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HPV prevalent types in a cohort of sexually active Nigerian women:implications for vaccination programmes

Precision Medicine Research 2021年第3期3卷 7-11页

作者： azuka patrick okwuraiwe Rosemary Ajuma Audu Titiola Abike Gbajabiamila Ifeoma Eugenia Idigbe Oliver Chukwujekwu Ezechi Centre for Human Virology and Genomics Microbiology DepartmentNigerian Institute of Medical Research6 Edmund CrescentYaba 101212LagosNigeria Clinical Sciences Division Nigerian Institute of Medical Research YabaLagosNigeria

Background:The human papillomavirus virus(HPV)is very common with over 150 strains and at least 42 acquired by sexual *** is a public health concern among women the world over,with an estimated prevalence of 11.7%globally,and 24%in Sub-Saharan *** are five common HPV types;HPV16,HPV18,HPV52,HPV31,and *** cancer affects women globally,with estimated 570,000 new cases in *** 90%of the 311,000 deaths worldwide in that year occurred in low-and middle-income ***:To estimate the prevalence of HPV among sexually active women in Lagos,Nigeria;and to determine the most common HPV type among that ***:A descriptive cross-sectional study design was implemented,with 198 women in total enrolled for the *** active women from various health facilities in Lagos were screened by obtaining cervical tissue,stirred into PCR cell media,and assayed for HPV genotypes using the Roche COBAS®4800 ***:Age of the women ranged from 18 to 65 years(mean 34.6±6.4),with the majority(56.4%)between 25-34 years;65%were married and 63%had a secondary *** at first penile-vaginal contact ranged from 9 to 38 years(mean 20.4±3.9).Sixty-five percent of women stated total lifetime sexual partners of between 2 and 4(mean 2.9±2.5).The prevalence of high-risk HPV was 40.4%(95%CI:40.1 to 40.7)and breakdown of types obtained were;HPV16,2.5%(95%CI:2.22 to 2.78);HPV18,3.5%(95%CI:3.22 to 3.78);other high risk(OHR)HPV,28.3%(95%CI:28 to 28.6);HPV16&OHR HPV,1.5%(95%CI:1.22 to 1.78);HPV18&OHR HPV,4.1%(95%CI:3.82 to 4.38);HPV16,18&OHR HPV,0.5%(95%CI:0.221 to 0.779).HPV negative and inconclusive results were 58.1%and 1.5%***:Prevalence of OHR HPV is high among Nigerian *** informs the pattern of HPV existing in the African region,and may aid future efforts at eradicating the *** findings are further contributive evidence to the initiative to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health challenge

关键词： HPV Type Cervical cancer High-risk Women Prevalence

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Performance Evaluation of Real Time Polymerase Reaction Assay (SCODA) for Detection of SARS-CoV-2

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2023年第1期13卷 21-30页

作者： Joseph Ojonugwa Shaibu Chika Kingsley Onwuamah azuka patrick okwuraiwe Rahaman A. Ahmed Akeeb O. Bola Oyefolu Babatunde Lawal Salako Rosemary Ajuma Audu Centre for Human Virology and Genomics Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Department of Microbiology Lagos State University Ojo Nigeria Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) Lagos Nigeria

In order to robustly detect and quantify gene expression from small amounts of RNA, amplification of the gene transcript is necessary. Real Time PCR is useful for detection and quantification of genetic constitution of pathogens. This technique amplifies a tiny DNA target million or billion times in such a way that it can be easily studied by scientists. Availability of highly sensitive and specific assay for the detection of SARS-Cov-2 and easy accessibility of such was necessary for early diagnosis and effective management of COVID-19 infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance characteristic of SCODA. Validation of SCODA was performed using synthesized standards and clinical samples previously tested using a commercially approved COVID-19 RT-qPCR detection kit (LifeRiver). The assay showed a linearity of 98.2% on the ORF1ab target and 99.8% on the N-gene target. The sensitivity and specificity were both 100%. Analysis for the LoD95 produced 74.04 (CI: 25 - 1000) cp/μl on ORF1ab gene and 1.119 (CI: 1 - 1) cp/μl on N-gene target with a precision of CV ≤ 3%. SCODA showed high comparable performance in comparison with LifeRiver and other commercial COVID-19 RT-qPCR test kits.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR Sensitivity Specificity SCODA Performance

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Prevalence and Predictors of High-Risk HPV in Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第4期12卷 745-757页

作者： Aigbe Gregory Ohihoin patrick azuka okwuraiwe Adesola Zaidat Musa Gbenga Olorunfemi Chika Kingsley Onwuamah Fehintola Ige Olufemi Samuel Amoo Rosemary Audu Felix Okogbo Babafemi Daniyan Terrumun Swende Geoffrey Chukwubuike Onyemelukwe Haruna Daru Hadiza Usman Oladapo Shittu Jonah Musa Oliver Chukwujekwu Ezechi Innocent Achanya Ujah Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) Lagos Nigeria School of Public Health University of Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa College of Medicine Ambrose Alli University Edo State Nigeria National Obstetric Fistula Center Abakaliki Ebonyi State Nigeria Benue State University Benue State Nigeria Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Kaduna State Nigeria University of Jos Jos Nigeria University of Maiduguri Borno State Nigeria

Introduction: Cervical cancer remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among the female population in sub-Saharan Africa. Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV), the main causative agent, has the potential to eradicate cervical cancer. In-country evidence of sub-types of HPV associated with cervical cancer is scanty, thus necessitating this study. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed using a multistage sampling technique. A molecular technique using the Cobas 4800 machine was used for genotyping. Results: 570 participants were recruited for the study. The mean age of the participants was 32.4 ± 5.2 years. The age of sexual debut ranged from 15 - 24 years with a median of 19 years. 194 participants were positive for high-risk HPV giving a prevalence of 34%. 3% (n = 17) were positive for HPV, 16. 4% (23) had a positive result for HPV, 18. 27% (n = 154) had a positive result for other high-risk groups (OHR) other than HPV 16 or 18. Positive status for high-risk HPV is associated with the presence of genital warts (OR = 7.5), a Positive HIV status (OR = 3.48), abnormal vaginal discharge (OR = 2.20), multiple sexual partners (OR = 2.30), and obesity (OR = 2.70). The prevalence of HIV in the study population was 6.84% (n = 39). Conclusion: Another High-risk HPV other than 16 and 18 appears to be the predominant form of HPV infection in Nigerian women. The risk of being positive for high-risk HPV is associated with the presence of genital warts, abnormal vaginal discharge, a positive HIV status, multiple sexual partners and Obesity. It is therefore necessary to disaggregate and study these high-risk sub-types.

关键词： HPV Cervical Cancer Prevalence Predictors Nigeria

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Outcome of Symptom-Based RT-PCR Testing for SARS-CoV-2: Experience from a Large Public Testing Centre in Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第4期12卷 799-812页

作者： Aigbe Gregory Ohihoin Kazeem Adewale Osuolale patrick azuka okwuraiwe Adesola Zaidat Musa Ayorinde Babatunde James Chika Kingsley Onwuamah Olufemi Samuel Amoo Joseph Ojonugwa Shaibu Fehintola Ige Esther Ngozi Ohihoin Emelda Chukwu Ngozi Mirabel Otuonye Tajudeen Bamidele Adeola Olukosi Olusola Ajibaye Yekeen Raheem David Oladele Agatha Nkiru David Babatunde Adewale Rosemary Audu Oliver Ezechi Nkiruka Nnonyelum Odunukwe Richard Adegbola Babatunde Lawal Salako Clinical Sciences Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba Lagos Grants and M/E Unit (Biostatistics) Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba Lagos Centre for Human Virology and Genomics Microbiology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba Lagos Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba Lagos Centre of Infectious Disease Research Microbiology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba Lagos Central Research Laboratory Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba Lagos Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba Lagos Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba Lagos Department of Public Health Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Yaba Lagos

Background: Access to testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Nigeria is still highly restricted. Only patients who are symptomatic for SARS-CoV-2 are selected for testing. This pattern of testing will miss a large proportion of individuals with the infection who are asymptomatic and presymptomatic. This study reports the experience of a symptom-based study from a large testing centre in Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study, reviewing data collected from respondents presenting at the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) modified drive-through center for COVID-19 test between the period March 31st and August 31st, 2020 were included in the analysis. Results: A total of 9891 participants were recruited into the study and 2465 participants (24.9%) had a positive PCR result for SARS-CoV-2. The majority of the respondents were above 18 years old, n = 9163 (93.4%). The average age of the respondents was 36.7 years (sd 13.8 years). The age of the participants has a significant effect on SARS-CoV-2 status (AOR = 1.009, CI, 1.005 to 1.012, p = 0.0001). There was a male preponderance, n = 5652 (57.6%). The odds of having a positive status for SARS-CoV-2 were 0.9 times lower for female participants. The majority of the respondents had a history of travel, n = 6788 (68.6%). Cough was the commonest symptom, n = 1062 (10.7%) followed by fever, n = 979 (9.9%). The mortality rate was 0.1%. Among the participants with comorbidity, 31 (51.7%) had positive results for SARS-CoV-2 while 29 (48.3%) had negative results. Conclusion: Symptom-based approach to testing for SARS-CoV-2 in Nigeria revealed a high positivity rate, while mortality from those tested in the study is low. Age and gender appear to play a significant role in the dynamics of the disease.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Symptoms RT-PCR Nigeria

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COVID-19 Spread Patterns Is Unrelated to Malaria Co-Infections in Lagos, Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2020年第4期10卷 200-215页

作者： Olufemi Samuel Amoo Olugbenga Olanrewaju Aina azuka patrick okwuraiwe Chika Kingsley Onwuamah Joseph Ojonugwa Shaibu Fehintola Ige Kelly Owaneze Hammed Olanrewaju Agboola Dorcas Njeri Kareithi Tochukwu Ifeanyi Onuigbo Amaka Stephanie Ikemefuna Joy Isioma Oraegbu Ebenezer Olusoji Odewale Leona Chika Okoli Olusola Ajibaye Ayorinde Babatunde James Ganiyu Idris Greg Ohihoin Bosun Tijani Temmie Giwa-Tunbosun Richard Adegbola Babatunde Lawal Salako Rosemary Ajuma Audu Centre for Human Virology and Genomics Microbiology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Biochemistry Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Co-Creation Hub Lagos Nigeria Lifebank Lagos Nigeria

Malaria and COVID-19, though caused by different organisms, share a significant number of symptoms like fever, headaches, difficulty in breathing and fatigue. Therefore, determining if a patient is positive for COVID-19 or Malaria based on symptoms alone, might be misleading, especially during pandemic response. It has been reported that an individual begins to manifest Malaria symptoms between 10 - 15 days after infection with malaria parasite, although some individuals may be asymptomatic. Some COVID-19 infected patients, like Malaria, are also asymptomatic but could contribute to transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus. These similarities in symptoms have led to misconception about COVID-19 being real and misdiagnoses of both infections, especially in Nigeria. However, there are possibilities that Malaria and COVID-19 could co-exist in some individuals thereby leading to mismanagement and treatment of only one infection while neglecting the possibility of the patient being infected with both diseases. We aim to determine possible correlation between Malaria and COVID-19 in a Malaria endemic country like Nigeria. This study was carried out using the qPCR molecular testing approach, a gold standard for COVID-19 testing and rapid diagnostic test kits to detect Malaria parasites in 617 individuals residing in urban settings. We demonstrated that COVID-19 and Malaria infection amongst adults in urban settings are unrelated thereby focusing on symptoms alone may result in misdiagnosis. Our findings show that Malaria is not among the underlying medical conditions strongly associated with increased risk for severe COVID-19 illness amongst adults in urban settings.

关键词： Malaria COVID-19 Symptoms

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Performance Evaluation of Real Time Polymerase Reaction Assay (SCODA) for Detection of SARS-CoV-2

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2023年第1期

作者： Joseph Ojonugwa Shaibu Chika Kingsley Onwuamah azuka patrick okwuraiwe Rahaman A. Ahmed Akeeb O. Bola Oyefolu Babatunde Lawal Salako Rosemary Ajuma Audu

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Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Coinfection with Malaria in Selected States in Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2024年第2期14卷 442-455页

作者： Oluwagbemiga Olanrewaju Aina Olufemi Samuel Amoo Kazeem Adewale Osuolale Adewale Kayode Ojogbede azuka patrick okwuraiwe David Ayoola Oladele Adesola Zaidat Musa Tajudeen Akanji Bamidele Celestina Onyinye Okoyenta Abideen Olurotimi Salako Toyosi Yekeen Raheem Ifeoma Eugenia Idigbe Fehintola Anthonia Ige Joseph Ojonugwa Shaibu Gregory Aigbe Ohihoin Kikelomo Wright Bisola Adebayo Hussein Abdu-Razzaq Abdulrahman Ahmad Mustapha Imam Bashir Bello Tambuwal Muhammad Shuaibu Gobir Richard Ikwuogu Christian Tetsola Gloria patrick-Ferife Nathaniel Enamuotor Mildred Okowa William Nwachukwu Cornelius Ohonsi Magdalene Egede Chinwe Ochu Ehimario Igumbor Oliver Chukwujekwu Ezechi Babatunde Lawal Salako Rosemary Ajuma Audu Biochemistry and Nutrition Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Centre for Human Virology and Genomics Microbiology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Monitoring and Evaluation Unit Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Public Health and Epidemiology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Clinical Sciences Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria Department of Community Health & Primary Health Care Lagos State University College of Medicine Lagos State University Teaching Hospital Lagos Nigeria Research Unit Lagos State Ministry of Health Lagos Nigeria Sokoto State Ministry of Health Sokoto Nigeria Department of Medical Biochemistry Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria Centre for Advanced Medical Research and Training Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria Delta State Ministry of Health Asaba Nigeria Nigeria Centre for Disease Control Abuja Nigeria Center for Infectious Disease Research Nigerian Institute of Medical Research Lagos Nigeria

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Plasmodium species are the causative agents of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and malaria respectively with similar clinical presentations. The objective of this study is to determine the burden of co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in the general population. Five (5 mLs) of blood samples were collected for SARS-CoV-2 and malaria parasite test. The malaria test was performed using a commercially available one-step malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 (Pf HRP-II) rapid test kit. The results of the study showed that the participants that were coinfected with SARS-CoV-2 IgG and malaria were 13 (2.5%) in Lagos, 1114 (39.1%) in Delta and 49 (2.3%) in Sokoto States. The prevalence of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in urban areas in Lagos, Delta and Sokoto States were 7 (2.2%), 1373 (48.1%), and 5 (0.2%) respectively. In rural areas, the prevalence of coinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria in Lagos, Delta and Sokoto States were 6 (0.3%), 365 (12.8%), and 44 (2.1%) respectively in this study. This suggests that participants in the urban areas were more prone to co-infections than the rural areas in Lagos and Delta states, while it was otherwise in Sokoto State. In conclusion, the co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and malaria was very high in Delta State compared to the other States. It is important for clinics to screen for both diseases when patients present with symptoms of malaria. This is because the infections have similar symptoms and the public is quick to assume malaria infection without diagnosing for COVID-19 and vice versa.

关键词： SARS-CoV-2 Malaria Coinfection

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Prevalence and Predictors of High-Risk HPV in Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第4期

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Outcome of Symptom-Based RT-PCR Testing for SARS-CoV-2: Experience from a Large Public Testing Centre in Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第4期

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COVID-19 Spread Patterns Is Unrelated to Malaria Co-Infections in Lagos,Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2020年第5期

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