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Management and mitigation of health risks associated with the occurrence of mycotoxins along the maize value chain in two counties in Kenya

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Food Quality and Safety 2017年第4期1卷 268-274页

作者： E.K.Kang’ethe H.Korhonen K.A.Marimba G.Nduhiu J.K.Mungatu S.A.Okoth V.Joutsjoki L.W.wamae P.Shalo Department of Public Health Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of NairobiNairobiKenya Natural Resources institute Finland LUKEJokioinenF1-31600 JokioinenFinland Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology NairobiKenya School of Biological Sciences University of Nairobi00100 Nairobi Kenya Kenya Agriculture Livestock Research OrganizationNairobiKenya Department of Dairy Science Egerton UniversityNjoroEgertonKenya

Aflatoxins and fumonisins are two mycotoxins that are prevalent in *** toxins have associated and causal health effects in humans and *** formed in the substrates,the toxins are not easily *** preferred mitigation is to prevent contamination of the cereals and animal source *** this paper we set out to examine the practices of the farmers in two counties(Nandi and Makueni)in Kenya which exacerbates aflatoxin contamination and the government steps to address the issue in the agriculture and livestock *** practices identified in Nandi and Makueni,respectively,included seed varieties where 19.3%and 56%are using local varieties;use of soil amendments where 5.8%and 181%are not using any amendments;crop rotation where 54.6%and 60.5%are not practicing crop rotation;22.7%and 37.5%are using wrong drying methods;and 53%and 77.1%are using poor threshing *** Kenya government is subsidizing fertilizers,seeds,increasing areas under irrigation,and providing extension services to build capacity of farmers to mitigate aflatoxin *** paper examines also the cultural practices in land preparation,tillage,crop rotation,drying,sorting at farm,and proper storage as better alternative practices for easy adoption that would,if adopted,lead to a decrease in aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination and therefore reduce household *** agricultural practices should be a prerequisite for the adoption of other aflatoxin control technologies.

关键词： Aflatoxins Fumonisins Contamination Maize value chains Mitigations Kenya.

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Edge and Core impurity Transport Study With Spectroscopic instruments in LHD

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Plasma Science and Technology 2009年第4期11卷 402-408页

作者： Shigeru MORiTA Motoshi GOTO Masahiro KOBAYASHi Sadatsugu MUTO Malay Bikas CHOWDHURi 董春凤周航宇崔正英 Keisuke FUJii Akihiro FURUZAWA Masahiro HASUO atsush.i wamae 揭银先 Mohammed KOUBiTi ikuya SAKURAi Yuzuru TAWARA 万宝年吴振伟 Naohiro YAMAGUCHi National institute for Fusion Science Department of Fusion Science Graduate University for Advanced Studies Southwestern institute of Physics Department of Engineering Physics Kyoto University EcoTopia Science institute Nagoya University institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences PiiM University of Province Physics Laboratory Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Toyama

impurity transport was investigated at both edge and core regions in large helical de- vice （LHD） with developed spectroscopic instruments which can measure one- and two-dimensional distributions of impurities. The edge impurity behavior was studied recently using four carbon resonant transitions in different ionization stages of Ciii （977A）, CiV （1548A）, CV （40.3A） and CVi （33.7A）. When the line-averaged electron density, ne, is increased from 1 to 6 × 10^13 cm-3, the ratio of （Ciii^CiV）/ne increases while the ratio of （CV＋CVi）/ne decreases. Here, Ciii^CiV （CV＋CVi） expresses the sum of Ciii （CV） and CiV （CVi） intensities. The Ciii＋CiV indicates the carbon influx and the CV＋CVi indicates the emissions through the transport in the ergodic layer. The result thus gives experimental evidence on the impurity screening by the ergodic layer in LHD, which is also supported by a three-dimensional edge particle simulation. The core impu- rity behavior is also studied in high-density discharges （ne 〈 1 × 10^15 cm 3） with multi H2-pellets injection. it is found that the ratio of V/D （V： convection velocity, D： diffusion coefficient） decreases after pellet injection and Zeff profile shows a flat one at values of 1.1,-1.2. These results confirm no impurity accumulation occurs in high-density discharges. As a result, the iron density, rife, is analyzed to be 6 × 10^-7（=- nFe/ne） of which the amount can be negligible as radiation source even in such high-density discharges. One- and two-dimensional impurity distributions from space-resolved VUV and EUV spectrometers newly developed for further impurity transport study are also presented with their preliminary results.

关键词： impurity transport screening effect VUV spectroscopy

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Spectroscopic Studies on impurity Transport of Core and Edge Plasmas in LHD

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Plasma Science and Technology 2006年第1期8卷 55-60页

作者： Shigeru MORiTA Motoshi GOTO SadatsuguMUTO Ryuji KATAi Hisamichi YAMAZAKi Hideaki NOZATO Atsusllii wamae Makoto ATAKE Takashi FUJiMOTO atsushi SAKAUE Hiroaki NiSHiMURA ikuya SAKURAi Chiho MATSUMOTO Akihiro FURUZAWA Yuzuru TAWARA Mitsutoshi ARAMAKi Yuji OKUMURA Koichi SASAKi 龚先祖李建刚万宝年崔正英 National institute for Fusion Science Toki 509-5292Japan Department of Fusion Science Graduate University for Advanced StudiesToki 509-5292Japan National institute of Advanced industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba 305-8563Japan Department of Engineering Physics Kyoto UniversityKyoto 606-8502Japan institute of Laser Engineering Osaka UniversityOsaka 565-0871Japan Eco Topia Science institute Nagoya UniversityNagoya 464-8603Japan Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Nagoya UniversityNagoya 464-8603Japan institute of Plasma Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesHefei 230031China Southwestern institute of Physics Chengdu 610041China

Spectroscopic diagnostics have been extensively developed for studies of impurity and neutral particle transports at core and edge plasmas in LHD. Diagnostics of core plasmas are similar to a tokamak case, i.e., Zeff from visible bremsstrahlung, K-x-ray measurements from xray spectroscopy using Si（Li） detectors and a compact crystal spectrometer, and high-Z impurity diagnostics from VUV spectroscopy using a flat-field EUV spectrometer. A combination of impurity pellet injection and visible bremsstrahlung is an active tool for determination of the diffusion coeffici＇ent D and convective velocity V. Using this tool the spatial structures of D and V are obtained and discussed with a neoclassical effect. On the other hand, the spectroscopic method for edge diagnostics is considerably different from the tokamak case because of the existence of a thick ergodic layer in addition to the z-points necessarily included into the diagnostic chord view. in order to break this negative situation, Zeeman and polarization spectroscopy are adopted to LHD edge plasmas. As a result, 2-dimensional emission contours of Hei and Ha are successfully obtained. Laser absorption spectroscopy is tried to measure hydrogen neutrals directly. Radial profiles of edge impurities are also measured with a mirror-assembled 3 m VUV spectrometer. Recent results of and progress in LHD spectroscopy are briefly reviewed.

关键词： impurity transport plasma spectroscopy hydrogen neutral

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