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Effects of Fermented Nori (Pyropia yezoensis) Seaweed Liquid Fertilizers on Growth Characteristics, Nutrient Uptake, and Iodine Content of Komatsuna (Brassica rapaL.) Cultivated in Soil

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第11期9卷 2227-2243页

作者： Seinn Moh Moh Kyi moe Yasumasa Obo Shiniti Obo aung zaw Htwe Takeo Yamakawa Laboratory of Plant Nutrition Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan MANAAKI Co. Ltd. Saga Japan Laboratory of Plant Nutrition Division of Molecular Biosciences Department of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan

We investigated the effects of fermented nori (Pyropia yezoensis) liquid fertilizers on plant growth, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values, and nutrient uptake of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. wakana komatsuna) plants. The four types of fermented nori seaweed liquid fertilizers (SLFs) evaluated in this study were prepared by anaerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF1), aerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF2), anaerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF3), and aerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF4). In Experiment 1, the highest plant growth, SPAD, and nutrient uptake values were obtained from treatment with SLF2 and SLF4. There were no significant differences between the effects of basal and foliar application of SLFs, except for iodine (I) content;plants treated with SLF1 had the highest I content. In Experiment 2, plant growth and nutrient uptake decreased with higher concentrations of SLFs. Plants treated with 25% SLF2 + 75% chemical fertilizer (CF) or 25% SLF4 + 75% CF exhibited significantly higher plant growth and nutrient uptake. The highest I content resulted from treatment with 75% SLF1 + 25% CF or 100% SLF1. Taken together, our results showed that 25% SLF + 75% CF produced the best plant growth characteristics, nutrient uptake, and I content relative to the controls. Therefore, basal application of these liquid organic fertilizers can be used to increase productivity, nutrient uptake, and I content and to reduce nitrate-nitrogen content in komatsuna production.

关键词： Nori Komatsuna Basal and Foliar Application Plant Growth Nutrient Uptake I Content

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Effects of Fermented Nori (Pyropia yezoensis) Liquid Fertilizer on Plant Growth Characteristics and Nutrient Content of Komatsuna (Brassica rapaL. var. Wakana Komatsuna) Cultivated in Vermiculite

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第8期9卷 1601-1617页

作者： Seinn Moh Moh Kyi moe Yasumasa Obo Shiniti Obo aung zaw Htwe Takeo Yamakawa Laboratory of Plant Nutrition Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Kyu-shu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki Higashi-ku Fukuoka Japan MANAAKI Co. Ltd. 4-28 Imajuku-machi Saga Japan Laboratory of Plant Nutrition Division of Molecular Biosciences Department of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University 6-10-1 Hakozaki Higashi-ku Fukuoka Japan

We conducted plant growth experiments in microbe-free vermiculite to study the effects of four types of fermented seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) made from nori (Pyropia yezoensis) seaweed on the germination, plant growth characteristics, SPAD value, and nutrient content and uptake of komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. wakana komatsuna). The four types of fermented nori SLF used in this study were prepared by anaerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF1), aerobic fermentation of unwashed nori (SLF2), anaerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF3), and aerobic fermentation of washed nori (SLF4). Komatsuna seeds treated with 200-, 300-, and 400-fold dilutions of SLFs exhibited improved relative germination ratios (RGRs) at 3 and 4 days after sowing (DAS). At 4 DAS, the RGRs of seeds treated with 10-, 100-, 200-, 300-, and 400-fold SLF dilutions showed no differential effect. Seeds treated with undiluted SLFs did not germinate by 4 DAS. SLF1 may promote komatsuna seed germination. The nitrogen (N), calcium, magnesium, sodium (Na), and iodine (I) contents of plants treated with SLF1 were significantly increased relative to plants treated with the other SLFs. Moreover, the I and Na contents of plants were significantly increased by foliar spray application of different dilutions of SLF1. However, SLF treatment markedly reduced the shoot dry weight compared with 1/2-strength modified Hoagland nutrient (MHN) solution, although the same amounts of N and K were applied. SPAD values of the plants treated with SLFs were significantly higher than those of plants treated with MHN. Foliar treatment with SLFs had no significant effect on plant growth, SPAD value, or uptake of nutrients (except Na) relative to the control, but the I content was increased. Plants treated with SLF1 and SLF2 exhibited the highest Na uptake. Foliar spray treatments with SLF1 resulted in the highest I contents in plants. Based on our results, SLF1 is suitable for use as a liquid fertilizer to promote germi

关键词： Nori (Pyropia yezonensis) Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L) Aerobic and Anaerobic Fermentation Basal and Foliar Application Macro-Nutrient Content I Content

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Different challenges,different approaches and related expenditures of communitybased tuberculosis activities by international non-governmental organizations in Myanmar

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 506-513页

作者： Wai Wai Han Saw Saw Petros Isaakidis Mohammed Khogali Anthony Reid Nguyen Hoa Ko Ko zaw Si Thu aung Department of Medical Research Ministry of Health and SportsNo 5Ziwaka RoadDagon Township11191 YangonMyanmar Mddecins sans Frontieres Operational Research UnitLuxembourg cityLuxembourg Centre for Operational Research International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung DiseaseParisFrance National Tuberculosis Programme Ministry of Health and SportsNay Pyi TawMyanmar National Tuberculosis Programme HanoiVietnam

Background:International non-governmental organizations(INGOs)have been implementing community-based tuberculosis(TB)care(CBTBC)in Myanmar since *** the National TB Programme(NTP)ultimately plans to take over CBTBC,there have been no evaluations of the models of care or of the costs of providing CBTBC in Myanmar by ***:This was a descriptive study using routinely-collected programmatic and financial data from four INGOs during 2013 and 2014,adjusted for *** analysis was performed from the provider *** for sputum examination were not included as it was provided free of charge by *** calculated the average cost per year of each programme and cost per patient completing ***:Four INGOs assisted the NTP by providing CBTBC in areas where access to TB services was *** INGO faced different issues in their contexts and responded with a diversity of *** total costs ranged from US$140754 to US$550221 during the study *** cost per patient completing treatment ranged from US$215 to US$1076 for new cases and US$354 to US$1215 for retreatment cases,depending on the targeted area and the package of services *** INGO appeared less costly,more sustainable and patient oriented than ***:This study revealed a wide variety of models of care and associated costs for implementing CBTBC in diverse and challenging populations and contexts in ***,we recommend a more comprehensive evaluation,including development of a cost model,to estimate the costs of scaling up CBTBC country-wide,and cost-effectiveness studies,to best inform the NTP as it prepares to takeover CBTBC activities from *** awaiting evidence from these studies,model of CBTBC that have higher sustainability potential and allocate more resources to patient-centered care should be given priority support.

关键词： Operational research Cost Sustainability Budget allocation

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Socioeconomic and behavioural determinants of malaria among the migrants in gold mining,rubber and oil palm plantation areas in Myanmar

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 1262-1269页

作者： Htin zaw Soe aung Thi Ni Ni Aye University of Community Health MagwayMyanmar Department of Public Health Vector-borne Disease Control Programnay Pyi TawMyanmar

Background:Malaria is a major public health problem in *** populations are at high risk of contracting malaria and its control is more difficult than for settled *** on malaria and migration are rare in *** study was undertaken with the main objective of identifying socioeconomic and behavioural determinants of malaria among the migrant workers involved in gold mining,rubber and oil palm ***:A cross-sectional analytic study was conducted using pretested interview-administered questionnaires among internal migrants(n=406)in the malaria endemic townships of Shwegyin,Bago Region,Thanbyuzayat,Mon State and Kawthaung,Taninthayi Region from August to November,*** were collected by well-trained Basic Health Staff members in study areas,and then analysed by SPSS version 16.0 using Chi-square tests with significant level at ***:Majority of participants were male,Bahmar nationals,married and with primary basic education level and *** mean duration of migratory work was 4.51 years.43.1%of them gave definite previous history of malaria within last two years during migration.92.9%(377/406)of them always used bed *** determinants found were male gender(OR=1.84,95%CI:1.22-2.77;P=0.0040),habit of going out at dawn(OR=2.36,95%CI:1.58-3.52;P<0.001),usual sleeping indoors(OR=2.14,95%CI:1.04-4.42;P=0.036),torn bed net or net with large hole(s)(OR=2.0,95%CI:1.21-3.3;P=0.006),habit of not always sleeping under a bed net at night(OR=2.02,95%CI:1.15-3.52;P=0.014),alcohol drinking(OR=2.71,95%CI:1.73-4.26;P<0.001)and failure to attend malaria health talk(OR=1.78,95%CI:1.2-2.65;P=0.004).Conclusions:The present study highlighted that it is warranted to launch an effective health education programme for malaria,and to encourage the proper use of insecticide-treated bed nets,blankets and/or mufflers and mosquito repellents to reduce the occurrence of malaria among the migrants.

关键词： Malaria Determinants Migrant Myanmar

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Participation of private general practitioners in disease management of malaria in Myanmar

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2009年第5期2卷 71-76页

作者： Thein Tun zaw Win Tun Hla Soe Tint Khin Lin Thar Tun Kyaw moe Kyaw Myint Department of Medical Research(Upper Myanmar) AnisakhanPyin Oo Lwin 05062Mandalay DivisionMyanmar VBDC Divisional Office 35th StreetMandalayMyanmar

Objective:Myanmar has been trying to improve the disease management of malaria through public health services. The involvement of private general practitioners(GPs) is recognized as one of the key contributory issues in malaria control,but no one has yet made an attempt to study the efficiency of their *** study aimed to assess the participation of GPs in improvement of disease ***:The study was conducted with all 32 GPs practicing at three randomly selected townships with high malaria load situated in Upper Myanmar from June 2006 to March 2007 using a pretest-posttest design to assess their knowledge of the disease management prior to and after *** intervention package consisted of a one-day workshop on diagnosis and treatment of malaria and the supply of facilities for *** filled in before and after tests were compared to assess the change of knowledge after the *** and treatment practice during the study period was analysed by review of registers kept by GPs,together with a follow-up survey of their patients for the reliability of ***:An overall improvement of knowledge was observed and significant changes were apparent for three variables:the criteria for referral of severe malaria,the effect of incomplete treatment and recommended treatment of Plasmodium ***-test results showed that only 65.6%of GPs perceived microscopy or Rapid Diagnostic Test kits(RDTs) for confirmation of malaria necessary,while only 15.6%and 40.6%of the GPs knew the recommended treatments of falciparum and vivax malaria,respectively. However,after intervention 92%of the patients were diagnosed as malaria by RDTs and 3%by microscopy throughout the *** GPs prescribed artemisinin-based combination therapy(ACTs) to 95%of confirmed falciparum cases and treated 82.4%of RDT confirmed falciparum negatives with chloroquine and *** with our study,an international NGO,Population Service In

关键词： Malaria Myanmar Private health services Disease management Private general practitioners

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Incompatible Nodulation of Bradyrhizobium elkaniiStrains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1 with Rj3 Gene-Harboring Soybean Cultivars

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第2期8卷 178-190页

作者： aung zaw Htwe Takeo Yamakawa Laboratory of Plant Nutrition Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan Department of Agronomy Yezin Agricultural University Yezin Naypyitaw Myanmar

Bradyrhizobia are known symbiotic partners of soybean. However, some soybean cultivars restrict nodulation by some Bradyrhizobium bacterial strains. These restrictions are related to compatibility between the Rj genes of soybean cultivars and nodulation types of inoculated bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine nodulation incompatibility of Type B strains with Rj3 soybean cultivars. Newly isolated B. elkanii strains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1 from Myanmar and specific strain Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA33, which are incompatible with Rj3 soybean cultivars, and B. japonicum USDA110 were used as inoculants to check compatibility or incompatibility with Rj3 soybean cultivars. Nitrogen fixation activity was measured by the acetylene reduction method. Ethylene concentration (reduction of acetylene) was determined by flame ionization gas chromatography. According to the inoculation test results, USDA110 was compatible with all soybean cultivars because it formed effective nodules (Figure S1 in Appendix) and possessed nitrogenase activity. Similarly, B. elkanii strains BLY3-8, BLY6-1, and USDA33 were highly compatible with non-Rj and Rj4-gene harboring soybean cultivars because they had the ability to form functional nodules and possessed nitrogenase activity. Inversely, BLY3-8, BLY6-1, and USDA33 were incompatible with Rj3 soybean cultivars because they produced ineffective nodules. Consequently, the ratio of ineffective nodule number to total nodule number was >0.5. Therefore, nodule formation by the newly isolated B. elkanii strains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1 was restricted by the Rj3 soybean cultivars potentially making them useful as specific strains to detect the Rj3 gene in soybean cultivars.

关键词： Bradyrhizobium elkanii Nodulation Incompatibility Rj3 Soybean

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Observed characteristics of flow,water mass,and turbulent mixing in the Preparis Channel

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2023年第2期42卷 83-93页

作者： Ruijie Ye Feng Zhou Xiao Ma Dingyong Zeng Feilong Lin Hongliang Li Chenggang Liu Soe moe Lwin Hlaing Swe Win Soe Pyae aung State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics Second Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesHangzhou310012China School of Oceanography Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China Geology Department Dagon UniversityYangon11422Myanmar National Analytical Laboratory Department of Research Innovation Ministry of EducationYangon11061Myanmar Port and Harbour Engineering Department Myanmar Maritime UniversityYangon11293Myanmar

Preparis Channel is the very important exchange path of energy and materials between the northern Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea(AS).A set of hydrographic measurements,a microstructure profiler,and a deep mooring were used to determine the characteristics of water masses,turbulent mixing,and flows in the Preparis *** unprecedented short-term mooring data reveal that a deep current in the deep narrow passage(below 400 m)of the Preparis Channel flows toward the Bay of Bengal(BoB)with a mean along-stream velocity of 25.26 cm/s at depth of 540 m;above the deep current,there are a relatively weak current flows toward the AS with a mean along-stream velocity of 15.46 cm/s between 500 m and 520 m,and another weak current flows toward the BoB between 430 m and 500 ***,a sandwiched vertical structure of deep currents(below 400 m)is present in the Preparis *** volume transport below 400 m is 0.06 Sv(1 Sv=106 m^(3)/s)from the AS to the *** the upper layer(shallower than 300 m),the sea water of the AS is relatively warmer and fresher than that in the BoB,indicating a strong exchange through the *** profiler observations reveal that the turbulent diffusivity in the upper layer of the Preparis Channel reaches O(10−4 m^(2)/s),one order larger than that in the interior of the BoB and over the continental slope of the northern *** speculate that energetic high-mode internal tides in the Preparis Channel contribute to elevated turbulent *** addition,a local“hotspot”of turbidity is identified at the deep mooring site,at depth of about 100 m,which corresponds to the location of elevated turbulent mixing in the Preparis Channel.

关键词： deep flow turbulent mixing water mass Preparis Channel

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The contribution of a non-governmental organisation’s Community Based Tuberculosis Care Programme to case finding in Myanmar:trend over time

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2017年第1期6卷 449-454页

作者： Htet Myet Win Maung Saw Saw Petros Isaakidis Mohammed Khogali Anthony Reid Nguyen Binh Hoa Ko Ko zaw Saw Thein Si Thu aung National Tuberculosis Programme Ministry of Health and SportsZabuthiri townshipPostcode 15011 Nay Pyi TawMyanmar Department of Medical Research Ministry of Health and SportsYangonMyanmar Medecins Sans Frontieres Operational Research UnitMSF-LuxembourgLuxembourgLuxembourg National Tuberculosis Programme HanoiVietnam Centre for Operational Research International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung DiseaseParisFrance

Background:It is estimated that the standard,passive case finding(PCF)strategy for detecting cases of tuberculosis(TB)in Myanmar has not been successful:26%of cases are ***,alternative strategies,such as active case finding(ACF)by community volunteers,have been initiated since *** study aimed to assess the contribution of a Community Based TB Care Programme(CBTC)by local non-government organizations(NGOs)to TB case finding in Myanmar over 4 ***:This was a descriptive study using routine,monitoring *** data from the NGOs were sent to a central registry within the National TB Programme and data for this study were extracted from that *** from all 84 project townships in five regions and three states in Myanmar were *** project was launched in ***:Over time,the number of presumptive TB cases that were referred decreased,except in the Yangon Region,although in some areas,the numbers *** the same time,there was a trend for the proportion of cases treated,compared to those referred,that decreased over time(P=0.051).Overall,among 84 townships,the contribution of CBTC to total case detection deceased from 6%to 4%over time(P<0.001).Conclusions:Contrary to expectations and evidence from previous studies in other countries,a concerning reduction in TB case finding by local NGO volunteer networks in several areas in Myanmar was recorded over 4 *** suggests that measures to support the volunteer network and improve its performance are *** may include discussion with local NGOs human resources personnel,incentives for the volunteers,closer supervision of volunteers and improved monitoring and evaluation tools.

关键词： Operational research Community based tuberculosis care Contribution SORT IT

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Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen in Open Graded Wearing Course of Flexible Pavement

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Open Journal of Civil Engineering 2017年第2期7卷 165-176页

作者： moe aung Lwin Handojo Djati Utomo Samwoh R&D Centre Samwoh Corporation Pte Ltd. Singapore City Singapore School of Architecture and the Built Environment Civil Engineering Singapore Polytechnic Singapore City Singapore

Rapid road infrastructure development due to an increasing demand of car users resulted in an increase in paved areas including road sites and suppression of green spaces. An integrated solution that can support a country’s economic development without compromising water pollution is becoming inevitable. Recycling tyres in the form of crumb rubber tyres and mixing it into bituminous paving mixture can increase the recycling rate and minimize cost of incineration process. In dry mixing process, five (5) different variations of Open Graded Wearing (OGW) course road samples were made to make up 1.15 kg in each sample. Each OGW mix contained 4% - 6% bitumen Pen 60/ 70 and fixed 1% of crumb rubber tyres, making the percentage of crumb rubber tyres 14% - 20% of bituminous samples. Bitumen Pen 60/70 mixed with 20% crumb rubber tyres content met the PG 76 bitumen properties. Physical properties of OGW made from crumb rubber modified bitumen (CRMB) were better than standard bitumen only. In a separate water leachate test using ICP-OES equipment, heavy metal leachate of Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) were present in all OGW CRMB samples at increasing surrounding water temperature from 25℃ to 60℃. However all the heavy metal concentration was very low below the allowable limit of trade effluent standards into water course.

关键词： Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) Heavy Metal Leachate Open Graded Wearing Course (OGW) Water Pollution

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Urbanization,economic development,and environmental changes in transitional economies in the global south:a case of Yangon

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Ecological Processes 2022年第1期11卷 929-945页

作者： Peilei Fan Jiquan Chen Cadi Fung zaw Naing Zutao Ouyang Khaing moe Nyunt Zin Nwe Myint Jiaguo Qi Joseph P.Messina Soe W.Myint Brad G.Peter School of Planning Designand Construction and Center for Global Change and Earth ObservationsMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA Department of Geography Environmentand Spatial Sciences and Center for Global Change and Earth ObservationsMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI 48824USA Department of Geography University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAL 35487USA Mandalay Technology YangonMyanmar Earth System Science Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA Yangon City Development Committee YangonMyanmar Yangon University YangonMyanmar College of Arts and Sciences University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAL 35487USA School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning Arizona State UniversityTempeAZ 85287-5302USA Department of Geosciences University of ArkansasFayettevilleAR 72701PUSA

Background:Transitional economies in Southeast Asia—a distinct group of developing countries—have experienced rapid urbanization in the past several decades due to the economic transition that fundamentally changed the function of their economies,societies and the ***,one of the least developed transitional economies in Southeast Asia,increased urbanization substantially from 25%in 1990 to 31%in ***,major knowledge gaps exist in understanding the changes in urban land use and land cover and environment and their drivers in its ***:We studied Yangon,the largest city in Myanmar,for the urbanization,environmental changes,and the underlying driving forces in a radically transitioned economy in the developing *** on satellite imagery and historic land use maps,we quantified the expansion of urban built-up land and constructed the land conversion matrix from 1990 through *** also used three air pollutants to illustrate the changes in environmental *** analyzed the coupled dynamics among urbanization,economic development,and environmental *** conducting a workshop with 20 local experts,we further analyzed the influence of human systems and natural systems on Yangon’s urbanization and ***:The city of Yangon expanded urban built-up land rapidly from 1990 to 2000,slowed down from 2000 to 2010,but gained momentum again from 2010 to 2020,with most newly added urban built-up land appearing to be converted from farmland and green land in both 1990–2000 and 2010–***,the air pollutant concen-tration of CO decreased,but that of NO_(2)and PM_(2.5)increased in recent years.A positive correlation exists between population and economic development and the concentration of PM_(2.5)is highly associated with population,the economy,and the number of ***,the expert panel also identified other potential drivers for urbanization,including the extreme climate event of Cyclone Nargi

关键词： Urbanization Economic development Environmental change Transitional economy Globalization Extreme climate event Capital relocation Myanmar

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