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Resources needed for US CDC’s support to the response to post-epidemic clusters of Ebola in West Africa,2016

Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2018年第1期7卷 1185-1190页

作者： Cristina Carias bishwa b.adhikari Fatima Ravat Martin I.Meltzer barbara J.Marston National Center for Emerging and Infectious Zoonotic Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention1600 Clifton RoadMS C18AtlantaGA 30329-4027USA Center for Global Health Centers for Disease Control and PreventionAtlantaUSA

background:West African countries Liberia,Sierra Leone,and Guinea experienced the largest and longest epidemic of Ebola virus disease from 2014 to 2016;after the epidemic was declared to be over,Liberia,Guinea,and Sierra Leone still experienced Ebola cases/*** United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(US CDC)participated in the response efforts to the latter Ebola clusters,by assisting with case investigation,contact identification,and *** study aims to estimate the cost to the US CDC of responding to three different Ebola clusters after the end of the Ebola epidemic in 2015:i)Sierra Leone,Tonkolili(Jan 2016,2 Ebola cases,5 affected regions);ii)Guinea,Nzerekore(Mar-May 2016,10 Ebola cases,2 affected regions);iii)Liberia,Somali Drive(Mar 2016,3 Ebola cases,1 affected region).Main text:After interviewing team members that had participated in the response,we estimated total costs(expressed in 2016 US Dollars[USD]),where total costs correspond to travel costs,deployed personnel costs,costs to prepare for deployment,procurement and interagency collaboration costs,among *** also estimated cost per cluster case(corresponding to the total costs divided by the total number of cluster cases);and cost per case-affected-region(equal to the total costs divided by the product of the number of cases times the number of regions affected).We found that the response cost varied sixteenfold between USD 113166 in Liberia and USD 1764271 in Guinea,where the main cost drivers were travel and personnel *** cost per cluster case varied tenfold between 37722 in Liberia(three cases)and USD 347226 in Sierra Leone,and the cost per case-affectedregion varied threefold between USD 37722 in Liberia and USD 88214 in ***:Costs vary with the characteristics of each cluster,with those spanning more regions and cases requiring more resources for case investigation and contact identification and *** data will assist policy make

关键词： Ebola cluster Cost Emergency response Post-epidemic

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硫化胶中2-硫醇基苯并咪唑衍生物的促进剂与防老剂特性

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橡胶参考资料 1993年第11期23卷 10-15页

作者： T.K.Khanra b.adhikari S. Maiti 李宝年

1 前言象NR、SbR、bR等二烯类橡胶甚至在硫化后仍含有双键,在橡胶使用期间因受氧和臭氧的影响,这种双键是潜在的氧化降解链段。因此这些橡胶制品的稳定化是很重要的。在二烯橡胶制品中,广泛使用2-硫醇基苯并咪唑(MbI)(Vulcanox Mb)作为... 详细信息

1 前言象NR、SbR、bR等二烯类橡胶甚至在硫化后仍含有双键,在橡胶使用期间因受氧和臭氧的影响,这种双键是潜在的氧化降解链段。因此这些橡胶制品的稳定化是很重要的。在二烯橡胶制品中,广泛使用2-硫醇基苯并咪唑(MbI)(Vulcanox Mb)作为专用防老剂。Vulcanox Mb具有两种官能团,即-SH和=NH,这些官能团实际上也参与二烯橡胶自动催化降解时的自由基捕获过程,从而起着防老剂的作用。

关键词：硫化胶苯并咪唑促进剂防老剂

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Impacts of road on plant invasions in the Middle Mountain region of central Nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第2期21卷 619-632页

作者： Ananda adhikari Adarsha SUbEDI Achyut TIWARI bharat babu SHRESTHA Central Department of botany Tribhuvan UniversityKirtipur 44618Nepal

biological invasion is triggered by human development activities such as the construction and expansion of road *** verges serve as important habitats and corridors for the distribution of invasive alien plant species(IAPS)between geographically distant ***,the trajectory of plant invasion and the data regarding the impact of roads on IAPS distribution are relatively poor in ***,we surveyed two road types(main roads and feeder road)in the Middle Mountain region of central Nepal in order to investigate how different road types are driving the dispersal of IAPS along road verges and the adjacent natural *** sampling was conducted at ca 2.5 km intervals along the *** each sampling site,paired plots(25 m×4 m)were sampled:one adjacent to and along the road,and another 20 m away and parallel to it in the interior *** results revealed that the main road verges had a higher cover(33%)and a larger number of IAPS(14 species)than the feeder road(25%;10 species).The IAPS cover and richness were significantly higher along verges than in the adjacent interior habitats for both road types,indicating that roads are contributing as corridors for the dispersal of IAPS in the Middle Mountain areas of central ***,elevation,tree canopy,and disturbances(grazing/mowing/trampling)were found to be the key factors that determine spatial distribution of IAPS along road *** emphasize that regular monitoring of vegetation along the road verges can help with the early detection and control of potential IAPS in the region before they become problematic.

关键词： biological invasions Dispersal corridor Invasive alien plants Transport infrastructure Himalayan mountains

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Evaluation of hand infections in the emergency department using point-of-care ultrasound

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World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2024年第4期15卷 283-288页

作者： David Ahmad Haidar David Mintz brandon M Wubben Omar Rizvi Srikar adhikari Department of Emergency Medicine Michigan MedicineAnn Arbor 48109-1382USA University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson 85724USA Department of Emergency Medicine University of IowaIowa City 52242-1009USA Department of Surgery University of Arizona College of MedicineTucson 85724USA Department of Emergency Medicine University of Arizona College of MedicineTucson 85724USA

bACKGROUND:We aimed to evaluate the utility of point-of-care ultrasound(POCUS)in the assessment of hand infections that present to the emergency department(ED)and its impact on medical decision making and patient ***:We conducted a retrospective review of patients who presented to two urban academic EDs with clinical presentations concerning for skin and soft tissue infections(SSTI)of the hand between December 2015 and December *** trained POCUS fellowship physicians reviewed an ED POCUS database for POCUS examinations of the *** then reviewed patients’electronic health records(EHR)for demographic characteristics,history,physical examination findings,ED course,additional imaging studies,consultations,impact of POCUS on patient care and final ***:We included a total of 50 cases(28 male,22 female)in the final *** most common presenting symptoms and exam findings were pain(100%),swelling(90%),and erythema(74%).The most common sonographic findings were edema(76%),soft tissue swelling(78%),and fluid surrounding the tendon(57%).POCUS was used in medical decision making 68%of the time(n=34),with the use of POCUS leading to changes in management 38%of the time(n=19).POCUS use led to early antibiotic use(11/19),early consultation(10/19),and led to the performance of a required procedure(8/19).The POCUS diagnosis was consistent with the discharge diagnosis of flexor tenosynovitis 8/12 times,abscess 12/16 times,and cellulitis 14/20 ***:POCUS is beneficial for evaluating of hand infections that present to the ED and can be used as an important part of medical decision making to expedite patient care.

关键词： Ultrasound Point-of-care ultrasound Cellulitis Abscess Flexor tenosynovitis

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Defect mediated losses and degradation of perovskite solar cells:Origin impacts and reliable characterization techniques

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024年第7期94卷 217-253页

作者： Himangshu baishy Ramkrishna Das adhikari Mayur Jagdishbhai Patel Deepak Yadav Tapashi Sarmah Mizanur Alam Manab Kalita Parameswar Krishnan lyer Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology GuwahatiGuwahati 781039AssamIndia Department of Chemistry Indian Institute ofTechnology GuwahatGuwahati739AssamIndi

The rapid advancement of halide-based hybrid perovskite materials has garnered significant research attention,particularly in the domain of photovoltaic *** to their exceptional optoelec-tronic properties,they demonstrated power conversion efficiency(PcE)of over 25%in single junction solar *** the notable progress in PCE over the past decade,the inherent high defect density pre-senting in perovskite materials gives rise to several loss mechanisms and associated ion migration in per-ovskite solar cells(PsCs)during operational *** factors collectively contribute to a significant stability challenge in PsCs,placing their longevity far behind for *** numerous reports have explored defects,ion migration,and their impacts on device performance,a com-prehensive correlation between the types of defects and the degradation kinetics of perovskite materials and PsCs has been *** this context,this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the origins of defects and ion migration,emphasizing their correlation with the degradation kinetics of per-ovskite materials and PsCs,leveraging reliable characterization ***,these charac-terization techniques are intended to comprehend loss mechanisms by different passivation approaches to enhance the durability and PCE of PSCs.

关键词： Perovskite solar cells Defects lon migration Degradation Stability

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Modeling measles transmission in adults and children:Implications to vaccination for eradication

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2024年第4期9卷 1007-1026页

作者： Anjana Pokharel Khagendra adhikari Ramesh Gautam Kedar Nath Uprety Naveen K.Vaidya Padma Kanya Multiple Campus Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal Mathematical biology Research Center KathmanduNepal Amrit Campus Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal Ratna Rajya Laxmi Campus Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal Central Department of Mathematics Tribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal Department of Mathematics and Statistics San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA Computational Science Research Center San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA Viral Information Institute San Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCAUSA

Despite the availability of successful vaccines,measles outbreaks have occurred frequently in recent years,presumably due to the lack of proper vaccination ***,measles cases in adult groups,albeit small in number,indicate that the previously neglected adult group may need to be brought into vaccine coverage to achieve WHO's goal of measles eradication from the *** this study,we develop a novel transmission dynamics model to describe measles cases in adults and children to evaluate the role of adult infection in persistent measles cases and vaccination programs for *** of our model,validated by measles cases from outbreaks in Nepal,provides the vaccination reproduction number(conditions for measles eradication or persistence)and the role of contact network *** results highlight that while children are primary targets for measles outbreaks,a small number of infections in adults may act as a reservoir for measles,causing obstacles to ***,our model analysis shows that while impactful controls can be achieved by children-focused vaccines,a combined adult-child vaccination program may help assert eradication of the disease.

关键词： Measles eradication Measles reservoir Adult-child vaccination Adults and children groups Nepal

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Agile and reactive rabies vaccination techniques in countries with low and middle incomes

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Animal Diseases 2024年第2期4卷 75-77页

作者： Rupak Kandel Anil Subedi Sonu adhikari Department of Animal breeding and biotechnology Agriculture and Forestry University(AFU)RampurChitwan 44209Nepal University of New England ArmidaleNSW 2350Australia

Rabies are still a major public health risk in low-and middle-income nations,endangering both human and animal *** is caused by rabies virus(RAbV)from the Rhabdoviridae family of the genus *** infection affects the central nervous system,mainly the brain and spinal cord,causing acute encephalitis,which has the highest case fatality rate ever recordednearly 100%.Although all mammals can be infected by RAbV,dogs are thought to be the main source of *** bites cause 95%of human cases of rabies,but in endemic areas,this number increases to 99%(Harischandra,Gunesekera et al.2016).

关键词： rabies Rabies acute

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Climate-change habitat shifts for the vulnerable endemic oak species(Quercus arkansana Sarg.)

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Journal of Forestry Research 2024年第1期35卷 117-127页

作者： Suresh Chandra Subedi Seth Drake binaya adhikari Mark V.Coggeshall Department of biological Sciences Arkansas Tech UniversityRussellvilleARUSA Department of biology University of KentuckyLexingtonKYUSA School of Natural Resources University of Missouri203 ABNR BuildingColumbiaMO 65211USA

Quercus arkansana(Arkansas oak)is at risk of becoming endangered,as the total known population size is represented by a few isolated *** potential impact of climate change on this species in the near future is high,yet knowledge of its predicted effects is *** study utilized the biomod2 R package to develop habi-tat suitability ensemble models based on bioclimatic and topographic environmental variables and the known loca-tions of current distribution of *** predicted suitable habitats across three climate change scenarios(SSP1-2.6,SSP2-4.5,and SSP5-8.5)for 2050,2070,and *** findings reveal that the current suitable habitat for *** is approximately 127,881 km^(2) across seven states(Texas,Arkansas,Alabama,Louisiana,Mississippi,Georgia,and Florida);approximately 9.5%is encompassed within state and federally managed protected *** models predict that all current suitable habitats will disap-pear by 2050 due to climate change,resulting in a northward shift into new regions such as Tennessee and *** large extent of suitable habitat outside protected areas sug-gests that a species-specific action plan incorporating pro-tected areas and other areas may be crucial for its ***,protection of *** habitat against climate change may require locally and regionally focused conservation policies,adaptive management strategies,and educational outreach among local people.

关键词： biomod2 Climate change Conservation Habitat loss Habitat shift Species distribution modeling Oak species

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Climate-driven dengue fever outbreaks in Nepal:Trends,challenges,and strategies

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World Journal of Virology 2024年第4期13卷 135-138页

作者： Chandan Kumar Thakur Samita adhikari Meghnath Dhimal Clinical Microbiology Karnali Academy of Health SciencesJumla 21200KarnaliNepal Hospital Infection Control Nepal Mediciti HospitalLalitpur 44700BagmatiNepal Research Section Nepal Health Research CouncilKathmandu 44600BagmatiNepal

Dengue fever(DF)has become a major public health concern in Nepal,with increasing outbreaks in recent *** by Aedes mosquitoes,this climate-sensitive viral disease presents a significant challenge for healthcare providers and *** 2004,Nepal has experienced a sharp increase in DF cases,peaking in 2022 with 54784 cases and 88 *** surge,driven mainly by serotypes 1,2,and 3,is exacerbated by climate change,which prolongs mosquito breeding seasons due to warmer temperatures and increased *** trend has even impacted previously unaffected hilly *** dengue control strategies must focus on climate change adaptation,strengthening healthcare system reinforcement,raising public awareness,and enhancing vector control *** initiatives,like the national dengue control program,play a critical role,but research and community engagement are also vital for prevention and early *** climate resilience into public health efforts is essential to reducing the dengue burden in Nepal.

关键词： Climate change Dengue fever Dengue outbreaks Dengue control Nepal Public health Vector-borne diseases

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Patterns,Causes and Perceptions of Human-Large Carnivore Conflict in the Chitwan National Park,Nepal

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Journal of Resources and Ecology 2024年第4期15卷 838-849页

作者： Parwati TIWARI bishnu Prasad bHATTARAI Jagan Nath adhikari binod bHATTARAI Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKathmandu 44600Nepal Department of Zoology Birendra Multiple CampusTribhuvan UniversityChitwan 44200Nepal Nepal Zoological Society Kathmandu 44600Nepal

One of the major management problems in and around protected areas is the intensifying conflict between local people and wildlife,especially large *** depredation and human fatalities caused by attacks of carnivores are found to be serious obstacles in conflict *** study aims to explore the patterns,costs,causes and perceptions of human large carnivore conflict in the Nawalpur area of Chitwan National *** patterns of livestock loss and human casualties due to large carnivores(Panthera tigris and Panthera pardus)were analysed using the secondary data reported to Chitwan National Park from 2001 to *** understand the people’s perception towards carnivores and wildlife conservation,150 victim respondents were asked,with one household selected from each *** 19-year study period,a total of 521 incidents caused by large carnivores were reported,which included 33 human casualties and 488 livestock *** was responsible for the maximum conflict incidents in *** total relief provided for human deaths and injuries was US$17524.41,whereas US$13702.18 was used to compensate for livestock depredation in the Nawalpur area by authorities of the Chitwan National *** than 64%of the respondents liked the presence of carnivores in their area and had a positive attitude toward the conservation of large carnivores,even though the carnivores were responsible for livestock depredation and human injury and ***’s satisfaction with the relief scheme provided by the government depended on ethnicity,gender,age class,occupation,education,insurance,and livestock ownership,but they believed the scheme was not ***,an effective relief scheme and awareness about the process of relief funding should be conducted in conflict *** awareness programs for local communities about large carnivores,their behavior,and preparing predator-proof corrals would be helpful in minimizing conflict in the study a

关键词： depredation human wildlife conflict leopard tiger relief fund

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