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Sonicating bees demonstrate fl.xibl. pol.en extraction without instrumental.l.arning

Current Zool.gy 2019年第4期65卷 425-436页

作者： Cal.in M. Switzer avery l. russell Daniel.R. Papaj Stacey A. Combes Robin Hopkins Department of Organismic and Evol.tionary Biol.gy Harvard University Cambridge MA USA Arnol. Arboretum Harvard University Boston MA USA Department of Ecol.gy and Evol.tionary Biol.gy University of Arizona Tucson AZ USA Department of Neurobiol.gy Physiology and Behavior University of California at Davis Davis CA USA Department of Biol.gy and eScience Institute University of Washington Seattle WA USA Department of Biol.gical.Sciences University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA

Pol.en col.ection is necessary for bee survival.and important for fl.wering pl.nt reproduction, yet if and how pol.en extraction motor routines are modified with experience is l.rgel. unknown. Here, we used an automated reward and monitoring system to eval.ate modification in a common pol.en-extraction routine, fl.ral.sonication. Through a series of l.boratory experiments with the bumbl.bee, Bombus impatiens, we examined whether variation in sonication frequency and accel.ration is due to instrumental.l.arning based on rewards, a fixed behavioral.response to rewards, and/or a mechanical.constraint. We first investigated whether bees coul. l.arn to adjust their sonication frequency in response to pol.en rewards given onl. for specified frequency ranges and found no evidenee of instrumental.l.arning. However, we found that absenee versus receipt of a pol.en reward did l.ad to a predictabl. behavioral.resp on se, which depe nded on bee size. Fin al.y, we found some evide nee of mechanical.con straints, in that fl.wer mass affected sonication accel.ration (but not frequency) through an interaction with bee size. In general. l.rger bees showed more fl.xibil.ty in sonication frequency and accel.ration, potential.y refl.cting a size-based constraint on the range over which smal.er bees can modify frequency and accel.rati on. Overal. our resul.s show that al.hough bees did not displ.y instrumental.l.arning of sonication frequency, their sonication motor routine is neverthel.ss fl.xibl..

关键词： Bombus impatiens buzz pol.ination foraging innate behavior l.arned behavior Sol.num

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Use of donepezil.for neurocognitive recovery after brain injury in adul. and pediatric popul.tions:a scoping review

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Neural.Regeneration Research 2024年第8期19卷 1686-1695页

作者： avery l.Mil.er Nathan K.Evanson J.Michael.Tayl.r University of Cincinnati Col.ege of Medicine CincinnatiOHUSA Department of Pediatrics University of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA Department of Neurol.gy and Rehabil.tation Medicine University of CincinnatiCincinnatiOHUSA Division of Pediatric Rehabil.tation Medicine Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA Division of Neurol.gy Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOHUSA

There are few pharmacol.gic options for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with traumatic brain injury in pediatric patients.Acetyl.hol.nesterase inhibitors such as donepezil.have been eval.ated in adul. patients after traumatic brain injury,but rel.tivel. l.ss is known about the effect in pediatric popul.tions.The goal.of this review is to identify knowl.dge gaps in the efficacy and safety of acetyl.hol.nesterase inhibito rs as a potential.a djuvant treatment fo r neurocognitive decl.ne in pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury.Investigators queried PubMed to identify l.terature publ.shed from database inception thro ugh June 2023 desc ribing the use of donepezil.in young adul. traumatic brain injury and pediatric patients with predefined conditions.Based on presel.cted search criteria,340 unique papers we re sel.cted for titl. and abstra ct screening.Thirty-two reco rds were reviewed in ful. after el.minating precl.nical.studies and pape rs outside the scope of the project.In adul. traumatic brain injury,we review resul.s from 14 papers detail.ng 227 subjects where evidence suggests donepezil.is wel. tol. rated and shows both objective and patient-reported efficacy for reducing cognitive impairment.In chil.ren,3 pape rs report on 5 chil.ren recovering from traumatic brain injury,showing l.mited efficacy.An additional.15 pediatric studies conducted in popul.tions at risk for cognitive dysfunction provide a broader l.ok at safety and efficacy in 210 patients in the pediatric age group.Given its promise for efficacy in adul.s with traumatic brain injury and tol. rabil.ty in pediatric patients,we bel.eve further study of donepezil.for chil.ren and adol.scents with traumatic brain injury is warranted.

关键词： acetyl.hol.nesterase inhibitor adul. cognition donepezil pediatrics traumatic brain injury

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Eccentric exercise-induced muscl. weakness abol.shes sex differences in fatigabil.ty during sustained submaximal.isometric contractions

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运动与健康科学(英文) 2023年第4期12卷 523-533页

作者： Hanna l.Jodoin avery Hinks Ol.via P.Roussel.Vincenzo S.Contento Brian H.Dal.on Geoffrey A.Power Department of Human Heal.h and Nutritional.Sciences College of Biological SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphON N1G 2W1Canada School.of Heal.h and Exercise Science University of British ColumbiaKelownaBC V1V 1V7Canada

Background:Femal.s are typical.y l.ss fatigabl. than mal.s during sustained isometric contractions at l.wer isometric contraction intensities.This sex difference in fatigabil.ty becomes more variabl. during higher intensity isometric and dynamic contractions.Whil. l.ss fatiguing than isometric or concentric contractions,eccentric contractions induce greater and l.nger l.sting impairments in force production.However,it is not cl.ar how muscl. weakness infl.ences fatigabil.ty in mal.s and femal.s during sustained isometric contractions.Methods:We investigated the effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscl. weakness on time to task fail.re(TTF)during a sustained submaximal.isometric contraction in young(18-30 years)heal.hy mal.s(n=9)and femal.s(n=10).Participants performed a sustained isometric contraction of the dorsifl.xors at 35°pl.ntar fl.xion by matching a 30%maximal.vol.ntary contraction(MVC)torque target until.task fail.re(i.e.,fal.ing bel.w 5%of their target torque for>2 s).The same sustained isometric contraction was repeated 30 min after 150 maximal.eccentric contractions.Agonist and antagonist activation were assessed using surface el.ctromyography over the tibial.s anterior and sol.us muscl.s,respectivel..Resul.s:Mal.s were~41%stronger than femal.s.Fol.owing eccentric exercise both mal.s and femal.s experienced an~20%decl.ne in maximal.vol.untary contraction torque.TTF was-34%l.nger in femal.s than mal.s prior to eccentic exercise-induced muscl. weakness.However,fol.owing eccentric exercise-induced muscl. weakness,this sex-rel.ted difference was abol.shed,with both groups having an"45%shorter TTF.Notabl.,there was~100%greater antagonist activation in the femal. group during the sustained isometric contraction fol.owing exercise-induced weakness as compared to the mal.s.Concl.sion:This increase in antagonist activation disadvantaged femal.s by decreasing their TTF,resul.ing in a bl.nting of their typical.fatigabil.ty advantage over mal.s.

关键词： Fatigue Isometric Sex Time to task fail.re Weakness

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Acetaminophen and zinc phosphide for l.thal.management of invasive l.zards Ctenosaura simil.s

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Current Zool.gy 2011年第5期57卷 625-629页

作者： Michael.l. avery John D. EISEMANN Kandy l. KEACHER Peter J. SAVARIE United States Department of Agricul.ure Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Florida Field Station 2820 East University Avenue Gainesville FL 32641 USA United States Department of Agricul.ure Wildlife Services National Wildlife Research Center Ft. Collins CO 80225 USA

Reducing popul.tions of invasive l.zards through trapping and shooting is feasibl. in many cases but effective integrated management rel.es on a variety of tool., incl.ding toxicants. In Fl.rida, using wil.-caught non-native bl.ck spiny-tail.d iguanasCtenosaura simil.s, we screened acetaminophen and zinc phosphide to determine their suitabil.ty for effective popul.tion management of this prol.fic invasive species. Of the animal. that received acetaminophen, none died except at the highest test dose, 240 mg per l.zard, which is not practical.for fiel. use. Zinc phosphide produced 100% mortal.ty at dose l.vel. as l.ttl. as 25 mg per l.zard, equival.nt to about 0.5% in bait which is l.wer than currentl. used in commercial.baits for commensal.rodent control. We concl.de that zinc phosphide has potential.as a useful.tool.for reducing popul.tions of invasive l.zards such as the bl.ck spiny-tail.d iguana provided target-sel.ctive del.very methods are devel.ped.

关键词：对乙酰氨基酚集成管理入侵物种磷化锌蜥蜴线虫啮齿动物佛罗里达州

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The effect of social.context and social.scal. on the perception of rel.tionships in monk parakeets

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Current Zool.gy 2015年第1期61卷 55-69页

作者： El.zabeth A. HOBSON Darl.ne J. JOHN Tiffany l. MCINTOSH Michael.l. avery Timothy F. WRIGHT National.Institute for Mathematical.and Biol.gical.Synthesis University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996-3410 USA Department of Biol.gy New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM 88003USA USDA Wil.l.fe Services National Wildlife Research Center Gainesville FL 32641USA

Social.rel.tionships formed within a network of interacting group members can have a profound impact on an individual.s behavior and fitness. However, we have l.ttl. understanding of how individual. perceive their rel.tionships and how this perception rel.tes to our external.measures of interactions. We investigated the perception of affil.ative and agonistic rel.tionships at both the dyadic and emergent social.l.vel. in two captive groups of monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus,n =21 and 19) using social.network anal.sis and pl.yback experiments. At the dyadic social.scal., individual. directed l.ss aggression towards their strong affil.ative partners and more aggression towards non-partner neighbors.At the emergent social.scal., there was no association between rel.tionships in different social.contexts and an individual.s dominance rank did not correl.te with its popul.rity rank. Pl.yback response patterns were mainl. driven by rel.tionships in affil.ative social.contexts at the dyadic scal.. In both groups, individual.responses to pl.yback experiments were significantl. affected by strong affil.ative rel.tionships at the dyadic social.scal., al.eit in different directions in the two groups. Response patterns were al.o affected by affil.ative rel.tionships at the emergent social.scal., but onl. in one of the two groups. Within affil.ative rel.tionships, those at the dyadic social.scal. were perceived by individual. in both groups, but those at the emergent social.scal. onl. affected responses in one group. These resul.s provide prel.minary evidence that rel.tionships in affil.ative social.contexts may be perceived as more important than agonistic rel.tionships in captive monk parakeet groups. Our approach coul. be used in a wide range of social.species and comparative anal.ses coul. provide important insight into how individual. perceive rel.tionships across social.contexts and social.scal.s.

关键词：社会背景鹦鹉社会环境群体感知社会等级网络分析合作伙伴社会关系

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The aggressive invasion of exotic reptil.s in Fl.rida with a focus on prominent species： A review

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Current Zool.gy 2011年第5期57卷 599-612页

作者： Richard ENGEMAN El.iott JACOBSON Michael.l. avery Wal.er E. MESHAKA, Jr. USDA/APHIS/Wil.l.fe Services/National.Wil.l.fe Research Ctr 4101 LaPorte Ave. Fort Collins CO 80521-2154 USA Col.ege of Veterinary Medicine University of Fl.rida Gainesville FL 32610 USA USDA/APHIS/Wil.l.fe Services/National.Wil.l.fe Research Ctr 2820 East University Ave. Gainesville FL 32641 USA The State Museum of Pennsyl.ania 300 North Street Harrisburg Pennsylvania 17120 USA

Fl.rida, al.ng with Hawaii, has among the two worst invasive species probl.ms in the USA, and the state is especial.y susceptibl. to establ.shment by al.en reptil.s. Besides the l.rge numbers of establ.shed non-native reptil. species in Fl.rida, many of these species present novel.difficul.ies for management, or have other characteristics making effective management extremel. chal.enging. Moreover, initiation of management action requires more than recognition by experts that a potential.y harmful.species has become establ.shed. It al.o requires the pol.tical.wil. al.ng with concomitant resources and appropriate personnel.to devel.p effective methods and appl. them. We review the situation in Fl.rida, incl.ding assessment of risk for establ.shment, and we use a subset of prominent species to il.ustrate in more detail.the array of invasive reptil. species circumstances in Fl.rida, incl.ding routes of introduction, impacts, and potential.and impl.mented management actions. These exampl.s not onl. highl.ght the severity of the invasive reptil. probl.ms in the state, but they al.o show the diversity in resol.e and response towards them and the motivating factors.

关键词：佛罗里达州爬行动物物种入侵突出管理操作情调物种问题有害物种

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Mal. Burmese pythons fol.ow femal. scent trail. and show sex-specific behaviors

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Integrative Zool.gy 2019年第5期14卷 460-469页

作者： Shannon A.RICHARD Eric A.TIl.MAN John S.HUMPHREY Michael.l.avery M.Rockwel. PARKER Department of Biol.gy James Madison UniversityHarrisonburgVirginiaUSA National.Wil.l.fe Research Center Florida Field StationU.S.Department of AgricultureGainesvilleFloridaUSA

Animal. communicate with potential.mates using species-specific signal.,and pheromones are powerful.sexual.signal. that modify conspecific behavior to facil.tate mate l.cation.Among the vertebrates,snakes are especial.y adept in mate searching via chemical.trail.ng,which is particul.rl. rel.vant given that many snake species are invasive outside their native ranges.Chemical.signal. used in mate choice are,thus,potential.y val.abl. tool. for management of invasive snake species.The Burmese python(Python bivittatus)is an invasive snake in the Fl.rida Evergl.des where it is negativel. impacting native fauna.In this study,we sought to:(i)determine if mal.s can fol.ow conspecific chemical.trail. in a Y-maze;and(ii)describe the mate searching behaviors exhibited by mal.s whil. trail.ng.Al. mal.s consistentl. fol.owed a singl. femal. scent trail.in the maze,but when onl. a mal. scent trail.was present they did not discriminate between the mal. and bl.nk arms.Rate of tongue-fl.cking,a proxy for chemosensory sampl.ng,was al.o marginal.y higher when mal.s were fol.owing femal. versus mal. scent trail..However,when both femal. and mal. scent trail. were simul.aneousl. present in the Y-maze,mal.s did not show a preference for the femal. arm,al.hough the tongue-fl.ck rate was higher in the femal.-onl. trial.compared to femal. versus mal..Anal.ses of mul.ipl. mal. behaviors individual.y and using an ethogram reveal.d that behaviors were more frequent and compl.x in the femal.-onl. trial. compared to mal.-onl. trial..Additional.behavioral.trial. are needed to determine if an effective pheromonal.approach to Burmese python management is possibl..

关键词： chemical.ecol.gy invasive species pheromone snake trail.ng

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Environmental.temperatures,physiol.gy and behavior l.mit the range expansion of invasive Burmese pythons in southeastern USA

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Integrative Zool.gy 2012年第3期7卷 271-285页

作者： El.iott R.JACOBSON David G.BARKER Tracy M.BARKER Richard MAUl.IN Michael.l.avery Richard ENGEMAN Stephen SECOR Col.ege of Veterinary Medicine University of FloridaGainesvilleFlorida Vida Preciosa International.VPI) BoerneTexas US Department of Agricul.ure Wildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Research CenterFort CollinsColorado US Department of Agricul.ure Wildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Research CenterGainesvilleFlorida Department of Biol.gical.Sciences University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA

A wel.-establ.shed popul.tion of Burmese pythons resides in the Evergl.des of southern Fl.rida.Prompted in part by a report that identified much of southern USA as suitabl. habitat for expansion or establ.shment of the Burmese python,we examined the pl.usibil.ty of this snake to survive winters at sites north of the Evergl.des.We integrated dail. l.w and high temperatures recorded from October to February from 2005-2011 at Homestead,Orl.ndo and Gainesvil.e,Fl.rida;and Aiken,South Carol.na,with minimum temperatures projected for python digestion(16℃),activity(5℃)and survival.0℃).Mean l.w and high temperatures decreased northward from Homestead to Aiken and the number of days of freezing temperatures increased northward.Digestion was impaired or inhibited for 2 months in the Evergl.des and up to at l.ast 5 months in Aiken,and activity was increasingl. l.mited northward during these months.Reports of overwinter survivorship document that a singl. bout of l.w and freezing temperatures resul.s in python death.The capacity for Burmese pythons to successful.y overwinter in more temperate regions of the USA is seemingl. prohibited because they l.ck the behaviors to seek refuge from,and the physiol.gy to tol.rate,col. temperatures.As tropical.Southeast Asia is the source of the Evergl.des Burmese pythons,we predict it is unl.kel. that they wil. be abl. to successful.y expand to or col.nize more temperate areas of Fl.rida and adjoining states due to their l.ck of behavioral.and physiol.gical.traits to seek refuge from col. temperatures.

关键词： ambient temperature Burmese python invasion snake thermal.tol.rance

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Invasive bl.ck spiny-tail.d iguanas(Ctenosaura simil.s)on Gasparil.a Isl.nd,Fl.rida,USA

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Integrative Zool.gy 2014年第5期9卷 590-597页

作者： Michael.l.avery Eric A.TIl.MAN Conny SPURFEl. Richard M.ENGEMAN Kel.n P.MACIEJEWSKI Jessica D.BROWN Emil. A.FETZER United States Department of Agricul.ure Wildlife Services(USDA-WS)National Wildlife Research CenterFlorida Field StationGainesvilleFloridaUSA USDA-WS GainesvilleFloridaUSA USDA-WS National Wildlife Research CenterFort CollinsColorado USA Berryman Institute Mississippi State UniversityStarkvilleMississippiUSA

The native range of Ctenosaura simil.s extends from southern Mexico through Panama. From an initial.introduction of 3 animal. in 1979, the species now numbers in the thousands on Gasparil.a Isl.nd in southwest Fl.rida. In response to compl.ints of property damage from residents and threats to native species, l.cal.official. and the US Department of Agricul.ure Wil.l.fe Services began a removal.program in 2008. Through 2011, trappers removed 9467 ctenosaurs. The number removed decl.ned from 32 iguanas/day in 2008 to 1.9 iguanas/day in 2011 despite no easing of the control.effort. We necropsied 2757 ctenosaurs to document aspects of their natural.history. Femal.s outnumbered mal.s overal., al.hough the l.rgest size cl.ss (>300 mm snout-vent l.ngth) incl.ded 32 mal.s and just 2 femal.s. Reproduction was seasonal. We found oviducal.eggs in femal.s from earl. Apr to earl. Jun, approximatel. 2 months l.ter than C. simil.s in its native range. We trapped hatchl.ngs from l.te Jul.to earl. Oct coincident with the summer rainy season. Cl.tch size increased with femal. body size, with 62 being the l.rgest cl.tch size recorded. In general. the biol.gy of the invasive popul.tion on Gasparil.a Isl.nd resembl.s native C. simil.s popul.tions in Central.America, except for the l.ck of l.rge individual.. We suggest that shorter day l.ngth and col.er temperatures create environmental.conditions that are suboptimal.for individual.growth compared to those in the native range.

关键词： Ctenosaura simil.s Fl.rida invasive reptil. popul.tion control spiny-tail.d iguana

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Continuous conversion of methanol.to higher hydrocarbons at ambient pressure

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Journal.of Natural.Gas Chemistry 2010年第5期19卷 461-462页

作者： Wil.iam W.Porterfiel. Gordon M.Zrel.k l.avery Moncure Matthew D.Huff Hampden-Sydney Col.ege Pennsyl.ania State University University Park UNC-Charl.tte

An iodozincate ionic l.quid sol.ent and catal.st is used to convert methanol.continuousl. to a wide variety of hydrocarbons at atmospheric pressure.

关键词： methanol.conversion zinc iodide hydrocarbon formation

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