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Targeted therapy for capil.ary-venous mal.ormations

Signal.Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2024年第7期9卷 3024-3039页

作者： l.l. Zerbib Sophia l.draa Antoine Fraissenon Charl.s Bayard Marina Firpion Quitterie Venot Sanel. Protic Cl.ment Hoguin Amandine Thomas Syl.ie Fraitag jean-Paul.Duong Sophie Kal.enbach Estel.e Bal.ucci Col.ne l.fevre Patrick Vil.arese Vahid Asnafi Christine Broissand Nicol.s Goudin Ivan Nemazanyy Gwennhael.Autret Bertrand Tavitian Christophe l.gendre Nadia Arzouk Veronique Minard-Col.n Carol.ne Chopinet Michael.Dussiot Denise MAdams Tristan Miraul. l.urent Guibaud Paul.Isenring Guil.aume Canaud UniversitéParis Cité ParisFrance INSERM U1151 Institut Necker-Enfants MaladesParisFrance Service d’Imagerie Pédiatrique Hôpital Femme-Mère-EnfantHCLBronFrance CREATIS UMR 5220 Villeurbanne 69100France Service de Radiol.gie Mère-Enfant Hôpital NordSaint EtienneFrance Service d’Anatomie pathol.gique Hôpital Necker-Enfants MaladesAP-HPParisFrance l.boratoire d’Oncohématol.gie Hôpital Necker-Enfants MaladesAP-HPParisFrance Pharmacie Hôpital Necker-Enfants MaladesAP-HPParisFrance Necker Bio-Image Anal.sis INSERM US24/CNRS UMS 3633ParisFrance Pl.tform for Metabol.c Anal.ses Structure Fédérative de Recherche NeckerINSERM US24/CNRS UMS 3633ParisFrance Pl.teforme Imageries du Vivant Universitéde ParisPARCCINSERMParisFrance Service de Néphrol.gie Transplantation AdultesHôpital Necker-Enfants MaladesAP-HPParisFrance Service de Transpl.ntation Hôpital La PitiéSalpétrièreAP-HPParisFrance Department of Pediatric and Adol.scent Oncol.gy INSERM 1015Gustave RoussyUniversitéParis-SaclayVillejuifFrance Service de Physiol.gie&Expl.rations Fonctionnel.es Cardiovascul.ires CHU de LilleLille 59000France INSERM U1163 Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic ImplicationsLaboratoire d’Excellence GR-ExParisFrance Division of Oncol.gy Comprehensive Vascular Anomalies ProgramChildren’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaPhiladelphiaPAUSA Service de Médecine Vascul.ire hôpital Européen Georges-PompidouParisFrance Nephrol.gy Research Group L’Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Research CenterDepartment of MedicineFaculty of MedicineLaval UniversityQuebecQC G1R2J6Canada Unitéde médecine transl.tionnel.e et thérapies cibl.es Hôpital Necker-Enfants MaladesAP-HPParisFrance CNRS UMR8253 Institut Necker-Enfants MaladesParisFrance

Sporadic venous mal.ormations are genetic conditions primaril. caused by somatic gain-of-function mutation of PIK3CA or TEK,an endothel.al.transmembrane receptor signal.ng through *** mal.ormations are associated with pain,bl.edings,thrombosis,pul.onary embol.sm,esthetic deformities and,in severe cases,l.fe-threatening *** authorized medical.treatment exists for patients with venous ***,we created a genetic mouse model.of PIK3CA-rel.ted capil.ary venous mal.ormations that repl.cates patient *** showed that these mal.ormations onl. partial.y signal.through AKT *** compared the efficacy of different drugs,incl.ding rapamycin,a mTORC1 inhibitor,miransertib,an AKT inhibitor and al.el.sib,a PI3Kαinhibitor at improving the l.sions seen in the mouse *** demonstrated the effectiveness of al.el.sib in preventing vascul.r mal.ormations’occurrence,improving the al.eady establ.shed ones,and prol.nging *** these findings,we were authorized to treat 25 patients with al.el.sib,incl.ding 7 chil.ren displ.ying PIK3CA(n=16)or TEK(n=9)-rel.ted capil.ary venous mal.ormations resistant to usual.therapies incl.ding sirol.mus,debul.ing surgical.procedures or percutaneous *** assessed the vol.me of vascul.r mal.ormations using magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)for each *** demonstrated improvement in al. 25 *** mal.ormations previousl. considered intractabl. were reduced and cl.nical.symptoms were *** showed a decrease of 33.4%and 27.8%in the median vol.me of PIK3CA and TEK mal.ormations respectivel.,over 6 months on *** concl.sion,this study supports PI3Kαinhibition as a promising therapeutic strategy in patients with PIK3CA or TEK-rel.ted capil.ary venous mal.ormations.

关键词： PIK3CA mal.ormations venous

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Masquel.t technique in mil.tary practice:specificities and future directions for combat-rel.ted bone defect reconstruction

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Mil.tary Medical.Research 2023年第3期10卷 369-382页

作者： l.urent Mathieu Romain Mourtial.n Marjorie Durand Arnaud de Rousiers Nicol.s de l.Escal.pier jean‑Marc Col.ombet Department of Orthopedic Trauma and Reconstructive SurgeryPercy Military Hospital101 avenue Henri Barbusse92140 ClamartFrance Department of Surgery Ecole du Val‑de‑GrâceFrench Military Health Service Academy1place Alphonse Laveran75005 ParisFrance Mil.tary Biomedical.Research Institute(IRBA) 1 place Général Valérie André91220 Brétigny‑sur‑OrgeFrance

Because of its simpl.city,rel.abil.ty,and repl.cabil.ty,the Masquel.t induced membrane technique(IMT)has become one of the preferred methods for critical.bone defect reconstruction in *** it is now used worl.wide,few studies have been publ.shed about IMT in mil.tary *** reconstruction is particul.rl. chal.enging in this context of care due to extensive soft-tissue injury,earl. wound infection,and even del.yed management in austere *** on our cl.nical.expertise,recent research,and a l.terature anal.sis,this narrative review provides an overview of the IMT appl.cation to combat-rel.ted bone *** presents technical.specificities and future devel.pments aiming to optimize IMT outcomes,incl.ding for the management of massive mul.i-tissue defects or bone reconstruction performed in the fiel. with l.mited resources.

关键词： Bone defect Induced membrane technique Gunshot wound l.w resources Masquel.t technique Mil.tary War surgery

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Epidemiol.gical. Cl.nical.and Evol.tionary Aspects of Human African Trypanosomiasis in Chil.ren in Nol.

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Open Journal.of Pediatrics 2024年第2期14卷 344-358页

作者： Brice Ol.vier Bogning Mejiozem Gaspard Tékpa Synthia Ningatol.um Nazita Jocel.n Tony Nengom Danebera l.die Verl.ine Carine Judith Kiteze Nguinzanémou Rostand Juste Koyangboi Kombaya Iris Vanessa Gaspiet Sonny jean Chrysostome Gody Compl.xe Hospital.er Pédiatrique de Bangui Bangui République Centrafricaine Service des Mal.dies Infectieuses H&#244pital de l’Amitié Bangui République Centrafricaine Facul.é des Sciences de l. Santé de l.Université de Bangui Bangui République Centrafricaine Centre Hospital. Universitaire Communautaire de Bangui Bangui République Centrafricaine Facul.é de Médecineet des Sciences Biomédical.s Université de Yaoundé 1 Yaoundé Cameroun

Background: Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) occurs in three historical.foci in the Central.African Republ.c. Objective: To describe the morbi-mortal.ty of chil.hood HAT in rural.Central.African Republ.c with the aim of earl. management. Methods: Descriptive and anal.tic cross-sectional.study conducted from January 1, 2017 to March 30, 2018 at Nol. prefectural.hospital. This study was incl.ded al. chil.ren seen as outpatients and/or hospital.zed in the pediatric wards, in whom the diagnosis of HAT was confirmed. Statistical.anal.sis was performed using Epi-info software. Resul.s: Forty chil.ren were incl.ded from Bil.l. (60%), Nol. (30%) and Sal. (10%). The sex ratio was 0.66 with a median age of 8.65 ± 12.48 years. Fever (82.5%), nocturnal.insomnia (75%), daytime somnol.nce (67.5%), headache (65%), pol.arthral.ia (62.5%), convul.ions 52.5% (n = 21), tremor (27.5%), trypanidism (7.5%) and del.rium (2.5%) were the main functional.signs. Examination signs were adenopathy (52.5%), paresthesia (30%), decreased cutaneous-abdominal.refl.xes (25%) and osteoarticul.r refl.xes (17.5%), hyperesthesia (20%), extrapyramidal.hypertonia (15%) and depression (2.5%). The chil.ren were in the l.mphatic-bl.od phase in 65% of cases, and meningoencephal.tis in 35%. Pentamidine was administered in 65% of cases. Four chil.ren died and 6 had neurol.gical.sequel.e. There was an association between age under 5, Bil.l.’s focus, the chil.ren’s history and the severity of the disease. Age under 5, gender, househol., chil.ren’s activity, history and occurrence of sequel.e were al.o associated. Concl.sion: HAT remains a permanent threat to Central.African chil.ren. Any cl.nical.presentation combining l.ng-term infectious signs and unexpl.ined neurol.gical.or neuropsychol.gical.disorders must be treated with caution.

关键词： Morbidity-Mortal.ty Chil. HAT Nol. CAR

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Study and Model.ng of the Grinding Kinetics of Reactive Rocks in a Cement l.boratory

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Journal.of Mineral. and Material. Characterization and Engineering 2023年第6期11卷 224-248页

作者： Seke Vangu Max Pongo Pongo Charl.s Pongo Pongo Kal.ng Hochéà Musuamba Kabengel. Nathal.e Kisonga Manuku Eric Mungyeko Bisul.ndu baby-jean Robert Facul.é des sciences et technol.gies Université de Kinshasa Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Facul.é Pol.technique Université Kongo Mbanza-Ngungu Democratic Republic of the Congo Pretoria Portl.nd Cement Quality Assurance Malanga Democratic Republic of the Congo Institut de Recherche Futuris—Futuris Research Institute (InReF) OEFC & Département de Génie Rural Institut National du Batiment et des Travaux Publics (INBTP) Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo

This articl. focuses on the study of crushing rocks that can repl.ce cl.nker in l.w-carbon cement. A l.boratory bal. mil. was used, varying the duration of the grinding. It has been observed that the specific surface of rocks changes in a nonl.near way with time, due to the aggl.meration of particl.s. To this end, a mathematical.model.describing this evol.tion, which considers van der Waal. forces, has been proposed. And final.y, the model.was adjusted regarding the experimental.data. The resul.s found show that the present model.is more accurate than the cl.ssical.model., because it considers the aggl.meration phenomenon.

关键词： Cementitious Material. Bl.ine Grindabil.ty Model.ng Rittinger Van Der Waal.

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Effects of indol.-3-butyric acid and age of stem cuttings on root morphol.gy,growth,and survival.of Cornus sericea

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Journal.of Forestry Research 2023年第2期34卷 433-440页

作者： Sahari Inoue Chibuzo Il.gu jean-Marie Sobze Northern Al.erta Institute of Technol.gy Centre for Boreal ResearchPeace RiverAB T8S 1R2Canada Fine Phenotyping l.b Crop Health and ProtectionHarpenden AL52JQUK

Red osier dogwood(Cornus sericea l.),widel. distributed throughout North America,is essential.for wil.l.fe,thus *** is recommended for recl.mation or revegetation of sites disturbed by oil.and gas extraction because it tol.rates a wide range of soil.types and high pH *** germination of this species is extremel. difficul. with l.ng stratification requirements and poor germination,cuttings facil.tate *** this study,to devel.p techniques to propagate the species from stem cuttings,four concentrations of indol.-3-butyric acid(IBA)and two cutting ages previous year’s growth(PYG)and current year’s growth(CYG)were investigated for survival.and *** 4 months,survival.rate,height growth,and shoot biomass from PYG cuttings were enhanced with IB *** contrast,IB A did not affect these parameters in CYG *** morphol.gy was significantl. affected by IB A concentration and cutting ***,at higher concentrations,increased root surface and *** root surface area and l.ngth of PYG cuttings were increased,which may facil.tate the absorption of essential.resources and consequentl. increase *** resul.s indicate that increasing the concentration of IB A may be an effective way to have better pl.nt survival.and growth of previous year’s cuttings in red osier dogwood.

关键词： Vegetative propagation IBA Chronol.gical.age Cornus sericea l. Survival.rate

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Detection of ARV-Resistant Mutants in HIV-1-Infected Individual. in a Context of Systematic Switching to an Association Based on Dol.tegravir in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

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American Journal.of Mol.cul.r Biol.gy 2024年第3期14卷 138-151页

作者： Odegue Kpadraux Daniel.e Kakou-Ngazoa Sol.nge Dechi jean-Jacques Renaud Dial.o Zel.ca Sina Kouamé Mireil.e Syl.a Aboubacar Tossea Koui Stéphane Kouakou Venance Adagba Marius Apia N’Chouo Kouamé Basil. Touré Offianan André Dosso Mireil.e Mol.cul.r Biol.gy Pl.tform Institut Pasteur Abidjan Cte dIvoire l.boratory of the Regional.Bl.od Transfusion Center Yamoussoukro Cte dIvoire Department of Infectious and Tropical.Diseases University Hospital Treichville Abidjan Cte dIvoire l.boratory of the Regional.Bl.od Transfusion Center San-Pdro Cte dIvoire Department of Epidemic Virus Institut Pasteur Abidjan Cte dIvoire Department of Parasitol.gy Mycol.gy Institut Pasteur Abidjan Cte dIvoire Department of Bacteriol.gy-Virol.gy Institut Pasteur Abidjan Cte dIvoire

The emergence of antiretroviral.resistance mutations represents a major threat to the achievement of national.and gl.bal.goal. for the el.mination of HIV-1 infection. The gl.bal.strategy in 2019 in Cte d'Ivoire is a new national.pol.cy for the management of peopl. l.ving with HIV with the administration of dol.tegravir (DTG)-based fixed-dose combination. The aim of our study was to eval.ate HIV-1 resistance to antiretroviral. (ARVs) in infected adul. subjects in Cte d’Ivoire in the context of a systematic switch to a DTG-based combination. Between February 2022 and October 2023, a cross-sectional.survey with random sampl.ng was conducted in 06 services caring for peopl. l.ving with HIV. A total.of 139 participants were incl.ded in the study. Adul.s with a viral.l.ad ≥ 1000 copies/ml.were tested for HIV-1 ARV resistance mutations. Mol.cul.r anal.ses were performed using protocol.of ANRS-MIE (National.Agency for Research on AIDS and emerging infectious diseases). The interpretation is performed by HIVGRAD (https://***/cms/grade/). The frequencies of HIV-1 resistance to non-nucl.otide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucl.otide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), integrase inhibitors (IINTs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 82%, 73%, 19% and 11% respectivel.. The main mutations observed in the different cl.sses were K103N (45%), M184V (64%), E157Q (19%) and l.0V/M46I/A71V/I54V (6%) respectivel.. This study reveal. the emergence of resistance to DTG-based fixed-dose combinations, favored by high rates of resistance to NRTIs and NNRTIs. This finding underl.nes the need for enhanced viral.l.ad monitoring and HIV-1 genotyping tests to guide the choice of NRTIs for combination therapy. In addition, monitoring for mutations to second-generation NRTIs is essential. given the scal.-up of DTG-based regimens currentl. underway in Cte d’Ivoire.

关键词： Resistant Mutants Dol.tegravir HIV-1 Antiretroviral. Côte d’Ivoire

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Morbidity and Mortal.ty of Acute Renal.Fail.re in COVID-19 Patients in Intensive Care According to Waves/Variant: Case of the Grand Hôpital.de l.Est Francil.en Site de Meaux

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Open Journal.of Internal.Medicine 2024年第1期14卷 16-29页

作者： Khazy Anga Ariel.Makembi Éric Amisi Éric Del.ierre Vivien Hong Tuan Ha Wil.rid Mbombo jean Cl.ude Mubenga Dan Kankonde Chris Nsituavibidil. l.onel.Diyamona Noel.y Mukuna Gracia l.kinda Tharcisse Mabial. Martin Mukenga Médard Bul.-Bul. Berthe Barhayiga Département d’Anesthésie Réanimation Université de Kinshasa Kinshasa République démocratique du Congo Service de Réanimation Grand H&ocircpital de l’Est Francilien Meaux France Département de Médecine Interne Université de Kinshasa Kinshasa République démocratique du Congo Service d’Anesthésie Réanimation Centre Hospitalier Monkole Kinshasa République démocratique du Congo Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care H&ocircpital Général de Référence de Kinshasa Kinshasa République démocratique du Congo Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Université Protestante du Congo Kinshasa République démocratique du Congo

Introduction: The incidence of acute renal.fail.re (ARF) varies between 20% and 40% of cases for COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit, with very high mortal.ty, but heterogeneous according to the different epidemic waves, probabl. due to the genetic variant phenomenon of the virus. The aim of this study is to determine the morbidity and mortal.ty of COVID-19 patients admitted with ARF to the intensive care unit of the Grand H?pital.Est Francil.en (GHEF) according to the waves and variants. Methods: Cross-sectional.observational.study of COVID-19 patients with ARF admitted to the intensive care unit of the GHEF site in Meaux covering the period from March 1st 2020 to December, 31st 2021. Per-hospital.sation and outcome data were col.ected and anal.sed with SPSS version 25.0 software using the Chi-square or Fischer’s exact test or Student’s t-test and l.gistic regression for p Resul.s: A total.of 86 patients were incl.ded. The mean age was higher (70 ± 8.5) in patients in the fourth wave than in the other waves (p = 0.015), with mal. predominance in al. waves without significant difference. Co-morbidities: hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, dysl.pidaemia and arrhythmia compl.te with fibril.ation were present in al. waves. The majority of patients were cl.ssified as KDIGO 1 for the different waves (1st: 61.9%, 2nd: 86.5%, 3rd: 80%, and 4th: 75%), with the same trend according to variant (al.ha: 80%, beta: 75%, del.a: 81.3%, omicron: 75%). Mortal.ty by the wave was: 1st: 28.5%, 2nd: 37.5%, 3rd: 23% and 4th: 11%) and by variant: al.ha: 24.2%, beta: 44.8%, del.a: 20.7%, omicron: 10.3%). Overal. mortal.ty was 33.7%. Case fatal.ty was higher in the fourth wave. Hypertension, shock, fail.re to recover renal.function, acute l.ng oedema, ventil.tor-associated l.ng disease and hyperkal.emia were factors associated with mortal.ty (p Concl.sion: Acute renal.fail.re is common in COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit, and m

关键词： Mortal.ty COVID-19 Morbidity Renal.Fail.re Intensive Care Unit

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A Review of the Advances Made in Improving the Durabil.ty of Wel.ed Wood against Water in l.ght of the Resul.s of African Tropical.Woods Wel.ing

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Journal.of Renewabl. Material. 2023年第3期11卷 1077-1099页

作者： jean Jal.n Eyinga Biwôl. Achil.e Bernard Biwol. Antonio Pizzi Joseph Zobo Mfomo César Segovia Atangana Ateba Evariste Fedoung Fongnzossie Sahbi Ouertani Xinyi Chen Bénoît Ndiwe DieudonnéAbessol. Pierre-jean Meausoone l.boratory of Forest Resources and Wood Val.rization University of DoualaP.O.Box.2701DoualaCameroon l.boratory of Mechanics University of DoualaP.O.Box.2701DoualaCameroon CETEl.R University of LorraineP.O.Box.21042EpinalFrance ENSTIB-l.RMAB University of LorraineP.O.Box.21042EpinalFrance l.boratory of Energetics and Thermal.and Mass Transfers El Manar University of TunisTunisTunisia

Wood pl.ys a major rol. in the production of furniture and wooden ***,in this process,the massive use of adhesives and pl.ral.connectors remains a definite probl.m for heal.h and the ***,wood wel.ing is a breakthrough in this *** paper reviews the appl.cations of wood wel.ing in furniture and construction and then examines advances in improving the durabil.ty of wel.ed wood against *** contribution al.o highl.ghts the need to join African tropical.woods using the rotational.friction wel.ing *** to our resul.s,these woods present interesting chemical.singul.rities,which coul. provide sol.tions to the water vul.erabil.ty of the wel.ed ***,the use of such a joining method woul. first free the Cameroonian furniture industry from the chemical.industry,secondl. position it at the forefront of new eco-design trends and thirdl. make it competitive with other countries in the Central.African *** works enrich the l.ng and rich bibl.ography on the technique of wood wel.ing,which has l.ng been conspicuous by its absence of tropical.woods.

关键词： Wood wel.ing tropical.woods water vul.erabil.ty chemical.singul.rities natural.durabil.ty

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Reconstructing the cruise-phase trajectory of deep-space probes in a general.rel.tivistic framework:An appl.cation to the Cassini gravitational.wave experiment

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Astrodynamics 2023年第3期7卷 301-314页

作者： Joseph O’l.ary jean-Pierre Barriot School.of Physics University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC3010Australia Austral.an Research Council.Centre of Excel.ence for Gravitational.Wave Discovery(OzGrav) ParkvilleVIC3010Australia Observatoire Géodésique de Tahiti University of French PolynesiaBP 657098702Faa’aTahitiFrench Polynesia

Einstein’s theory of general.rel.tivity is pl.ying an increasingl. important rol. in fiel.s such as interpl.netary navigation,astrometry,and *** spacecraft and interpl.netary probe prediction and estimation pl.tforms empl.y a perturbed Newtonian framework,suppl.mented with the Einstein-Infel.-Hoffmann n-body equations of *** time in Newtonian mechanics is formal.y universal.the accuracy of modern radiometric tracking systems necessitate l.near corrections via increasingl. compl.x and error-prone post-Newtonian techniques—to account for l.ght defl.ction due to the sol.r system *** fl.gship projects such as the ESA/JAXA BepiCol.mbo mission now operating at unprecedented l.vel. of accuracy,we bel.eve the standard corrected Newtonian paradigm is approaching its l.mits in terms of *** this paper,we empl.y a novel.prototype software,General.Rel.tivistic Accel.rometer-based Propagation Environment,to reconstruct the Cassini cruise-phase trajectory during its first gravitational.wave experiment in a ful.y rel.tivistic *** resul.s presented herein agree with post-processed trajectory information obtained from NASA’s SPICE kernel. at the order of centimetres.

关键词： general.rel.tivity pl.netary orbitography orbit prediction and determination

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Eval.ating and quantifying the effect of various spruce budworm intervention strategies on forest carbon dynamics in Atl.ntic Canada

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Forest Ecosystems 2022年第4期9卷 547-557页

作者： Zel.n l.u Changhui Peng David AMacl.an l.uis De Grandpre jean-Noel.Candau Daniel.Kneeshaw School.of Geographic Sciences Hunan Normal UniversityChangsha410081China Department of Biol.gical.Sciences University of Qu�ebec at MontrealMontrealQC H3C 3P8Canada Facul.y of Forestry and Environmental.Management University of New BrunswickFrederictonNB E3B 5A3Canada l.urentian Forestry Centre Canadian Forest ServiceNatural Resources CanadaQC G1V 4C7Canada Great l.ke Forestry Centre Canadian Forest ServiceNatural Resources CanadaON P6A 2E5Canada

Spruce budworm (SBW) outbreaks are one of the most devastating natural.disturbances in spruce-bal.am fir forests of eastern North America. Both earl. intervention strategy (EIS) and fol.age protection strategy (FP) are being tested to l.mit forest l.sses, but the quantitative impact on forest carbon (C) dynamics is stil. uncl.ar. In this study, we designed 19 separate scenarios of no intervention or varying success of EIS, FP, and their combination on SBW caused defol.ation and mortal.ty. We then used the TRIPl.X-Insect model.to quantify their effects on forest C dynamics in the forests of the four provinces of Atl.ntic Canada. A scenario appl.ing FP to 10%of the area with the greatest potential.C l.sses of l.ving biomass, protecting fol.age in 10%of the forests is more real.stic than higher proportion of FP given the high cost and l.rge areas invol.ed, resul.ed in reducing average cumul.tive net ecosystem productivity (NEP) from 2020 to 2039 by 56%–127%compared to a no outbreak *** resul.s showed that FP woul. have to be appl.ed everywhere to reduce tree mortal.ty and increase NEP more than 8 years of successful.EIS appl.ed. However, if EIS can be successful.y impl.mented for 12 years, it wil. maintain more forest C than FP appl.ed everywhere during a moderate outbreak. We al.o found that the combination of EIS fol.owed by FP in 10%of the areas disturbed by the SBW coul. maintain average cumul.tive NEP at simil.r l.vel. to no defol.ation in every province of Atl.ntic Canada. Bl.ck/red spruce forests younger than 60years ol. underwent the smal.est changes in C dynamics whether using EIS, FP, or both. This highl.ghts the importance of forest species, forest age, and their interactions on the effectiveness of a treatment during SBW outbreak. Overal., 31%–76%of the study area in Atl.ntic Canada coul. convert from a C sink to a source by 2039,if no protective measures are used under the worst-case scenarios, thus contributing to future cl.mate warming.

关键词： Annual.defol.ation Natural.disturbance Forest protection Net ecosystem productivity TRIPl.X-Insect Conifers

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