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Conditionals in English and FOPL

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外国语 2006年第2期29卷 2-17页

作者： barbara Abbott Michigan State University

该文主要论述了实质条件句和直述条件句的区别,并试图解决在逻辑分析此类句子时所面临的问题。用分析实质条件句的逻辑方法分析自然语言的直述条件句,其存在的问题主要表现在两个方面:1)实质条件句的推理模式明显不适合直述条件句(例如... 详细信息

该文主要论述了实质条件句和直述条件句的区别,并试图解决在逻辑分析此类句子时所面临的问题。用分析实质条件句的逻辑方法分析自然语言的直述条件句,其存在的问题主要表现在两个方面:1)实质条件句的推理模式明显不适合直述条件句(例如逆否推理和否定前件推理),2)将条件句的否定简单等同于前件与后件否定的合并,这往往不能成立。如果考虑到直述条件句的其它方面,或许能够较成功地解决目前存在的问题。首先,将“条件性”当作 if 的规约含义;其次,if 从句是从属于后件的根修饰语,然而不像多数副词性修饰成分,它们不传达新信息。条件句的不对称性,导致逆否推理在多数情况下难以成立或不可能成立。假前件不足以让条件性含义保留下来,因此否定前件推理似乎不能成立。

关键词：实质条件句直进条件句 if从句

Potential impact of genetically modified Lepidoptera-resistant Brassica napus in biodiversity hotspots： Sicily as a theoretical model

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Insect Science 2018年第4期25卷 562-580页

作者： barbara Manachini Giuseppe Bazan Rosario Schicchi Department of Agricultural Food and Forest Sciences University of Palermo Palermo Italy Department of Biological Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies University of Palermo Palermo Italy

The general increase of the cultivation and trade of Bt transgenic plants resis- tant to Lepidoptera pests raises concerns regarding the conservation of animal and plant biodiversity. Demand for biofuels has increased the cultivation and importation of oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.）, including transgenic lines. In environmental risk assessments （ERAs） for its potential future cultivation as well as for food and feed uses, the impact on wild Brassicaeae relatives and on non-target Lepidoptera should be assessed. Here we consider the potential exposure of butterflies as results of possible cultivation or natural- ization of spilled seed in Sicily （Italy）. Diurnal Lepidoptera, which are pollinators, can be exposed directly to the insecticidal proteins as larvae （mainly of Pieridae） through the host and through the pollen that can deposit on other host plants. Adults can be exposed via pollen and nectar. The flight periods of butterflies were recorded, and they were found to overlap for about 90% of the flowering period ofB. napus for the majority of the species. In addition, B. napus has a high potential to hybridise with endemic taxa belonging to the B. oleracea group. This could lead to an exposure of non-target Lepidoptera if introgression of the Bt gene into a wild population happens. A rank of the risk for butterflies and wild relatives of oilseed rape is given. We conclude that, in environmental risk assessments, attention should be paid to plant-insect interaction especially in a biodiversity hotspot such as Sicily.

关键词： butterflies cross pollination non-target effect oilseed rape protected areas transgenic crop

High mobility group box-1 protein as a therapeutic target in perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第10期16卷 2006-2007页

作者： Kazuki Hatayama barbara S.Stonestreet Department of Pediatrics Women&Infants hospital of Rhode IslandThe Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA

Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic(HI)brain injury is a leading cause of morbidity and longstanding disability in newborns(Millar et al.,2017).Improved neonatal intensive care has increased survival in infants with pregnancy and birth related ***,many surviving neonates exhibit neurological abnormalities that can persist throughout life(Millar et al.,2017).Early neuroprotective strategies have the potential to improve neurological outcomes and attenuate developmental delay in ***,hypothermia is the only currently approved intervention for HI encephalopathy in fullterm infants,which is only partially protective(Millar et al.,2017).Findings in preterm and full-term infants suggest that elevations in proinflammatory cytokines are important in the pathogenesis of HI-related brain injury(Millar et al.,2017).The high mobility group box-1(HMGB1),a representative damage associatedmolecular pattern(DAMP)protein,has been reported to be implicated in a variety of brain related inflammatory diseases including traumatic brain injury,epilepsy,and stroke(Nishibori et al.,2019).Anti-HMGB1 therapies have gained increasing interest to treat inflammation related disorders in the brain(Nishibori et al.,2019).However,there is a paucity of information regarding the pathology of HMGB1 in HI-related brain injury during the perinatal *** current perspective discusses the potential contributions of HMGB1 to HI-related brain injury during the perinatal period and also addresses the potential of HMGB1 as a therapeutic target of the brain ***,this perspective emphasizes the potential for combinational therapeutics for hypothermia with anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibodies(mAb)in perinatal HI brain injury.

关键词： protective therapeutic epilepsy

Thermal and radiative characteristics of oxyfluoride glass singly doped with lanthanide ions

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Journal of Rare Earths 2010年第6期28卷 893-898页

作者： barbara KLIMESZ Grazyna DOMINIAK-DZIK Witold RYBA-ROMANOWSKI Department of Physics Opole University of Technology Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research Polish Academy of Sciences

Rare earths-doped oxyfluoride glasses based on germanium oxide and lead fluoride were prepared from commercial raw materials. The glasses with general composition of 50GeO2-(50-x-y)PbO-yPbF2-xLnF3 (Ln=Pr3+-Yb3+), contained different concentrations of optically active dopants (x=0.2 mol.% and 2 mol.%) and PbF2 (y≤15 mol.%). The differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to determine both thermal characteristic and thermal stability properties of the glasses in the function of the kind of dopant, its concentration, and a glass composition. Characteristic glass temperatures such as glass transition temperature (Tg), glass crystallization temperature (Tc) and temperature corresponding to the maximum of the crystallization rate (Tpc) were evaluated. On the basis of obtained results, the thermal stabilities of glasses under study were evaluated using various thermal stability criteria (Dietzel factor ?T, Saad-Poulain factors H’ and S). It was found that the increase in rare earth fluoride contents influenced thermal characteristics when the characteristic temperatures of the individual glass was shifted towards higher values. The effect of the PbF2 content and the kind of rare earth impurity on the glass stability was observed. Absorption spectra of lanthanide-doped glasses were measured at room temperature and used to determine the phenomenological intensity parameters Ωt and next, to estimate radiative properties of lanthanide ions in this matrix. Radiative transition probabilities of luminescent states of Ln3+, branching ratios and radiative lifetimes were determined. The variation of the Ωt along the lanthanide series was presented and discussed.

关键词： oxyfluoride glasses rare earths DTA thermal stability of glasses radiative transition probabilities radiative lifetimes

A CFD–DEM study of the behaviour of single-solid and binary mixtures in a pyramidal spouted bed

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Particuology 2019年第1期17卷 79-91页

作者： Filippo Marchelli Cristina Moliner barbara Bosio Elisabetta Arato Faculty of Science and Technology Free University of Bozen-BolzanoPiazza Universita 539100 BolzanoItaly Department of Civil Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of GenovaVia all'Opera Pia 1516145 GenovaItaly

We simulated a lab-scale cold-flow spouted bed through computational fluid dynamics (CFD), coupled with the discrete element method (DEM) for the solid phase, using a commercial CFD program, ANSYS FLUENT 18.0. To limit the computational expense, we tested both a simplified pseudo-2D geometry and a complete 3D geometry. We found that the Haider and Levenspiel drag model is suitable for the pseudo-2D geometry;however, this model does not correctly predict fluidisation in the 3D geometry. Conversely, the Gidaspow drag model behaves accurately in the 3D geometry but overestimates the motion of particles in the pseudo-2D geometry. We studied several single-solid and binary mixtures to assess the reproducibility of segregation phenomena. The pseudo-2D model was able to predict the onset and minimum spouting flow rates of all mixtures with good accuracy. An analysis of the volume fraction contours of the binary mixtures permitted us to confirm that segregation phenomena were correctly predicted at low gas velocities. We showed that segregation decreased as the inlet gas flow rate was increased. Calculations performed in the complete 3D geometry were preliminarily assessed as more reliable but required almost four times as much computational time as those for the pseudo 2D geometry.

关键词： Spouted beds Computational fluid dynamics Discrete element method Binary mixtures Segregation phenomena

Type I interferon signaling and macrophages:a double-edged sword?

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2022年第9期19卷 967-968页

作者： barbara Adler Heiko Adler Max von Pettenkofer Institute&Gene Center VirologyFaculty of MedicineLMU MünchenMunich81377Germany Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration Comprehensive Pneumology CenterHelmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health(GmbH)Member of the German Center of Lung Research(DZL)MunichGermany

In a recent issue of the Journal of Experimental Medicine,Zhang et *** that type I interferon(type I IFN)signaling mediates Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb)-induced macrophage(MΦ)death,most likely by a new,currently unknown cell death pathway.1 Type I IFNs are a major host defense against viral and bacterial *** are produced by a variety of cell types,including MΦ*** recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns by,for example.

关键词： interferon death

Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided endoscopic treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis:New technical developments

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第43期20卷 16191-16196页

作者： barbara Braden Christoph F Dietrich Translational Gastroenterology Unit Oxford University Hospitals NHS TrustOxford OX3 9DUUnited Kingdom Med.Klinik 2 Caritas HospitalUhlandstr.797980 Bad MergentheimGermany

In the last decades,the treatment of pancreatic pseudocysts and necrosis occurring in the clinical context of acute and chronic pancreatitis has shifted towards minimally invasive endoscopic *** procedures can be avoided in many cases by using endoscopically placed,Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided techniques and *** ultrasound enables the placement of transmural plastic and metal stents or nasocystic tubes for the drainage of peripancreatic fluid *** development of selfexpanding metal stents and exchange free delivering systems have simplified the drainage of pancreatic fluid *** review will discuss available therapeutic techniques and new developments.

关键词： Pancreatic pseudocyst Walled-off necrosis Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided drainage Self-expanding metal stent Acute pancreatitis

THE IMPACT OF EvoLVING LEED STANDARDS ON HISTORIC PRESERVATION PROJECTS

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Journal of Green Building 2008年第4期3卷 21-31页

作者： barbara A.Campagna Patrice Frey the National Trust the National Trust for Historic Preservation

INTRODUCTION At a 2008 forum on climate change,green building,and historic preservation held by the Getty Conservation Institute,one architect ventured the view that there is as much relationship between historic preservation and green building as there is between cheese and street *** is to say,the issue of heritage conservation and protecting our environment are not typically thought of as ***,the term“high performance green building”calls to mind sophisticated contemporary designs that employ cutting-edge new technologies to reduce environmental impacts of buildings;at first blush,historic buildings may not seem to offer much in the way of similarities with such tech-savvy,environmentally friendly buildings.

关键词： LEED venture typically

Risk of venous thromboembolic disease in postmenopausal women taking oral or transdermal hormone replacement therapy

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Journal of Zhejiang University-Science B(Biomedicine & Biotechnology) 2011年第1期12卷 12-17页

作者： barbara RUSZKOWSKA GraZyna GADOMSKA Liliana BIELIS Marzena GRUSZKA barbara GóRALCZYK Danuta RO GraZyna ODROWAZ-SYPNIEWSKA Department of Pathophysiology Collegium Medicum in BydgoszczNicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Department of Laboratory Medicine Collegium Medicum in BydgoszczNicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Department of Laboratory Medicine Collegium Medicum in BydgoszczNicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń

Objective: The influence of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on hemostasis processes depends on the type of hormone,the combination of doses,the time of taking HRT,and the route of administration (oral,transdermal,implanted).The aim of the current study was to assess some parameters of coagulation,especially tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and tissue factor (TF) in postmenopausal women using oral or transdermal ***: The study was conducted on 76 healthy women,including 46 women aged 44–58 years who were taking oral (26) or transdermal (20) HRT,and 30 women aged 44–54 years who did not take HRT as the control *** concentrations of TF,TFPI,thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT),and D-dimer were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Moreover,the concentration of fibrinogen and activity of protein C were measured by chromogenic and chronometric ***: We observed a significantly higher concentration of TF and a significantly lower concentration of TFPI in women taking oral and transdermal HRT in comparison with the control *** also found a significantly lower concentration of fibrinogen in women taking oral HRT *** control ***,no statistically significant changes in concentrations of TAT and D-dimer,or activity of protein C were ***: In this study,the occurrence of an increased TF concentration simultaneously with a decreased concentration of TFPI in women taking HRT indicates *** significant modification of TAT or D-dimer occurred,and thus there may not be increased risk of thrombosis.

关键词： Menopause Coagulation Hormone replacement therapy