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Resolving Electron Mass Inconsistency Using Negative Mass

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Journal of Modern Physics 2022年第9期13卷 1287-1294页

作者： arlen young Independent Researcher Palo Alto CA USA

In a previous publication, the author discussed the electron mass and charge inconsistencies resulting from classical models. A model was proposed using classical equations and two opposite charges to resolve the charge inconsistency. The model proposed in that article is modified herein using classical equations to define a model that also resolves the mass inconsistency. The positive mass of the outer shell of the electron core is replaced with a negative mass. The small negatively-charged core at the center still has positive mass.

关键词： Classical Electron Model Electron Radius Electron Magnetic Dipole Moment Electron Spin Angular Momentum Negative Mass Electron Mass Inconsistency Electron Charge Inconsistency Particle Physics

Origin, Creation, and Splitting of the Electron

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Journal of Modern Physics 2023年第12期14卷 1563-1577页

作者： arlen young Independent Researcher Palo Alto CA USA

The author’s earlier papers proposed a model of the electron’s internal structure comprised of both positive and negative masses and charges. Their relation to the fine structure constant a was calculated in the author’s previous paper. In this paper, more details of the model of the electron’s internal structure, in particular the thicknesses of its outer shell mass and charge, are calculated. Magnetostriction of the electron’s surface is generated by the electron’s spinning surface charge. It is calculated that this magnetostriction holds the electron together, counterbalancing the outward electrical and centrifugal forces. The results of these calculations enable the prediction that a sufficiently strong external magnetic field can split the electron into three equal pieces. The field strength would have to be on the order of at least 8% of the strength at the center of the electron. A model for the origin and creation of an electron from a gamma ray wave is proposed. Evidence is presented that, for certain transitions, mass might be quantized and that the quantum of mass would be 1/2a times the electron mass.

关键词： Mass Quantization Electron Fractionalization Splitting the Electron Electron Origin Electron Creation Electron Magnetostriction Electron Charge Inconsistency Electron Mass Inconsistency

An Electron Model Based on the Fine Structure Constant

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Journal of Modern Physics 2023年第5期14卷 553-561页

作者： arlen young Independent Researcher Palo Alto CA USA

In previous publications, the author has proposed a model of the electron’s internal structure, wherein a positively-charged negative mass outer shell and a negatively-charged positive mass central core are proposed to resolve the electron’s charge and mass inconsistencies. That model is modified in this document by assuming the electron’s radius is exactly equal to the classical electron radius. The attributes of the internal components of the electron’s structure have been recalculated accordingly. The shape of the electron is also predicted, and found to be slightly aspherical on the order of an oblate ellipsoid. This shape is attributed to centrifugal force and compliant outer shell material. It is interesting to note that all of the electron’s attributes, both external and internal, with the exception of mass and angular moment, are functions of the fine structure constant a, and can be calculated from just three additional constants: electron mass, Planck’s constant, and speed of light. In particular, the ratios of the outer shell charge and mass to the electron charge and mass, respectively, are 3/2a. The ratios of the central core charge and mass to the electron charge and mass, respectively, are 1-(3/2a). Attributes of the electron are compared with those of the muon. Charge and spin angular momentum are the same, while mass, magnetic moment, and radius appear to be related by the fine structure constant. The mass of the electron outer shell is nearly equal to the mass of the muon. The muon internal structure can be modeled exactly the same as for the electron, with exactly the same attribute relationships.

关键词： Fine Structure Constant Negative Mass Electron Shape Electron Structure Electron Mass Inconsistency Electron Charge Inconsistency Muon

A Novel Classical Model of the Free Electron

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Journal of Modern Physics 2022年第7期13卷 1117-1127页

作者： arlen young Independent Researcher Palo Alto CA USA

Previous models of the free electron using classical physics equations have predicted attributes that are inconsistent with the experimentally observed attributes. For example, the magnetic moment has been calculated for the observed spinning electric charge. For the calculated moment to equal the observed moment, the electron would either have to spin at two hundred times the speed of light or have a charge radius two hundred times greater than the classical radius. A similar inconsistency results when the mass derived from the spin angular momentum is compared with the observed mass. A classical model is herein proposed which eliminates the magnetic moment inconsistency and also predicts the radius of the electron. The novel feature of the model is the replacement of a single charge with two opposite charges, one on the outer surface of the electron and the other at the center.

关键词： Classical Electron Model Free Electron Electron Structure Electron Charge Electron Radius Electron Spin Electron Shape Electron Compressibility

Electron Shape Calculated for the Dual-Charge Dual-Mass Model

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Journal of Modern Physics 2023年第3期14卷 198-207页

作者： arlen young Independent Researcher Palo Alto CA USA

A model for the internal structure of the electron using classical physics equations has been previously published by the author. The model employs both positive and negative charges and positive and negative masses. The internal attributes of the electron structure were calculated for both ring and spherical shapes. Further examination of the model reveals an instability for the ring shape. The spherical shape appears to be stable, but relies on tensile or compressive forces of the electron material for stability. The model is modified in this document to eliminate the dependency on material forces. Uniform stability is provided solely by balancing electrical and centrifugal forces. This stability is achieved by slightly elongating the sphere along the spin axis to create a prolate ellipsoid. The semi-major axis of the ellipsoid is the spin axis of the electron, and is calculated to be 1.20% longer than the semi-minor axis, which is the radius of the equator. Although the shape deviates slightly from a perfect sphere, the electric dipole moment is zero. In the author’s previously published document, the attributes of the internal components of the electron, such as charge and mass, were calculated and expressed as ratios to the classically measured values for the composite electron. It is interesting to note that all of these ratios are nearly the same as the inverse of the Fine Structure Constant, with differences of less than 15%. The electron model assumed that the outer surface charge was fixed and uniform. By allowing the charge to be mobile and the shape to have a particular ellipticity, it is shown that the calculated charge and mass ratios for the model can be exactly equal to the Fine Structure Constant and the Constant plus one. The electron radius predicted by the model is 15% greater than the Classical Electron Radius.

关键词： Electron Shape Classical Electron Model Dual-Charge Dual-Mass Model Electron Radius Negative Mass Electron Mass Inconsistency Electron Charge Inconsistency Fine Structure Constant

High-density linkage map construction and identification of loci regulating fruit quality traits in blueberry

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Horticulture Research 2021年第1期8卷 2391-2403页

作者： Molla F.Mengist Hamed Bostan Elisheba young Kristine L.Kay Nicholas Gillitt James Ballington Colin D.Kay Mario G.Ferruzzi Hamid Ashrafi Mary Ann Lila Massimo Iorizzo Plants for Human Health Institute North Carolina State UniversityKannapolisNCUSA Department of Horticultural Science North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA David H.Murdock Research Institute KannapolisNCUSA Department of Food Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences North Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA

Fruit quality traits play a significant role in consumer preferences and consumption in blueberry(Vaccinium corymbosum L).The objectives of this study were to construct a high-density linkage map and to identify the underlying genetic basis of fruit quality traits in blueberry.A total of 287 F_(1) individuals derived from a cross between two southern highbush blueberry cultivars,‘Reveille’and‘arlen’,were phenotyped over three years(2016–2018)for fruit quality-related traits,including titratable acidity,pH,total soluble solids,and fruit weight.A high-density linkage map was constructed using 17k single nucleotide polymorphisms *** linkage map spanned a total of 1397 cM with an average inter-loci distance of 0.08 *** quantitative trait loci interval mapping based on the hidden Markov model identified 18 loci for fruit quality traits,including seven loci for fruit weight,three loci for titratable acidity,five loci for pH,and three loci for total soluble *** of these loci were detected in more than one *** loci explained phenotypic variance ranging from 7 to 28% for titratable acidity and total soluble solid,and 8-13% for ***,the loci identified for fruit weight did not explain more than 10%of the phenotypic *** also reported the association between fruit quality traits and metabolites detected by Proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis directly responsible for these fruit quality *** acids,citric acid,and quinic acid were significantly(P<0.05)and positively correlated with titratable *** molecules showed a strong and positive correlation with total soluble ***,the study dissected the genetic basis of fruit quality traits and established an association between these fruit quality traits and metabolites.

关键词： cultivar linkage traits