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From river blindness control to elimination:bridge over troubled water

Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2018年第1期7卷 215-229页

作者： Robert Colebunders Maria-gloria basanez Katja Siling Rory j.Post Anke Rotsaert Bruno Mmbando Patrick Suykerbuyk Adrian Hopkins global Health Institute University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium London Centre for Neglected Tropical Disease Research Imperial College LondonLondonUK Institute of Tropical Medicine AntwerpBelgium London School of Hygiene&Tropical Medicine LondonUK Liverpool john Moores University LiverpoolUK National Institute for Medical Research TangaTanzania Neglected and Disabling diseases of Poverty Consultant GravesendKentUK

Background:An estimated 25 million people are currently infected with onchocerciasis(a parasitic infection caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted by Simulium vectors),and 99%of these are in sub-Saharan *** African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control closed in December 2015 and the World Health Organization has established a new structure,the Expanded Special Project for the Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases for the coordination of technical support for activities focused on five neglected tropical diseases in Africa,including onchocerciasis ***:In this paper we argue that despite the delineation of a reasonably well-defined elimination strategy,its implementation will present particular difficulties in *** aim to highlight these in an attempt to ensure that they are well understood and that effective plans can be laid to solve them by the countries concerned and their international ***:A specific concern is the burden of disease caused by onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in hyperendemic zones situated in countries experiencing difficulties in strengthening their onchocerciasis control *** difficulties should be identified and programmes supported during the transition from morbidity control to interruption of transmission and elimination.

关键词： Onchocerciasis Control Elimination Monitoring&evaluation Community drug distributors Epilepsy Prevalence Incidence

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牦牛坪钙稀土氟碳酸盐多体矿物的成分特征及其成因意义

牦牛坪钙稀土氟碳酸盐多体矿物的成分特征及其成因意义

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中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所2002学术年会

作者：杨主明 SMITH M HENDERSON P LE bas M j 陶克捷张培善中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所英国自然历史博物馆矿物学系英国南安普顿大学地质系

牦牛坪矿床中钙稀土氟碳酸盐多体矿物,经扫描电镜观察和电子探针分析,表明氟碳铈矿可由矿液直接结晶或通过多体矿物的分解反应形成。与多体矿物相比较,氟碳铈矿的稀土配分模式以富La为特点。多体矿物的CaO/REEO(质量比)的平均值为0.131... 详细信息

牦牛坪矿床中钙稀土氟碳酸盐多体矿物,经扫描电镜观察和电子探针分析,表明氟碳铈矿可由矿液直接结晶或通过多体矿物的分解反应形成。与多体矿物相比较,氟碳铈矿的稀土配分模式以富La为特点。多体矿物的CaO/REEO(质量比)的平均值为0.131(测试值)和0.141(计算值),低于氟碳钙铈矿的理论值0.171。根据多体系列化学计量的线性关系,证明多体矿物形成于Ca和CO活度较低的矿液中。这种矿液不利于典型氟碳钙铈矿的形成。

关键词：稀土矿物化学成分多体矿物氟碳铈矿-新奇钙铈矿系列成因

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Bile-acid-induced cell injury and protection

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World journal of gastroenterology 2009年第14期15卷 1677-1689页

作者： Maria j Perez Oscar Briz Research Unit University Hospital of Salamanca Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting CIBERehd University of Salamanca E.D. 129 37007 Salamanca Spain

Several studies have characterized the cellular and molecular mechanisms of hepatocyte injury caused by the retention of hydrophobic bile acids （bas） in cholestatic diseases. bas may disrupt cell membranes through their detergent action on lipid components and can promote the generation of reactive oxygen species that, in turn, oxidatively modify lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and eventually cause hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis. Several pathways are involved in triggering hepatocyte apoptosis. Toxic bas can activate hepatocyte death receptors directly and induce oxidative damage, thereby causing mitochondrial dysfunction, and induce endoplasmic reticulum stress. When these compounds are taken up and accumulate inside biliary cells, they can also cause apoptosis. Regarding extrahepatic tissues, the accumulation of bas in the systemic circulation may contribute to endothelial injury in the kidney and lungs. In gastrointestinal cells, bas may behave as cancer promoters through an indirect mechanism involving oxidative stress and DNA damage, as well as acting as selection agents for apoptosis-resistant cells. The accumulation of bas may have also deleterious effects on placental and fetal cells. However, other bas, such as ursodeoxycholic acid, have been shown to modulate BA-induced injury in hepatocytes. The major beneficial effects of treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid are protection against cytotoxicity due to more toxic bas; the stimulation of hepatobiliary secretion; antioxidant activity, due in part to an enhancement in glutathione levels; and the inhibition of liver cell apoptosis. Other natural bas or their derivatives, such as cholyI-N- methylglycine or pharmacological properties. cholylsarcosine, interest owing have also aroused to their protective

关键词： Apoptosis Cholestasis Liver Necrosis Oxidative stress Ursodeoxycholic acid

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Small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) history, fundamentals of a new refractive surgery technique and clinical outcomes

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Eye and Vision 2014年第1期1卷 9-20页

作者： Dan Z Reinstein Timothy j Archer Marine gobbe London Vision Clinic 138 Harley StreetLondon W1G 7LAUK Department of Ophthalmology Columbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNYUSA Centre Hospitalier National d’Ophtalmologie ParisFrance

This review summarizes the current status of the small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE)*** the early work by Sekundo et *** Shah et al.,SMILE has become increasingly *** accuracy of the creation of the lenticule with the VisuMax femtosecond laser(Carl Zeiss Meditec)has been verified using very high-frequency(VHF)digital ultrasound and optical coherence tomography(OCT).Visual and refractive outcomes have been shown to be similar to those achieved with laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK),notably in a large population reported by Hjortdal,Vestergaard et *** in terms of the change in corrected distance visual acuity(CDVA)has also been shown to be similar to *** was expected that there would be less postoperative dry eye after SMILE compared to LASIK because the anterior stroma is disturbed only by the small incision,meaning that the anterior corneal nerves should be less affected.A number of studies have demonstrated a lower reduction and faster recovery of corneal sensation after SMILE than *** studies have also used confocal microscopy to demonstrate a lower decrease in subbasal nerve fiber density after SMILE than *** potential biomechanical advantages of SMILE have been modeled by Reinstein et *** on the non-linearity of tensile strength through the *** have reported a similar change in Ocular Response Analyzer(Reichert)parameters after SMILE and LASIK,however,these have previously been shown to be unreliable as a representation of corneal *** options after SMILE are *** addition applications of the SMILE procedure are also discussed including the potential for cryo-preservation of the lenticule for later reimplantation(Mohamed-Noriega,Angunawela,Lim et al.),and a new procedure referred to as endokeratophakia in which a myopic SMILE lenticule is implanted into a hyperopic patient(Pradhan et al.).Finally,studies reporting microdistortions in Bowman’s layer and cor

关键词： Small incision lenticule extraction(SMILE) Laser in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) Lenticule Cap Dry eye Corneal sensation Corneal innervation Corneal biomechanics Endokeratophakia

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Strategic comparison of membrane-assisted and membrane-less water electrolyzers and their potential application in direct seawater splitting(DSS)

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green Energy & Environment 2023年第4期8卷 989-1005页

作者： Abdul Malek Xu Lu Paul R.Shearing Dan j.L.Brett guanjie He Clean Combustion Research Center(CCRC) Physical Science and Engineering Division(PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia KAUST Solar Center(KSC) Physical Science and Engineering Division(PSE)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Kingdom of Saudi Arabia School of Engineering and Materials Science Queen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondon E14NSUK Department of Chemical Engineering University College London(UCL)Gower StLondon WC1E 6BTUnited Kingdom

Electrocatalytic splitting of water by means of renewable energy as the electricity supply is one of the most promising methods for storing green renewable energy as hydrogen. Although two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered with water, there is inadequacy of freshwater in most parts of the world. Hence, splitting seawater instead of freshwater could be a truly sustainable alternative. However, direct seawater splitting faces challenges because of the complex composition of seawater. The composition, and hence, the local chemistry of seawater may vary depending on its origin, and in most cases, tracking of the side reactions and standardizing and customizing the catalytic process will be an extra challenge. The corrosion of catalysts and competitive side reactions due to the presence of various inorganic and organic pollutants create challenges for developing stable electro-catalysts. Hence, seawater splitting generally involves a two-step process, i.e., purification of seawater using reverse osmosis and then subsequent fresh water splitting. However, this demands two separate chambers and larger space, and increases complexity of the reactor design. Recently, there have been efforts to directly split seawater without the reverse osmosis step. Herein, we represent the most recent innovative approaches to avoid the two-step process, and compare the potential application of membrane-assisted and membrane-less electrolyzers in direct seawater splitting(DSS). We particularly discuss the device engineering, and propose a novel electrolyzer design strategies for concentration gradient based membrane-less microfluidic electrolyzer.

关键词： Electrocatalytic seawater splitting Direct seawater splitting Osmosis Concentration cells Membrane-less electrolyzer Microfluidic electrolyzer

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较大直肠腺瘤中经肛门内镜显微手术与内镜下黏膜切除术的随机对照试验(TREND研究)

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英国医学杂志中文版 2018年第11期21卷 676-676页

作者： Renee M Barendse gijsbert D Musters Eelco j R de graaf Frank j C van den Broek Esther C j Consten Pascal g Doornebosch james C Hardwick Ignace H j T de Hingh Chrisiaan Hoft jeroen M jansen A W Marc van Milligen de Wit george P van der Schelling Erik j Schoon Matthijs P Schwartz bas L A M Weusten Marcel g Dijkgraaf Paul Fockens Willem A Bemelman Evelien Dekker TREND研究小组李佳宁(译) 吴东(校) 不详北京协和医院消化科

摘要目的非随机研究表明内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)在切除直肠较大腺瘤时与经肛门内镜显微手术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM)同样有效,但EMR可能更具成本效益且相对安全。本试验旨在对比摘除较... 详细信息

摘要目的非随机研究表明内镜下黏膜切除术(endoscopic mucosal resection,EMR)在切除直肠较大腺瘤时与经肛门内镜显微手术(transanal endoscopic microsurgery,TEM)同样有效,但EMR可能更具成本效益且相对安全。本试验旨在对比摘除较大直肠腺瘤时EMR与TEM的临床结局与成本效益。

关键词：随机对照试验显微手术切除术内镜黏膜肛门肠腺成本效益

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Roles of bile acids in enteric virus replication

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Animal Diseases 2021年第1期1卷 39-47页

作者： Fanzhi Kong Linda j.Saif Qiuhong Wang Center for Food Animal Health Department of Animal SciencesCollege of FoodAgricultural and Environmental SciencesThe Ohio State UniversityWoosterOHUSA. College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural UniversityNo.5 Xinfeng RoadSartu DistrictDaqingChina Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUSA.

Bile acids(bas)are evolutionally conserved molecules synthesized in the liver from cholesterol to facilitating the absorption of fat-soluble *** the intestines,where enteric viruses replicate,bas also act as signaling molecules that modulate various biological functions via activation of specific receptors and cell signaling *** date,bas present either pro-viral or anti-viral effects for the replication of enteric viruses in vivo and in *** this review,we summarized current information on biosynthesis,transportation and metabolism of bas and the role of bas in replication of enteric caliciviruses,rotaviruses,and *** also discussed the application of bas for cell culture adaptation of fastidious enteric caliciviruses and control of virus infection,which may provide novel insights into the development of antivirals and/or disinfectants for enteric viruses.

关键词： Bile acids Coronavirus Calicivirus Rotavirus Norovirus Sapovirus

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MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SiC_W/bas (BaAl_2Si _2O_8) gLASS-CERAMIC COMPOSITE

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 1999年第5期12卷 1130-1135页

作者： j.M.Yang,j.C.Lei,j.P.Li and P.Cheng Dept. Mater.Sci.and Eng. Xi’an Institute of Technology, Xi’an 710032,China

bas (BaAl 2Si 2O 8) glass ceramic was prepared by a sol gel process and the SiC W/bas composites were fabricated by hot pressing. The transformation from hexacelsian to celsian, the microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites was investigated. The results show that the transformation promoted by adding celsian seeds is retarded in the composite by the presence of SiC whisker. SiC whisker has a good effect of improving the mechanical properties of bas glass ceramic matrix. The toughening mechanisms are crack deflection and whisker fracture. The strengthening mechanism is loading transition. The amorphous phase at SiC W/bas matrix interface damages the fracture toughness and high temperature strength of the composites.

关键词： glass ceramic celsian composite toughening strengthening

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碳酸岩的地质地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

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地球科学进展 1998年第5期13卷 457-466页

作者：杨学明杨晓勇Ｍ．Ｊ．ＬｅＢａｓ中国科技大学地球和空间科学系第三世界科学院中国科学技术大学地球科学和天文学高级研究中心 Department of gelogy University of Leicer

从已知碳酸岩的地质产状、岩石学特征、ＮｄＳｒＰｂＯＣ同位素及痕量元素地球化学特征数据，结合高温高压实验岩石学资料，论述了其地幔源区的物质成分、交代过程软流圈地幔部分熔融机制和碳酸岩岩浆的演化模型。碳酸岩既可以... 详细信息

从已知碳酸岩的地质产状、岩石学特征、ＮｄＳｒＰｂＯＣ同位素及痕量元素地球化学特征数据，结合高温高压实验岩石学资料，论述了其地幔源区的物质成分、交代过程软流圈地幔部分熔融机制和碳酸岩岩浆的演化模型。碳酸岩既可以产生于拉张岩石圈构造背景，也能够产生于挤压而派生的引张岩石圈构造背景。前者以产于裂谷环境、与硅酸不饱和过碱性岩构成环状碳酸岩—碱性杂岩为特征，主要由起源于软流圈地幔的霞石质超基性—基性岩浆经液态不混溶作用而形成；后者产于碰撞造山过程中派生的引张岩石圈断裂带，以单一的透镜状、条带状和似层状碳酸岩体为标志，直接由导源岩石圈富集地幔的低程度部分熔融作用而产生的碳酸岩浆侵入或喷发所形成。

关键词：碳酸岩地球化学地质学大地构造意义

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球囊房间隔造口术与大动脉转位新生儿外科手术前脑卒中有关

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（心脏病学分册） 2006年第11期2卷 40-41页

作者： McQuillen P.S. Hamrick S.E.g. Perez M.j. 刘宇 UCSF Medical Center 505 Parnassus Ave San Francisco CA 94143-0106 United States Dr.

Background -Preoperative brain injury is common in neonates with transposition of the great arteries(TgA). The objective of this study is to determine risk factors for preoperative brain injury in neonates with TgA. Methods and Results -Twenty-nine term neonates with TgA were studied with MRI before cardiac surgery in a prospective cohort study. Twelve patients(41%) had brain injury on preoperative MRI, and all injuries were focal or multifocal. None of the patients had birth asphyxia. Nineteen patients(66%) required preoperative balloon atrial septostomy(bas). All patients with brain injury had bas(12 of 19; risk difference, 63%; 95%confidence interval, 41 to 85; P=0.001). As expected on the basis of the need for bas, these neonates had lower systemic arterial hemoglobin saturation(SaO2)(P=0.05). The risk of injury was not modified by the cannulation site for septostomy(umbilical versus femoral, P=0.8) or by the presence of a central venous catheter(P=0.4). Conclusions -bas is a major identifiable risk factor for preoperative focal brain injury in neonates with TgA. Imaging characteristics of identified brain injuries were consistent with embolism; however, the mechanism is more complex than site of vascular access for bas or exposure to central venous catheters. These findings have implications for the indications for bas, timing of surgical repair, and use of anticoagulation in TgA.

关键词：房间隔造口术大动脉转位新生儿外科脑损伤新生儿窒息静脉导管前瞻性队列研究动脉血氧饱和度

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