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Strigolactones redefine plant hormones

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2016年第10期59卷 1083-1085页

作者： Lu Wang Steven M.smith School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of sciences

A commonly accepted view of plant growth hormones is that their interaction with the cognate receptor protein is reversible, so that each hormone molecule can potentially interact multiple times with a receptor and so either amplify the hormone signal or maintain it over an extended period of time. The signal can be ＇cancelled＇ by degrading the hormone. Strigolactones present us with a potentially new paradigm. The receptor is a serine hydrolase-type protein which attacks the strigolactone resulting in covalent modi- fication of the receptor, while at the same time destroying the hormone. Strigolactone is apparently a one-use ＇dispos- able＇ hormone.

关键词：植物激素受体蛋白定义植物生长激素相互作用激素信号酸水解

SUSTAINABILITY OF AN INDUSTRY:GREEN BUILDINGS AND GREEN EVENTS

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Journal of Green Building 2009年第2期4卷 63-89页

作者： Lindsay smith Colorado Convention Center

INTRODUCTION The concept of sustainability is used to represent several different ideas and notions as they relate to environmental conservation or ***,for the purposes of this article we will be referring to the concept of sustainability as defi ned by the World Commission on Environment and Development,2 which defi nes sustainable as“Activities that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

关键词： consciousness sustainable conservation

Embankment dam foundation analysis for the decrease of internal erosion likelihood

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2012年第4期6卷 431-436页

作者： Marc smith Hydro Québec 75 René-LévesqueWest MontrealCanada

A zoned embankment dam is founded on clay underlain by a sand *** seepage phenomena were noticed in the foundation downstream from the dam where the vertical seepage forces in the sand layer were expected to exceed the downward forces due to the overlying *** technologies were applied to delineate critical zones to help design optimal rehabilitation measures.A global electromagnetic survey was carried out to detect and map the main sources,pathways and exits of *** on these global findings,a more detailed analysis was then conducted to identify zones where thickness of the foundation clay is minimal,pore pressures in sand are higher and thus where the factor of safety against uplift is lower and internal erosion is more likely to *** thickness evaluation required the determination of land surface as well as clay-sand contact elevations.A laser airborne survey was performed to model the land surface *** concerning the clay-sand contact elevation came from the interpreted stratigraphy based on a series of boreholes and cone penetration *** data was combined in a geostatistical model along with the measured piezometric levels in the *** resulted in a contour map showing factors of safety against uplift over the entire downstream *** use of modern technologies,namely electromagnetic and laser surveys as well as geostatistical tools,was instrumental in defining the limits of an otherwise spread-out problem and to provide an optimal solution,in terms of costs and effectiveness,for the long-term stabilization of the foundation.

关键词： seepage detection geostatistical analysis dam monitoring internal erosion LIDAR survey

Incidence of brain metastasis in patients with esophageal carcinoma

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2011年第19期17卷 2407-2410页

作者： Ron S smith Robert C Miller Department of Radiation Oncology Andreas Cancer Center-Mayo Health SystemMankatoMN 56002United States Department of Radiation Oncology Mayo ClinicRochesterMN 56002United States

AIM:To determine the incidence of brain metastasis in a contemporary group of patients with carcinoma of the ***:Retrospective analysis of 53 patients with esophageal carcinoma who received radiotherapy as a component of treatment between 1998 and 2007,including patient and tumor characteristics,and subsequent diagnosis of brain *** association between the histological type of esophageal cancer and the incidence of brain metastasis was assessed using Fisher's exact ***:Forty-four of the fifty-three patients in this study had adenocarcinoma and nine had squamous cell carcinoma,ranging from stage ⅡA-Ⅳ*** treatment was surgery with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (trimodality therapy) in 19% of patients;chemoradiotherapy in 42%;and surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy in 7%.Twenty-five percent of patients inthis study received palliative *** overall incidence of brain metastasis in this cohort was 13%.Adenocarcinoma was the primary tumor histology in all of the patients who developed brain metastasis,representing an incidence of 16% in this *** patients with squamous cell carcinoma received trimodality *** association between histology and brain metastasis was not statistically ***:The incidence of brain metastasis in this contemporary cohort of patients with esophageal carcinoma is higher than previously reported and was confined to those with adenocarcinoma.

关键词： Brain metastasis Esophageal carcinoma

The coexistence of Baird’s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) and indigenous hunters in northeastern Honduras

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Integrative Zoology 2012年第4期7卷 429-438页

作者： Marc DUNN Nereyda ESTRADA Derek A.smith Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Carleton UniversityOttawaOntarioCanada International Union for Conservation of Nature(IUCN)Honduras Tapir Specialist Group TegucigalpaHonduras

The Baird’s tapir(Tapirus bairdii)is a popular game species throughout Central America,particularly among in-digenous populations,and is currently *** on Miskitu hunting was conducted over 4 months in a remote region in northeastern Honduras that overlaps with the Río Plátano Biosphere *** hunting zone was mapped together with hunters and interviews were conducted with elders and other community mem-bers about tapir *** show that tapir harvesting is targeted toward specific habitats at specific times of *** rates for one year suggest that tapir hunting in the area exceeds estimates of maximum sustain-able ***,field surveys reveal the presence of tapir within 1 km of the community,and its harvest tends to be nearby,in both forested and agricultural landscapes,suggesting that the animal has not been depleted in the *** appears that the existence of forest areas adjacent to the hunting zone that do not experi-ence hunting,together with the anthropogenic habitats created through shifting cultivation,are factors that help explain the presence of tapirs in the *** article concludes with a discussion regarding the potential posi-tive role of indigenous hunters in tapir conservation throughout its distribution range.

关键词： Baird’s tapir Honduras indigenous hunting Miskitu Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve

Abnormal endogenous pain modulation and somatic and visceral hypersensitivity in female patients with irritable bowel syndrome

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2007年第27期13卷 3699-3704页

作者： Clive H Wilder-smith Joan Robert-Yap Brain-Gut Research Group Gastroenterology Group Practice Berne Switzerland Supported by the Brain-Gut Research Group Berne Switzerland

AIM： To investigate the role of endogenous pain modulatory mechanisms in the central sensitization implicated by the visceral hypersensitivity demonstrated in patients with irritable bowel syndrome （IBS）. Dysfunction of modulatory mechanisms would be expected to also result in changes of somatic sensory function. METHODS： Endogenous pain modulatory mechanisms were assessed using heterotopic stimulation and somatic and visceral sensory testing in IBS. Pain intensities （visual analogue scale, VAS 0-100） during suprathreshold rectal distension with a barostat, cold pressor stimulation of the foot and during both stimuli simultaneously （heterotopic stimulation） were recorded in 40 female patients with IBS and 20 female healthy controls. RESULTS： Rectal hypersensitivity （defined by 95% Cl of controls） was seen in 21 （53%）, somatic hypersensitivity in 22 （55%） and both rectal and somatic hypersensitivity in 14 of these IBS patients. Heterotopic stimulation decreased rectal pain intensity by 6 （-11 to -1） in controls, but increased rectal pain by 2 （-3 to ＋6） in all IBS patients （P 〈 0.05） and by 8 （-2 to ＋19） in IBS patients with somatic and visceral hypersensitivity （P 〈 0.02）. CONCLUSION： A majority of IBS patients had abnormal endogenous pain modulation and somatic hypersensitivity as evidence of central sensitization.

关键词： Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls Endogenous pain modulation Hypersensitivity Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quantitative sensory testing Visceral pain Sensitization

Early Warning Systems: Lost in Translation or Late by Definition? A FORIN Approach

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2019年第3期10卷 317-331页

作者： Irasema Alcántara-Ayala Anthony Oliver-smith Institute of Geography National Autonomous University of Mexico(UNAM)04510 Mexico CityMexico University of Florida GainesvilleFL 32611USA

Early warning systems(EWSs) are widely considered to be one of the most important mechanisms to prevent disasters around the globe. But as disasters continue to affect countries where EWSs have already been implemented, the striking disaster consequences have led us to reflect on the focus, architecture, and function of the warning systems. Since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami there has been a rapid rise in the promotion and use of EWSs to minimize disaster losses and damage. However,few researchers have addressed the question of their acceptability as an adaptive measure to the existing exposure conditions. EWSs are far more linked to emergency response and humanitarian crises and accepted technological interventions as solutions than they are to explicitly advance integrated analysis, disaster risk reduction, and policy making. A major flaw of EWSs is that the term‘‘early’’ has been essentially used in reference to the speed of hazard onset, founded on a physicalist perspective that has encouraged a considerable dependence on *** this article we address the need for a clear understanding of the root causes and risk drivers of disaster risk creation,as advanced in the FORIN(forensic investigation of disasters) approach, as a prerequisite for the development of more articulated EWSs that could contribute to disaster risk reduction through policy making and practice, based on integrated and transdisciplinary management, in the interest of sustainable development, and human welfare and well-being.

关键词： Disaster risk drivers Disaster root causes Early warning systems Forensic disaster investigations FORIN

The Role of Big Data and Machine Learning in the Integration and Implementation of Historical,Current,and Continuously Gathered Earth Data

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2019年第S1期93卷 56-58页

作者： Susan smith NASH American Association of Petroleum Geologists TulsaOklahoma 74119

We are faced with more challenges than ever with respect to the amount,variety,and sheer volume of earth *** only do we have data of many different ages and origins,we also have a wide variety of data,much of which has just been recently digitized,or is in a format that can cannot easily be integrated into algorithms,georeferenced data.

关键词： Big Data analytics machine learning deep learning artificial intelligence

New species and unexpected diversity of socially parasitic bees in the genus Inquilina Michener （Hymenoptera： Apoidea： Apidae）

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Insect Science 2009年第4期16卷 343-350页

作者： Jaclyn A. smith Michael P. Schwarz Flinders University School of Biological Sciences Adelaide South Austrafia Australia

Allodapine bees present particular problems for taxonomy due to a high level of morphological conservatism in adults, even between genera. However, this tribe of bees also presents a unique opportunity to explore the evolution of social parasitism because of the comparatively large number of origins of socially parasitic species. Morphological differences presented here, along with DNA sequence data and molecular phylogenetic analyses, indicate a much larger number of Australian social parasite species in the genus Inquilina than previously anticipated, and suggest that the final number of socially parasitic species may be considerable. We describe five new species and present sequence data that will help elucidate the delineation of further new species. Inquilina provides a unique opportunity to study the evolution of social parasitism in social insects, but further studies will need to encompass both population genetic and phylogenetic approaches.

关键词： Allodapine bee molecular phylogenetics social parasite