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Stem cell therapy for faecal incontinence: Current state and future perspectives

World Journal of Stem Cells 2018年第7期10卷 82-105页

作者： Jacobo Trébol Ana Carabias-Orgaz Mariano García-Arranz Damián García-Olmo General and Digestive Tract Surgery Department Salamanca University Healthcare Centre Anaesthesiology Department Complejo Asistencial de ávila New Therapies Laboratory Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz General and Digestive Tract Surgery Department Quiron-Salud Hospitals Surgery Department Universidad AutónomaMadrid

Faecal continence is a complex function involving different organs and systems. Faecal incontinence is a common disorder with different pathogeneses, disabling consequences and high repercussions for quality of life. Current management modalities are not ideal, and the development of new treatments is needed. Since 2008, stem cell therapies have been validated, 36 publications have appeared(29 in preclinical models and seven in clinical settings), and six registered clinical trials are currently ongoing. Some publications have combined stem cells with bioengineering technologies. The aim of this review is to identify and summarise the existing published knowledge of stem cell utilization as a treatment for faecal incontinence. A narrative or descriptive review is presented. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that cellular therapy, mainly in the form of local injections of muscle-derived(muscle derived stem cells or myoblasts derived from them) or mesenchymal(bone-marrow-or adipose-derived) stem cells, is safe. Cellular therapy has also been shown to stimulate the repair of both acute and subacute anal sphincter injuries, and some encouraging functional results have been obtained. Stem cells combined with normal cells on bioengineered scaffolds have achieved the successful creation and implantation of intrinsically-innervated anal sphincter constructs. The clinical evidence, based on adipose-derived stem cells and myoblasts, is extremely limited yet has yielded some promising results, and appears to be safe. Further investigation in both animal models and clinical settings is necessary to drawing conclusions. Nevertheless, if the preliminary results are confirmed, stem cell therapy for faecal incontinence may well become a clinical reality in the near future.

关键词： Faecal incontinence Anal sphincter Cell implantation Tissue engineering Cell therapy Stem cells

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Theoretical investigation of carbon dioxide adsorption on MgH_(2) with a cobalt catalyst

Industrial Chemistry & Materials

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Industrial Chemistry & Materials 2024年第4期2卷 587-599页

作者： Sara Rozas Fabiana C.Gennari Mert Atilhan Alfredo bol Santiago Aparicio Department of Chemistry University of Burgos09001 BurgosSpain National Scientific and Technical Research Council(CONICET) Bariloche Atomic Centre(CNEA)R8402AGPS.C.de BarilocheRio NegroArgentina Department of Chemical and Paper Engineering Western Michigan UniversityKalamazooMI 49008-5462USA Department of Physics University of Burgos09001 BurgosSpain International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials for Advanced Industrial Technologies(ICCRAM) University of Burgos09001 BurgosSpain

This work presents a theoretical investigation of carbon dioxide(CO_(2))adsorption on MgH_(2) and its reaction(chemisorption)with cobalt doped MgH_(2).The focus of this study is the properties and mechanisms involved in CO_(2) adsorption on clean MgH_(2) surfaces and the role of Co in enhancing the adsorption *** functional theory(DFT)calculations were performed to examine different CO_(2) adsorption sites on the MgH_(2) surface along with the adsorption distances,binding energies,and geometric *** results indicate that physical adsorption of CO_(2) occurs on MgH_(2) with similar adsorption energies at different adsorption *** coverage effect of CO_(2) molecules on MgH_(2) was also investigated,revealing an increased affinity of CO_(2) with higher surface ***,excessive coverage led to a decrease in adsorption efficiency due to competing surface adsorption and intermolecular *** orientation of adsorbed CO_(2) molecules shifted from parallel to quasiperpendicular arrangements upon adsorption,with notable deformations observed at higher coverage,which gives a hint of CO_(2) ***,the study explores the CO_(2) adsorption capacity of MgH_(2) in comparison to other materials reported in the literature,showcasing its medium to strong affinity for CO_(2).Additionally,the effectiveness of a single Co atom and Co clusters as catalysts for CO_(2) adsorption on MgH_(2) was ***,this theoretical investigation provides insights into the CO_(2) adsorption properties of MgH_(2) and highlights the potential of Co catalysts to enhance the efficiency of the methanation process.

关键词： DFT CO_(2)conversion Cobalt catalyst Charge transfer

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Soil Organic Matter Composition in Coastal and Continental Date Palm Systems: Insights from Tunisian Oases

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Pedosphere 2019年第4期29卷 444-456页

作者： Rawan K. MLIH Martina I. GOCKE Roland bol Anne E. BERNS Irabella FUHRMANN Nadhem BRAHIM Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation University of Bonn Bonn 53115 (Germany) Agrosphere Institute (IBG-3) Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH Julich 52428 (Germany) Department of Geology University of Tunis El Manar Tunis 2092 (Tunisia)

In Tunisia, the coastal Chenini oasis is characterized by a lush vegetation cover, whereas more inland continental oases(e.g., the Guettaya oasis) have a very scarce vegetation cover. For sustaining date palm production in these areas, organic fertilizers are applied,either spread on the soil surface(in Chenini) or buried under a sand layer(in Guettaya). We examined at a molecular level how these management techniques affect soil organic matter composition in oasis systems. A dominance of fresh plant input for Guettaya was indicated by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy signals, which was most pronounced in the uppermost soil close to palms. Evidence for more degraded organic matter was found in deeper soil near the palms, as well as in the soil distant from the palms. Amino sugar contents were low in the uppermost Guettaya soil near the palms. The overall microbial amino sugar residue contents were similar in range as those found in other dryland environments. With increasing distance from trees, the amino sugar contents declined in Guettaya, where the palms grow on bare soil, but this was not the case for Chenini, which has multi-layer vegetation cover under palms. In agreement with the results from previous dryland studies, the soil microbial community in both oasis systems was dominated by fungi in topsoil, and a shift toward bacteria-derived residues in subsurface soil. This might be due to higher variability of temperature and moisture in topsoil and/or lower degradability of fungal remains;however, further research is required to confirm this hypothesis.

关键词： amino sugar dryland microbial community soil organic carbon solid-state NMR subsoil amelioration total nitrogen

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Stem cell therapy applied for digestive anastomosis: Current state and future perspectives

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World Journal of Stem Cells 2022年第1期14卷 117-141页

作者： Jacobo Trébol Tihomir Georgiev-Hristov Isabel Pascual-Miguelañez Hector Guadalajara Mariano García-Arranz Damian García-Olmo Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo Complejo Asistencial Universitario de SalamancaSalamanca 37007Spain Departamento de Anatomía e Histología Humanas Universidad de SalamancaSalamanca 37007Spain Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo Hospital General Universitario de VillalbaMadrid 28400Spain Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo Hospital Universitario La PazMadrid 28046Spain Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez DíazMadrid 28040Spain Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Terapias Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez DíazMadrid 28040Spain Damian García-Olmo Departamento de CirugíaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid 28029Spain Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz y Grupo Quiron-Salud MadridMadrid 28040Spain

BACKGROUND Digestive tract resections are usually followed by an *** leakage,normally due to failed healing,is the most feared complication in digestive surgery because it is associated with high morbidity and *** technical and technological advances and focused research,its rates have remained almost unchanged the last *** the last two decades,stem cells(SCs)have been shown to enhance healing in animal and human studies;hence,SCs have emerged since 2008 as an alternative to improve anastomoses *** To summarise the published knowledge of SC utilisation as a preventative tool for hollow digestive viscera anastomotic or suture *** PubMed,Science Direct,Scopus and Cochrane searches were performed using the key words“anastomosis”,“colorectal/colonic anastomoses”,“anastomotic leak”,“stem cells”,“progenitor cells”,“cellular therapy”and“cell therapy”in order to identify relevant articles published in English and Spanish during the years of 2000 to *** employing SCs,performing digestive anastomoses in hollow viscera or digestive perforation sutures and monitoring healing were finally *** lists from the selected articles were reviewed to identify additional pertinent *** Given the great variability in the study designs,anastomotic models,interventions(SCs,doses and vehicles)and outcome measures,performing a reliable meta-analysis was considered impossible,so we present the studies,their results and *** Eighteen preclinical studies and three review papers were identified;no clinical studies have been published and there are no registered clinical *** studies,mainly in rat and porcine models and occasionally in very adverse conditions such as ischaemia or colitis,have been demonstrated SCs as safe and have shown some encouraging morphological,functional and even clinical *** SCs are mostly employed,and delivery routes are mainly local

关键词： Surgical anastomosis Anastomotic leak Digestive system surgical procedure Cell transplantation Cell therapy Stem cells Tissue engineering

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Comparison of one and three initial monthly intravitreal ranibizumab injection in patients with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2018年第9期11卷 1534-1538页

作者： Alper Halil Bayat Akin Cakir Seyma Gülcenur Ozturan Selim bolükbasi Burak Erden Mustafa Nuri Elcioglu Departmant of Opthalmology Okmeydani Research&Traning HospitalIstanbul 34384Turkey

AIM： To compare three initial monthly intravitreal ranibizumab（IVR） injections followed by pro re nata（PRN） dosing with one initial monthly IVR injections followed by PRN dosing for macular edema（ME） secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion（BRVO）.METHODS： Forty-two eyes of 42 patients who had IVR injections for BRVO were retrospectively studied. Eighteen eyes received 1 initial IVR injection（1＋PRN group） and 24 eyes received 3 monthly IVR injections（3＋PRN）. At 1, 3, 6 and 12mo; spectral-domain optical coherence tomography（SD-OCT） was performed. Central macular thickness（CMT）, the integrity of the external limiting membrane（ELM）, the presence of subretinal fluid, cyst size, the presence of inner segment/outer segment（IS/OS） defect were ***： At baseline the mean CMT was 521.3±153.2 μm in the 3＋PRN group while it was 438.1±162.4 μm in 1＋PRN group. At the final visit, mean CMT was 278.3±87.8 μm in the 3＋PRN group and 285.2±74.2 μm in the 1＋PRN group（P=0.079）. The changes in CMT over the entire study period were also comparable in both groups（243±160 μm in the 3＋PRN group, and 152.9±175.3 μm in the 1＋PRN group; P=0.090）. At baseline, best-corrected visual acuity（BCVA） was 0.92±0.60 logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution（logMAR） in the 3＋PRN group, while it was 0.72±0.46 logMAR in the 1＋PRN group. Final BCVA was 0.42±0.55 logMAR in the 3＋PRN group and 0.38±0.50 logMAR in the 1＋PRN group（P=0.979）. Additionally, the BCVA changes from baseline to final visit were not significantly different（-0.50±0.45 logMAR in the 3＋PRN group, and-0.33±0.39 logMAR in the 1＋PRN group; P=0.255）.CONCLUSION： No significant differences in the anatomical or functional results are found between 3＋PRN and 1＋PRN regimens in the patients receiving ranibizumab for ME secondary to BRVO. Intact IS/OS and baseline BCVA are good predictor of the visual gain, while baseline CMT is a good predictor of the anatomical gain.

关键词： branch retinal vein occlusion ranibizumab macular edema therapy predictive factors

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Highly Heat-Resistant Materials for Microelectronics:Hydrodynamic,Optical,and Conformational Properties of Fluorine Containing Poly(Amido-ortho-Hydroxy Amide)

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Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Materials Science) 2020年第1期35卷 223-230页

作者： Irina A Strelina Liudmila I Rudaya Ol’ga V Okatova Maxim N bol’shakov Aleksey YuMarfichev Galina K Lebedeva Yuliya V Shagayko Stanislav M Ramsh Institute of Macromolecular Compounds Russian Academy of SciencesBolshoi pr.VO 31St Petersburg199004 Russia Saint-Petersburg State Institute of Technology(Technical University) Moskovskii pr.26St Petersburg190013 Russia

The polycondensation of the mixture of diamines 5,5-methylene bis(2-aminophenol) and 4,4-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)dianiline(molar ratio 0.8:0.2) with isophthaloyl dichloride was used to synthesize poly(amido-o-hydroxy amide)(POA-F)-new heat resistant binder of the composites for microelectronics. The copolymer was fractionated, its hydrodynamic, optical, and conformational properties were researched, and molecular masses(ММ) of the fractions were defined. The polydispersity index was estimated. Based on experimental data, calculation of the size of a segment of Kuhn characterizing degree of an intramolecular orientation order and value of coefficients of the equation of Mark-Kuhn-Hauvink for viscometric and diffusion data were performed. It was demonstrated that introducing 20 mol % of the monomer with-CF3-groups does not lead to any changes in conformational properties of the macromolecules and does not change the degree of intramolecular orientational order(the Kuhn segment length). Optical characteristics of POA-F solutions are virtually similar to the corresponding values for POA prepared with the use of single amine-containing component-5,5-methylene bis(2-aminophenol). The received MM distribution for POA-F(prepolymer) provided the solubility of its films in alkaline solutions. The heat resistance(τ5 and τ10-temperatures corresponding to 5% and of 10% PBO-F mass loss of a polymer) of the powders and the films of PBO, PBO-F were determined. The electrophysical parameters-dielectric permittivity(ε) and dielectric loss tangent(tan δ) of the PBO-F films decreased down to 3.30 and 0.017, in comparison 3.40 and 0.025 for PBO respectively.

关键词： poly(o-hydroxy amide) 4,4-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) dianiline Kuhn segment Mark-Kuhn-Houwink equations translational diffusion intrinsic viscosity flow birefringence

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货币创造在金融摩擦和波动中对经济增长的影响——案例研究：南苏丹银行—南苏丹共和国

货币创造在金融摩擦和波动中对经济增长的影响——案例研究：南苏...

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作者： Dak bol Deng 江西财经大学

学位级别：硕士

五年的政治动荡明显降低了经济增长,以及造成了南苏丹一系列的金融摩擦和普遍恐慌。自从战争于2013年12月15日爆发以来,南苏丹作为一个国家在经济和财政上已经陷入瘫痪,国家发展项目也随之停滞。这种对比对如何将稀缺资源分配给经济部... 详细信息

五年的政治动荡明显降低了经济增长,以及造成了南苏丹一系列的金融摩擦和普遍恐慌。自从战争于2013年12月15日爆发以来,南苏丹作为一个国家在经济和财政上已经陷入瘫痪,国家发展项目也随之停滞。这种对比对如何将稀缺资源分配给经济部门的功能和进步产生了普遍影响。这种情况造成了一些突出的挑战,如通货膨胀,严重的失业和城市的橡胶化。经济部门的稀缺资源分配和当地货币的大规模贬值仍然是最重要的和可识别的。本文研究了货币创造就金融摩擦和波动对南苏丹经济增长的影响。在此过程中,VEC模型应运而生。出于对经验过程的响应,残余随机分布和脉冲响应已经被应用于得出准确的结果。总之,调查结果显示,金融摩擦面临并经历了长期挑战,而这种挑战从两个国家曾是一个国家时起就已经存在。一方面,就营销规模活动方面的参与方面来说,南苏丹经济仍然年轻而脆弱。目前的政治不稳定对经济增长产生了更大的冲击,这种冲击被认为是南苏丹经济不稳定的最主要原因。该调查结果表明,在该国现阶段矛盾爆发之前,因为长期经济摩擦和波动,经济不稳定且难以恢复已经存在了近十年之久。事实表明,金融摩擦是最终阻碍经济效率和稳定的重要因素,由此,南苏丹受到经济衰退的严重影响。尽管国家领导层和整个世界都没有正式考虑这个国家的问题,但是南苏丹现在正陷入严重的经济衰退。

关键词： BoSS 货币创造影响金融摩擦波动和经济增长

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Rat model of anal sphincter injury and two approaches for stem cell administration

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World Journal of Stem Cells 2018年第1期10卷 1-14页

作者： Jacobo Trébol Tihomir Georgiev-Hristov Luz Vega-Clemente Ignacio García-Gómez Ana Carabias-Orgaz Mariano García-Arranz Damián García-Olmo Department of General and Digestive Tract Surgery University Hospital“La Paz”Madrid 28046Spain Department of General and Digestive Tract Surgery Villalba General HospitalMadrid 28400Spain New Therapies Laboratory Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez DíazMadrid 28040Spain Hektoen Institute of Medicine ChicagoIL 60612United States Department of Anaesthesiology Complejo Asistencial deávilaávila 05004Spain New Therapies Laboratory Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez DíazMadrid 28040Spain Department of General and Digestive Tract Surgery Quiron-Salud HospitalsMadrid 28040Spain Department of Surgery Madrid Autonomous UniversityMadrid 28029Spain

AIM To establish a rat model of anal sphincter injury and test different systems to provide stem cells to injured *** Adipose-derived stem cells(ASCs) were isolated from BDIX rats and were transfected with green fluorescent protein(GFP) for cell tracking. Biosutures(sutures covered with ASCs) were prepared with 1.5 × 10~6 GFPASCs, and solutions of 10~6 GFP-ASCs in normal saline were prepared for injection. Anorectal normal anatomy was studied on Wistar and BDIX female rats. Then, we designed an anal sphincter injury model consisting of a 1-cm extra-mucosal miotomy beginning at the anal verge in the anterior middle line. The sphincter lesion was confirmed with conventional histology(hematoxylin and eosin) and immunofluorescence with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(commonly known as DAPI), GFP and α-actin. Functional effect was assessed with basal anal manometry, prior to and after injury. After sphincter damage, 36 BDIX rats were randomized to three groups for:(1) Cell injection without repair;(2) biosuture repair; and(3) conventional suture repair and cell injection. Functional and safety studies were conducted on all the animals. Rats were sacrificed after 1, 4 or 7 d. Then, histological and immunofluorescence studies were performed on the surgical *** With the described protocol, biosutures had been covered with at least 820000-860000 ASCs, with 100% viability. Our studies demonstrated that some ASCs remained adhered after suture passage through the muscle. Morphological assessment showed that the rat anal anatomy is comparable with human anatomy; two sphincters are present, but the external sphincter is poorly developed. Anal sphincter pressure data showed spontaneous, consistent, rhythmic anal contractions, taking the form of "plateaus" with multiple twitches(peaks) in each pressure wave. These basal contractions were very heterogeneous; their frequency was 0.91-4.17 per min(mean 1.6980, SD 0.57698), their mean duration was 26.67 s and mean numb

关键词： Fecal incontinence Experimental rat model Anal sphincter Cell implantation Cell therapy Stem cells Mesenchymal stem cell

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门式起重机金属结构的设计及有限元分析研究

门式起重机金属结构的设计及有限元分析研究

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作者： Magang bol Magang Matiok 西南交通大学

学位级别：硕士

集装箱运输体系已成为现代物流中极其重要的一部分。集装箱门式起重机作为装卸、搬运、堆垛集装箱的专用工具被广泛使用于各港口码头、铁路集装箱货场和集装箱集散地。集装箱门式起重机一旦发生事故将对相关人员生命安全造成极大威胁。... 详细信息

集装箱运输体系已成为现代物流中极其重要的一部分。集装箱门式起重机作为装卸、搬运、堆垛集装箱的专用工具被广泛使用于各港口码头、铁路集装箱货场和集装箱集散地。集装箱门式起重机一旦发生事故将对相关人员生命安全造成极大威胁。因而在设计阶段需要对其进行详细的校核和力学分析工作。金属结构作为起重机的骨架,起支撑各功能部件的作用,是整台起重机的重点研究对象。本文以门式起重机的金属结构为主要对象,通过传统计算法与有限元法进行静力计算和分析,并比较两种方法所得结果的异同及其产生的原因;并利用有限元法进行了动态计算和模态分析。本文首先介绍了研究背景及意义,传统计算方法和现代有限元方法;以某50t集装箱专用起重机的结构分析,列出主要参数,并计算了主要载荷;然后分别使用传统计算法和有限元法对其主梁和支腿进行了强度和刚度的计算,并将两种方法所得计算结果分析对比;最后,计算了门架的模态和起升时的动态响应。主要内容和结果如下:1.使用传统计算法,选择最危险工况,完成了对主梁强度、刚度,支腿强度校核。2.使用有限元法,利用ANSYS软件建立整机模型、划分网格、施加约束,根据不同工况分别加载计算,得到各工况下主梁与支腿的应力、应变分布云图。通过分析结果完成主梁强度和刚度校核和支腿的强度校核。3.对比两种计算结果,分析产生差异原因,结论如下:使用两种方法进行计算均表明,门吊金属结构安全性足够。两种方法校核结果存在一定差异,差异主要来源于模型简化方法和边界条件施加不同;有限元法计算更加全面、精确。4.利用ANSYS软件分析了门架的模态,得到前10阶振型和固有频率,其频率满足设计要求。5.对起升过程进行有限元瞬态分析,发现结构变形量及应力值均大于静态分析值,但仍满足要求。本文通过传统计算法和有限元法计算50t集装箱专用门吊金属结构的强度和刚度。结果表明,门吊金属结构强度和刚度均满足力学要求;有限元法计算比传统计算方法更为准确。

关键词：门式起重机金属结构传统计算法有限元法

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东非政府间发展组织（IGAD）在解决南苏丹动乱中的作用评估（2013-2015）

东非政府间发展组织（IGAD）在解决南苏丹动乱中的作用评估（2013...

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作者： bol Maker Juol Kor 吉林大学

学位级别：硕士

本文通过对报告、文章和书籍的分析并结合权威的网络资源对东非政府间发展组织(IGAD)在南苏丹冲突管理中所发挥的作用进行了梳理、思考和分析,并提出以下问题:IGAD在解决南苏丹动乱中究竟扮演了什么样的角色?为了解决这一问题,考虑到归... 详细信息

本文通过对报告、文章和书籍的分析并结合权威的网络资源对东非政府间发展组织(IGAD)在南苏丹冲突管理中所发挥的作用进行了梳理、思考和分析,并提出以下问题:IGAD在解决南苏丹动乱中究竟扮演了什么样的角色?为了解决这一问题,考虑到归纳哲学是知识形成的基础,因此,笔者采用了定量分析的研究方法,用这种阐释方法来解释学者的实证发现以此增强对IGAD所扮演的角色的理解。南苏丹是世界上最年轻的国家,满载着对和平、繁荣和发展的希望于2011年7月宣告独立。然而仅在两年后,该国就陷入了混乱的泥潭。2013年12月,忠于副总统里克·马沙尔的武装分子与南苏丹总统萨尔瓦·基尔的军队爆发冲突。这一被归咎于种族问题的争端使这个世界上最年轻的国家陷入了血腥的内战,造成数百人死亡,数千人逃离该国。这场冲突已经演化为煽动平民仇杀和越境逃离国家,威胁到地区与安全的种族暴力。南苏丹有过一段苦难的历史,伴随着紧张的种族关系,长期以来也造就了政治局势的特征。当前的冲突主要存在于两个主要民族(各占南苏丹总人口25%的丁卡族和努维尔族)之间。总统萨尔瓦·基尔是丁卡族,叛军领袖里克·马沙尔属于努维尔族。在2013年南苏丹突然爆发内战之际,东非政府间发展组织(IGAD)迅速作出反应,致力于调解争端和稳定威胁到年轻国家生存以及整个地区安全和稳定的紧张局势。IGAD的参与主要体现为其区域组织调解机构、区域安全机构以及其在重塑苏丹和平进程中的历史性参与。IGAD及其成员国为遏制和解决南苏丹内战贡献了大量的时间和政治资本,并且已经取得了许多可观成就,如推动南苏丹各方签署休战协定,承诺在2014年1月在亚的斯亚贝巴进行的和平谈判期间保证被拘留者的安全,2015年推动双方在阿鲁沙签订《苏丹人民解决运动统一协议》,以及2015年8月签署的和平解决冲突协议。但是到目前为止,由于内部分歧和权力斗争、缺乏制度化、政治的反复以及过分关注政治精英等一系列原因,以上这些协议均未能奏效,尽管IGAD付出了持之以恒的努力,局势仍然在恶化。本文得出的结论是,IGAD几乎完全专注于在苏丹人民解决运动精英之间达成一项权力分享协议。但事实上,解决南苏丹问题就必须要彻底改革在2013年12月爆发敌对行动之前便长期处于危机之中的管理机构。本文共分为五章,第一章介绍了研究背景,介绍了研究的意义、研究问题和主要论点,并结合文献综述,阐释了区域组织和治理理论的概念。接下来讨论本文的研究方法和结构。第二章介绍南苏丹冲突的大背景,分析造成冲突的不同原因,其中包括冲突的关键人物和南苏丹战争的影响。第三章讨论IGAD参与缔造南苏丹和平的原因,原因包括其是一个区域组织并且其在建立苏丹和平进程中的历史性参与。第四章介绍IGAD在解决南苏丹动乱方面已经取得的成就和仍将面临的挑战。最后一章总结全文并得出结论,即本文的主要研究目的是要分析和调查IGAD在解决南苏丹动乱中所起到的作用。分析表明,南苏丹目前的冲突仍然是政治冲突但是目前的政治冲突正在逐渐转化为种族冲突,这将会对南苏丹人民和南苏丹国家的未来产生深远的影响。

关键词：南苏丹动乱苏丹人民解放运动(SPLM) 东非政府间发展组织(IGAD) IGAD的作用挑战

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