilized for agricultural land suitability and allocation models and were analyzed using a suite of advanced geographical tools. Our reconstructions for the spatiotemporal distribution of agricultural land in Nepal reveal an increasing trend between 1910 and 2010（from 151.2 × 10^2 km^2 to 438.8 × 10^2 km^2）. This expanded rate of increase in agricultural land has varied between different eco, physiographic, and altitudinal regions of the country, significantly driven by population changes and policies over the period of this investigation. The historical dataset presented in this paper fills an existing gap in studies of agricultural land change and can be applied to other carbon cycle and climate modeling studies, as well as to impact assessments of agricultural land change in Nepal.

关键词： agricultural land reconstruction land suitability for cultivation altitudinal variation Nepal

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Change in the Distribution of National Bird (Himalayan Monal) Habitat in Gandaki River Basin, Central Himalayas

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2020年第2期11卷 223-231页

作者： Raju RAI basanta paudel GU Changjun Narendra Raj KHANAL Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Resources and Environment University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China

Gandaki River Basin(GRB) is part of the central Himalayan region, which provides habitat for numerous wild species. However, due to changes in climate and land cover, the habitats of many protected species are at risk. Based on the maximum entropy(MaxEnt) model, coupled with bioclimatic layers, land cover and DEM data, the impacts of environmental factors on habitat suitability of Himalayan Monal(Lophophorus impejanus), a national bird of Nepal, was quantified. This study further assessed the present and future habitat and distribution of the Himalayan Monal in the context of climate and land cover changes. The results of this study show that the highly suitable habitat of Himalayan Monal presently occupies around 749 km^2 within the northern, eastern and western parts, particularly protected areas such as Langtang National Park, Manaslu Conservation Area and Annapurna Conservation Area, while it is likely to decrease to 561 km^2 by 2050, primarily in the northern and northwestern parts(i.e., Chhyo, Tatopani, Humde and Chame). These expected changes indicate increasing risk for Himalayan Monal due to a decline in its suitable habitat area.

关键词： climate change land cover Himalayan Monal habitat change Gandaki River Basin

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Satellite Image-based Monitoring of Urban Land Use Change and Assessing the Driving Factors in Pokhara and Bharatpur Metropolitan Cities, Gandaki Basin, Nepal

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2020年第1期11卷 87-99页

作者： Raju RAI ZHANG Yili basanta paudel Narendra Raj KHANAL Bipin Kumar ACHARYA Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China Kathmandu Center for Research and Education Chinese Academy of Sciences-Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipurKathmandu 44613Nepal Department of Epidemiology School of Public HealthSun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China

Urban growth is a key indicator of economic *** the same time,haphazard urban growth creates serious socioeconomic,environmental and urban land management *** this context,understanding the process of urban landscape change is important for guiding the sustainable growth of urban *** study analyzes the urban land changes during 1990–2018 in two metropolitan cities of Gandaki basin:Pokhara and *** satellite images were analyzed using supervised classification *** results revealed that the built-up area has increased significantly by 300%in Pokhara and by nearly 500%in the Bharatpur during the past 28 *** growth,migration from surrounding areas due to urban facilities and the easy lifestyle in cities were found to be major determinants of urban growth within the study *** addition,the changing urban definition and expansion of municipal boundaries are key factors for rapid urban *** cities are likely to grow in the future as they are both located in areas that encompass the high levels of commercial activity and modern service *** haphazard urban growth should be minimized through planning and policies for sustainable urban development.

关键词： urban land change driving factors Pokhara Bharatpur Gandaki River Basin

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Predicting the Impact of Climate Change on Vulnerable Species in Gandaki River Basin,Central Himalayas

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2022年第2期13卷 173-185页

作者： Raju RAI ZHANG Yili LIU Linshan Paras Bikram SINGH basanta paudel Bipin Kumar ACHARYA Narendra Raj KHANAL Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Kathmandu Center for Research and Education Chinese Academy of Sciences-Tribhuvan UniversityKathmandu 44613Nepal Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and UtilizationInstitute of ZoologyGuangdong Academy of ScienceGuangzhou 510260China Biodiversity Conservation Society Nepal Lalitpur 44700Nepal Department of Epidemiology School of Public HealthSun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China

Gandaki River Basin(GRB)is an important part of the central Himalayan region,which provides habitat for numerous wild ***,climatic changes are making the habitat in this basin more *** paper aims to assess the potential impacts of climate change on the spatial distributions of habitat changes for two vulnerable species,Himalayan black bear(Ursus thibetanus laniger)and common leopard(Panthera pardus fusca),using the maximum entropy(Max Ent)species distribution *** occurrence locations were used along with several bioclimatic and topographic variables(elevation,slope and aspect)to fit the model and predict the potential distributions(current and future)of the *** results show that the highly suitable area of Himalayan black bear within the GRB currently encompasses around 1642 km^(2)(5.01%area of the basin),which is predicted to increase by 51 km^(2) in the future(2050).Similarly,the habitat of common leopard is estimated as 3999 km^(2)(12.19%of the GRB area),which is likely to increase to 4806 km^(2) in ***,the habitat of Himalayan black bear is predicted to increase in the eastern part(Baseri,Tatopani and north from Bhainse)and to decrease in the eastern(Somdang,Chhekampar),western(Burtibang and Bobang)and northern(Sangboche,Manang,Chhekampar)parts of the study ***,the habitat of common leopard is projected to decrease particularly in the eastern,western and southern parts of the basin,although it is estimated to be extended in the southeastern(Bhainse),western(Harichaur and northern Sandhikhark)and north-western(Sangboche)parts of the *** determine the habitat impact,the environmental variables such as elevation,Bio 15(precipitation seasonality)and Bio 16(precipitation of wettest quarter)highly contribute to habitat change of Himalayan black bear;while Bio 13(precipitation of wettest month)and Bio 15 are the main contributors for common ***,this study predicted that the suitable habita

关键词： climate change habitat change Himalayan black bear(Ursus thibetanus laniger) common leopard(Panthera pardus fusca) Gandaki River Basin

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Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2017年第1期8卷 10-19页

作者： WU Xue GAO Jungang ZHANG Yili LIU Linshan ZHAO Zhilong basanta paudel Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

The Koshi River Basin is in the middle of the Himalayas,a tributary of the Ganges River and a very important cross-border *** the basin there are large changes in altitude,habitat complexity,ecosystem integrity,land cover diversity and regional difference and this area is sensitive to global climate *** on Landsat TM images,vegetation mapping,field investigations and 3S technology,we compiled high-precision land cover data for the Koshi River Basin and analyzed current land cover *** found that from source to downstream,land cover in the Koshi River Basin in 2010 was composed of water body（glacier）,bare land,sparse vegetation,grassland,wetland,shrubland,forest,cropland,water body（river or lake） and built-up *** them,grassland,forest,bare land and cropland are the main types,accounting for 25.83%,21.19%,19.31% and 15.09% of the basin＇s area *** composition and structure of the Koshi River Basin land cover types are different between southern and northern *** north slope is dominated by grassland,bare land and glacier;forest,bare land and glacier are mainly found on northern *** slopes contain nearly seven times more grassland than southern slopes;while 97.13% of forest is located on southern *** area on northern slope is 6.67 times than on southern *** vertical distribution of major land cover types has obvious zonal *** cover types from low to high altitudes are cropland,forest,Shrubland and mixed cropland,grassland,sparse vegetation,bare land and water *** results provide a scientific basis for the study of land use and cover change in a critical region and will inform ecosystem protection,sustainability and management in this and other alpine transboundary basins.

关键词： Himalayas Koshi River Basin land cover pattern vertical distribution object-oriented method

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Partners review progress of Koshi Basin Programme at IGSNRR, Beijing, China on February 11-12, 2015

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2015年第5期25卷 640-640页

作者： basanta paudel Rongkun LIU

The Koshi Basin Programme （KBP） China National Review Workshop was successfully held on February 11-12, 2015 at the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research （1GSNRR）, Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS） in Beijing, China. The workshop was jointly organized by 1GSNRR and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development （ICIMOD） with support from the Australian Government through the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade （DFAT）. The Department of Land Change Science and Bio-geography, IGSNRR （CAS） hosted this two-day workshop, which aimed to share collaborative activities, discuss the KBP＇s progress to date, enhance the effectiveness of the programme through active participation of key stakeholders, take stock of science outcomes, and generate desirable impacts.

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