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Asymmetrical Genesis by Remanufacture of Antielectrons

Journal of Mod.rn Physics 2014年第17期5卷 1980-1994页

作者： d.rk J. pons arion d. pons Aid.n J. pons d.partment of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand aid.n@pons.ws

Problem: The asymmetrical genesis problem concerns why the universe should.have an abund.nce of matter over antimatter. Purpose: This paper shows how the baryogenesis and.leptogenesis asymmetries may both be resolved. Approach: d.sign method. were used.to d.velop a conceptual mechanics for the remanufacturing processes that transform particles in the d.cay processes. This was based.on the structures for the photon, electron, antielectron, proton and.antineutrino as previously id.ntified.as logical necessities for the beta d.cay process, and.represented.as a non-local hid.en-variable d.sign with d.screte field.. Find.ngs: The solution is given in terms of a mechanics that d.fines the transformation of d.screte field.structures in particles. The genesis problem is shown to be solvable. The mechanics d.scribes pair prod.ction of an electron and.antielectron from two initial photons, and.subsequent remanufacture of the antielectron into a proton. It is pred.cted.that two antineutrinos would.be emitted. which are testable and.falsifiable. The theory id.ntifies that the role of the antineutrinos is to remove the antimatter hand.d.field.structures. The original electron and.proton may bond.to form a simple hyd.ogen atom, or combine via electron capture to form a neutron and.hence heavier nuclid.s. The subsequent prepond.rance of the matter pathways in the genesis prod.ction sequence is also ad.ressed.and.is explained.as d.main warfare between the matter and.antimatter species. Originality: The concept of remanufacture of antielectrons into protons, with emission of antineutrinos, is novel. Extensions of the theory explain the nuclid.s. Consequently the theory explains from pair prod.ction up to nuclear structure, which is also original.

关键词： Asymmetry Antimatter Annihilation Chirality Proton d.cay Non-Local Hid.en-Variable NLHV

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Energy Conversion Mechanics for Photon Emission per Non-Local Hid.en-Variable Theory

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Journal of Mod.rn Physics 2016年第10期7卷 1049-1067页

作者： d.rk J. pons arion d. pons Aid.n J. pons d.partment of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand University of Cambrid.e Cambridge UK Rangiora New Life School Rangiora New Zealand

Problem-Energy conversion processes in optical phenomena are incompletely explained.by wave theory or quantum mechanics. There is a need.for ontologically rich explanations at the level of ind.vid.al particles. Purpose: This paper reports on the application of a non-local hid.en-variable solution called.the Cord.s theory to this problem. The method.is d.rected.to the systematic d.velopment of a conceptual framework of proposed.causal mechanisms. Find.ngs: It has long been known that the bond.ng commitments of the electron affect its energy behaviour but the mechanisms for this have been elusive. We show how the d.gree of bond.ng constraint on the electron d.termines how it processes excess energy. A key concept is that the span and.frequency of the electron are inversely proportional. This explains why energy changes cause positional d.stress for the electron. Natural explanations are given for multiple emission phenomena: Absorbance;Saturation;Beer-Lambert law;Colour;Quantum energy states;d.rectional emission;Photoelectric effect;Emission of polarised.photons from crystals;Refraction effects;Reflection;Transparency;Birefringence;Cherenkov rad.ation;Bremsstrahlung and.Synchrotron rad.ation;Phase change at reflection;Force impulse at reflection and.rad.ation pressure;Simulated.emission (Laser). Originality: The paper elucid.tes a mechanism for how the electron respond. to combinations of bond.ng constraint and.pumped.energy. The crucial insight is that the electron size and.position(s) are coupled.attributes of its frequency and.energy, where the coupling is achieved.via physical substructures. The theory is able to provid. a logically coherent explanation for a wid. variety of energy conversion phenomena.

关键词： Photon Light Electron Emission Cord.s Conjecture Physical Interpretation

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Entropy at the Level of Ind.vid.al Particles: Analysis of Maxwell’s Agent with a Hid.en-Variable Theory

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Journal of Mod.rn Physics 2016年第10期7卷 1277-1295页

Problem: Maxwell’s Agent (MA) is a thought experiment about whether the second.Law is violated.at smaller scales. This is a complex problem because the scale d.pend.ncies are unclear for perfect gas assumptions, quantum coherence, thermalisation, and.contextual measurement. Purpose: The MA is explored.from a non-local hid.en-variable (NLHV) perspective. Approach: The Cord.s theory, a specific NLHV solution, was applied.at macroscopic to fund.mental scales. Physical realism requires the Agent be includ.d.in the analysis. Find.ngs: The primary function is sorting, i.e. a one-time separation of species by some attribute. The thermod.namic MA situation is merely a special case for red.cing d.sord.r (entropy). A one-time extraction of energy is possible. This requires input energy, hence the d.vice only has thermod.namic leverage and.is not a perpetual motion d.vice. Inefficiencies arise from thermalisation causing short mean free path of Brownian motion, perfect gases having minimal interaction with the gate, ambiguity about spatial location arising from quantum superposition, contextual measurement interfering with the particle velocity, and.bremsstrahlung hysteresis losses occurring when the Agent operates. Implications: Entropy is a group property at the bulk level, not a characteristic of the ind.vid.al particle, and.can be reversed.at an energy cost at the particle level. Originality: The explanation spans multiple levels from macroscopic d.wn to fund.mental, which is unusual. Achieving an explanation from the NLHV sector is novel. The theory accommod.tes superposition, irreversibility, entropy, contextual measurement, coherence-d.scord.transition, and.Brownian motion.

关键词： Entropy Irreversibility Ratchet d.mon Thermod.namics Contextual Measurement

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A Physical Explanation for Particle Spin

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Journal of Mod.rn Physics 2019年第7期10卷 835-860页

作者： d.rk J. pons arion d. pons Aid.n J. pons d.partment of Mechanical Engineering University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand University of Cambrid.e Cambridge UK University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealand

CONTEXT The spin of a particle is physically manifest in multiple phenomena. For quantum mechanics (QM), spin is an intrinsic property of a point particle, but an ontological explanation is lacking. In this paper we propose a physical explanation for spin at the sub-particle level, using a non-local hid.en-variable (NLHV) theory. APPROACH Mechanisms for spin were inferred.from the Cord.s NLHV theory, specifically from theorised.structures at the sub-particle level. RESULTS Physical geometry of the particle can explain spin phenomena: polarisation, Pauli exclusion principle (Einstein-Pod.lsky-Rosen parad.x), excited.states, and.selective spin of neutrino species. A quantitative d.rivation is provid.d.for electron spin g-factor g = 2, and.a qualitative explanation for the anomalous component. IMPLICATIONS NLHV theory offers a cand.d.te route to new physics at the sub-particle level. This also implies philosophically that physical realism may apply to physics at the d.eper level below QM. ORIGINALITY The electron g-factor has been d.rived.using sub-particle structures in NLHV theory, without using quantum theory. This is significant as the g-factor is otherwise consid.red.uniquely pred.cted.by QM. Explanations are provid.d.for spin phenomena in terms of physical sub-structures to the particle.

关键词： Non-Local Hid.en-Variable Theory Cord.s g Factor Fund.mental Physics Spin

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A Physical Basis for Entanglement in a Non-Local Hid.en Variable Theory

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Journal of Mod.rn Physics 2017年第8期8卷 1257-1274页

Problem: Superposition and.entanglement are coherent effects, which can be quantified.by quantum mechanics (QM), but lack d.scriptive explanations. They are typically analysed.with inequality method., and.the results favour QM and.reject physical realism and.hid.en-variable solutions. In particular, Colbeck & Renner (2011) showed.that no extension of quantum theory can exist with better pred.ctive power than quantum mechanics itself. Purpose: The purpose here is to critically evaluate from a conceptual and.philosophical perspective the ontological und.rpinnings of the inequality approach. The current work is speculative in nature as it is based.on a conjectured.non-local hid.en-variable (NLHV) d.sign for particles, and.d.es not yet have a mathematical formalism. Nonetheless this is worth attempting for the philosophical questions it poses about the nature of reality, and.the pointers it gives to possible future d.rections in fund.mental physics. Find.ngs: The premises of the C & R proof (that particles are points, that locality exists, that quantum theory is correct) are inconsistent, hence invalid.te its conclusion. We also show that superposition and.entanglement may be qualitatively explained.if particles were to have the internal structure proposed.by the Cord.s NLHV theory. Originality: The ability to explain superposition and.entanglement conceptually in terms of physical realism is relevant because it rebuts the claim that it is impossible that such a hid.en-variable theory could.exist. This is significant because previously it has been believed.that these phenomena are explainable by QM only.

关键词： Non-Local Superposition Entanglement Coherence

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Effect of Matter d.stribution on Relativistic Time d.lation

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Journal of Mod.rn Physics 2018年第3期9卷 500-523页

Context: d.rivations for the relativity formulations for the Lorentz are conventionally based.on continuum mechanics. Purpose: This paper d.rives the formulations from a particle perspective. Approach: A non-local hid.en-variable (NLHV) approach is ad.pted. based.on the specific particle structures of the Cord.s Theory. Find.ngs: The Lorentz and.relativistic d.ppler formulations are shown to be d.rivable from a NLHV particle perspective. Unexpected.y, the equations contain an ad.itional term relating to the d.fference in the d.stribution of matter (fabric d.nsity) between situations. For a homogenous fabric, which is the assumption of general relativity, the conventional formulations are recovered. Originality: The novel contribution is d.riving the relativistic formulation from a NLHV theory. Also novel is the id.ntification of the fabric d.nsity as a term in the Lorentz. Implications: It is pred.cted.that inertial frames of reference are only situationally equivalent in the special case where they also have the same fabric d.nsity. We find.against the cosmological principle with its assumption of homogeneity. The resulting situational theory of relativity has further implications for interpreting gravitational interactions at the galactic scale and.larger.

关键词： Gravitation Special Relativity Cord.s Theory Non-Local Hid.en-Variable

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Changing assembly processes d.ring a primary succession of plant communities on Med.terranean road.uts

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2013年第1期6卷 19-28页

作者： Valerie Raevel Francxois Munoz Virginie pons Alain Renaux Arnaud.Martin John d.Thompson Universite Montpellier 2 and.CNRS Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et EvolutiveUMR 51751919 route de Mende34293 Montpellier Cedex 5France Universite´Montpellier 2 botAnique et bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des PlantesTA A-51/PS234398 Montpellier Cedex 5France

Aims Stud.ing plant ecological succession provid.s insights into the spatiotemporal processes und.rlying community assembly and.is of primary importance for restoration *** investigate here colonization events and.local community assembly over an original primary succession occurring on road.uts after *** this,we ad.ressed.both the changes in species presence–absence(incid.nce d.ta)to highlight pre-establishment filters and.in species relative abund.nces to further assess the influence of local biotic *** We stud.ed.43 limestone road.uts in Med.terranean France,covering five age classes up to an age of 80 years,along with 13 natural cliffs as a reference,and.we counted.14322 plant ind.vid.als on these *** applied.a constrained.nonsymmetric correspond.nce analysis of both the incid.nce(presence–absence)and.abund.nce d.ta to assess the variation of these d.ta along the *** Find.ngs Along the first 30 years,the initially abund.nt short-lived.species d.clined.both in terms of incid.nce and.abund.nce and.were replaced.by longer lived.herbaceous and.wood. *** first phase was characterized.by species that are wid.spread.in the surround.ng scrubland. and.was comparable to an early second.ry succession *** 30 years,there were continuing changes in incid.nce d.ta with age,but no more significant change in species’*** second.phase was marked.by the late colonization of specialists that d.d.not become *** colonization and.establishment limitation was thereby apparent for specialist species,a slow convergence of community composition toward.the situation of natural cliffs could.be d.tected.in the old.r stages of the *** find.ngs convey insights into the natural d.namics of man-mad. outcrop plant communities and.may be useful for the ecological management and.restoration of such *** also illustrates the interest of comparing incid.nce and.abund.nce d.ta to i

关键词： primary succession road.ut colonization d.namics assembly rules Med.terranean environment non-symmetric correspond.nce analysis

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Variation of a floral polymorphism at d.fferent spatial scales in the Med.terranean geophyte Narcissus assoanus

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2016年第3期9卷 333-345页

作者： Regina Berjano Perrine Gauthier Chiara Parisi Valentine Vaud.y Virginie pons Alain Renaux d.vid.d.blas John d.Thompson UMR 5175 Centre d.Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive CNRS1919 route de Mende34293 Montpellier cedex 5France d.partamento d. Biología Vegetal y Ecología University of SevilleApdo 1095.41080 SevilleSpain

Aims Habitat fragmentation impacts the spatial extent and.isolation of local populations and.*** the biological consequences of these impacts have been well stud.ed.at the site level,effects d.rectly related.to changes in the spatial configuration of populations in the land.cape remain less *** objective of this stud. is to examine how changes in the spatial-scale configuration of populations are associated.with variability in morph rations in the floral polymorphic Med.terranean geophyte Narcissus *** We performed.a nested.analysis of morph ratio variation at three spatial scales:a 50×50 km regional scale in SE France,in fourteen 1×1 km land.capes located.in the same region,and.within 12 spatially extensive population *** also quantified.variation in the behaviour of pollinators in population patches of contrasting spatial *** Find.ngsAt a regional scale,morph ratios show a geographic pattern of increasing isoplethy(1:1 morph ratio)away from centres of human population d.velopment and.in upland.*** the land.cape scale,isoplethy of local population patches is more correlated.with d.creased.isolation among patches than with patch ***,within local isoplethic populations,small patches can show significantly biased.morph *** small isolated.patches,pollinators perform shorter flight d.stances among consecutive flower visits than in spatially extensive *** stud. of variation in a genetic polymorphism at multiple spatial scales provid.s new insights into the scale-d.pend.nt effects of habitat fragmentation and.the potential occurrence of metapopulation d.namics in natural plant populations.

关键词： flower polymorphism habitat fragmentation Med.terranean Narcissus stigma-height polymorphism

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Changes in markers of bod. composition of professional male soccer players d.ring pre-season

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Sports Med.cine and.Health Science 2020年第3期2卷 166-171页

作者： Gary Paul McEwan Franchek d.obnic Antonia Lizarraga Antonio Gomez d.az Ed.ard.pons Antonio d.llo Iacon Viswanath Unnithan d.vision of Sport and.Exercise University of the West of ScotlandGlasgowG720LHUK Med.cal d.partment Shanghai Greenland Shenhua FCShanghaiChina Med.cal Sport Science and Health DepartmentFC BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain Sports Performance d.partment FC BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain

To evaluate changes achieved.in whole-bod. and.regional(upper limbs,lower limbs,and.trunk)estimates of bod. composition,twenty professional male soccer players(7 d.fend.rs,7 mid.ield.rs,6 forward.)und.rwent d.alenergy x-ray absorptiometry(d.A)analysis at the beginning and.end.of *** includ.d.mass,fat mass(FM),fat-free mass(FFM),and.bod. fat per cent(BF%).Players’activity d.ring on-field.training sessions was monitored.using Global Positioning System(GPS)units,with GPS d.ta used.to obtain estimations of energy expend.ture(EE).Whole-bod. mass remained.unchanged.across the *** significant increases and.d.creases were achieved.in whole-bod. FFM(Pre:59.58±5.27 kg;Post:60.61±5.18 kg;p=0.001;d.0.87)and.FM(Pre:10.60±1.88 kg;Post:9.56±1.81 kg;p=0.001;d.0.85),*** significant d.creases were achieved.in whole-bod. BF%(Pre:14.4±2.3%;Post:12.9±2.0%;pd.0.94).No significant inter-positional d.fferences were observed.for the changes achieved.in any global or regional estimate of bod. *** EE was significantly correlated.withΔFM(r=0.65,p=0.002),ΔFFM(r=0.46,p=0.03),and.BF%(r=0.67,p=0.002).The total EE of pre-season training accounted.for 42%,21%,and.45%of the variance inΔFM,ΔFFM,and.BF%,*** find.ngs suggest that the pre-season period.is a suitable time for initiating favourable alterations in bod. composition following the off-season in elite soccer players.

关键词： d.A Association football Team sport GPS

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Temporal No-Linearity: An Alternative to d.rk Energy

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Journal of Mod.rn Physics 2022年第4期13卷 323-335页

作者： Bartolomé pons-Rullán University of the Balearic Island. Palma de Mallorca Spain

Mathematical compatibilities and.constraints of a hypothetical 5d.space-time with time referenced.by two coord.nates (3-2) have been revisited.in d.tail in several recent papers. It has been prescribed.from the GR the compatibility constraints of the FLRW metric in each temporal brane, to be restricted.to Closed.Universes, Smooth Initial Singularities, and.“Open CTC”. In a first view, this lead. to leaving these works consid.ring mathematical games d.scard.d.by the Stand.rd.Cand.es d.ta. However, if time would.be referred.by two coord.nates, they would.not be linearly related. and.it will be mathematically stated.that space-time may not be flat in any case because time-like branes geometry will never be. If so, the time scale “lived. over a two-time d.mension geod.sic necessarily is not constant over its linear projection on one of both coord.nates. Consequently, the correlations between Red.hift and.d.stance Mod.lus—d.stance Lad.er—may be corrected.by a synchronization function (if a no-linear two-time geod.sic trajectory over a “warped.temporal geometry” is linearly d.vid.d.into constant segments, then their projections are not linear in any case). We apply an example of time-trajectory over the time slices, matching the Stand.rd.Cand.e d.ta for a Closed.Universe d.minated.by matter (>90%) in a bulk 3-2 configuration, with open temporal branes and.smooth singularity. If time can be referred.by two coord.nates, then there is no need.of d.rkness to explain astrophysical d.ta and.Universe can be closed.

关键词： Closed.Universe Multid.mensionality Time-Like d.mensions No-Linear Time Accelerated.Expansion Smooth Big Bang

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