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Current trends in the epidemiology and management of enteric fever in Africa: A literature review

Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2020年第5期13卷 204-213页

作者： Oluwaseyitan A.Adesegun Oluwafunmilola O.Adeyemi Osaze Ehioghae David F.Rabor Tolulope O.Binuyo Bisola A.Alafin Onyedikachi B.Nnagha Akolade O.Idowu ayokunle osonuga Department of Internal Medicine Babcock University Teaching HospitalIlishan-RemoOgun StateNigeria College of Medicine University of IbadanIbadanOyo StateNigeria Benjamin S.Carson(Snr.)School of Medicine Babcock UniversityIlishan-RemoOgun StateNigeria Oyo State Ministry of Health IbadanOyo StateNigeria Arubah Family Medical Centre LekkiLagos StateNigeria College of Medicine Imo State UniversityOwerriImo StateNigeria Medway Maritime Hospital KentUnited Kingdom

Enteric fever remains a tropical disease of public health significance in Africa, due to its high endemicity and transmission rates, more in sub-Saharan Africa with 7.2 million cases of typhoid fever annually and incidence rate of 762 per 100000 person-years when compared with Northern Africa with a reported incidence rate of 557 per 100000 person-years and lower. Recent studies show that almost all regions of sub-Saharan Africa are tending towards high incidence rates, especially Central and Western Africa. Though clinically indistinguishable from paratyphoid fever, typhoid fever causes more morbidity and mortality than paratyphoid fever, with a greater threat to children. Risk factors include consumption of contaminated water, patronizing food vendors and a history of contact with a case or a chronic carrier, amongst others. Environmental factors such as the rainy season, open sewers, contaminated water bodies and areas of low elevation have been implicated. Diagnosis in Africa is challenging due to resource constraints, as many centres still depend on clinical diagnosis and serodiagnosis using Widal test, in an era where more sensitive and specific tests exist. The polymerase chain reaction is one of the most sensitive diagnostic methods, while culture (particularly bone marrow) is considered to be one of the most specific. Quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and third-generation cephalosporins, amongst others, remain potent in the management of enteric fever, with resistance to quinolones gradually on the rise. Poor diagnostics, poor antibiotic stewardship and lack of drug (antibiotic) regulation are contributors to the problem of antibiotic resistance in Africa. Prevention of typhoid fever through;vaccination, especially in children is still under investigation, with steady progress being documented. Overall, long term prevention strategies for typhoid fever should be based on improved sourcesof drinking water, good sanitation and hygiene, food safety and poverty allevi

关键词： Enteric fever Typhoid fever Epidemiology Africa Public health

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Resolution pattern of jaundice among children presenting with severe malaria in rural South-West Nigeria

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012年第7期2卷 551-553页

作者： osonuga OA osonuga A osonuga AA osonuga IO Department of Pharmacology and Physiology University of Cape Coast School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast Department of Nursing University of Cape Coast Olabisi Onabanjo University Remo Campus

Objective:To compare the pattern of jaundice resolution among children with severe malaria treated with quinine and ***:Thirty two children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited for the study from two hospitals with intensive care *** were divided into two groups:'Q' and 'A',receiving quinine and *** was assessed by clinical ***:Sixteen out of 32 children recruited(representing50%) presented with jaundice on the dav of *** mean age was(7.00±2.56) *** day 3,tour patients in 'A' and six patients in 'O' had *** day *** child had ***:The study has shown that hoth drugs resolve jaundice although artemether relatively resolves it faster by the third day.

关键词： Jaundice Quinine Artemether Severe malaria South-west Nigeria

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Effect of artemether on hematological parameters of healthy and uninfected adult Wistar rats

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2012年第6期2卷 493-495页

作者： osonuga IO osonuga OA osonuga A Onadeko AA osonuga AA Department of Physiology Olabisi Onabanjo University Department of Pharmacology Olabisi Onabanjo University School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast Department of Nursing University of Cape Coast

Objective:To evaluate the effect of short term artemether administration on some blood parameters in adult male Wistar ***:Sixty five albino rats with body weight of 190-220 g were used for the four-phased study. The animals were randomly divided into five groups. The first-four groups of 15 rats were further divided into 3 subgroups of 5 rats. The drug was administered orally at sub-optimal, therapeutic, and high doses of 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg bw,respectively to the rats for 1 day, 2 days and 3 days. Blood samples were collected by cardio-puncture from the rats for hematology at the end of each phase. The last group served as control,and they were given waterad ***:Artemether caused significant reduction(P<0.05)of the hematological profile of the animals in a dose dependent manner. Discontinuation of the drug use however showed gradual recovery of the depressed indices of the blood ***:The results suggest that artemether can induce reversible changes in hematological profiles of rats by extension man. This can probably aggravate anemia when artemether is administered to malaria patients. Hence, the study supports the use of the drug with cautione specially in patients prone to anemic tendencies.

关键词： Artemether Anemia Antimalaria Hematology Hematological profile Malaria Anemic tendency

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