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Social Organization of Transgender Sex Workers

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2013年第7期3卷 436-440页

作者： anwaar mohyuddin Muhammad Ali Department of Anthropology Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan

This paper is an attempt to document life of male sex workers as transgender in Pakistan and to describe their cultural practices with reference to ritual performs on different occasion. Qualitative research methods combing in-depth interviews, FGDs, and observation were employed to gather information. An effort has been made to investigate the cultural life of the transgender and the pattern of their social interaction within the community as well as with the outsiders. Analysis based on thematic description of the themes generated after reviewing data. The research process revealed that males who were engaged in the sex industry have two types of sociological division: first, young and having male identity with potential to transform in transgender;while other transgender plays dual roles: a) within sex worker community as transgender women, b) male outside the transgender community. These males fulfill their socio-psychological and economic needs through entrance in the transgender community. Most of them consider themselves as having feminine soul and masculine body. The male engaging in sex work is a complex phenomenon with reference to their identity and performance of cultural rituals. An exploratory research study needs to be conducted to unfold the notion of dual identity which male sex workers have.

关键词： Guru Chela Khusras Kachay Pakay Yar Garria Power Structure

Nature of Conflicts, Tensions and Exploitation in Sharecropping in Rural Sindh

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2013年第8期3卷 482-489页

作者： Ghulam Hussain anwaar mohyuddin Shuja Ahmed Department of Anthropology Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan Pakistan Study Centre University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan

This paper explains the causes of conflicts and tensions in sharecropping relationships, the nature and level of exploitation. It explains the immediate as well as root causes of conflicts that emerge between sharecroppers and landlords. Life-world of peasants of Sindh has been explored at village, sub-regional and regional level. It was found that the historical systemic structures of exploitation still exist in its refined form in peasant life-world. Peasant life within village and among village peasants is relatively peaceful. Conflicts emerge or take serious turn when outside systemic agents get involved in issues related to sharecropper and landlord. Historically property rights given to big landlords and feudal lords by imperialistic forces while snatching the indigenous right of peasants to self-cultivation, is the root cause that has spawned several sub-systemic pathologies in the life-world of peasants. Absentee landlordism, Kamdaari system, debt bondage, social bondage, system of Kann, landlessness, adulterated hybrid seeds, and issues of Sanad are some of the sub-systemic evils that have emerged over the years. All such sub-systemic structures put bigger and influential landlords into strategic advantage over the sharecroppers, particularly landless peasants;the imbalance that perpetuates “permanent liminality” suppresses reciprocal dialogues and discourages mutual negotiations. Outside systemic factors like SHO-Landlord nexus or Feudal-Police-Tapedar troika play central role in conflict creation and exacerbation in landlord-sharecropper relationship leading to bloody conflicts, caste wars, tribal feuds and honor-killings, thus, further differentiating and alienating life-world and the system rural Sindh.

关键词： Life-World Rationality Conflict Sharecroppers Exploitation Liminality

Apple Economy of Village Zandra in Light of World System Theory

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2013年第1期3卷 39-43页

作者： anwaar mohyuddin Hafeez-Ur-Rehman Chaudhry Mamonah Ambreen Department of Anthropology Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan Department of Education AllamaIqbal Open Univetsity Islamabad Pakistan

This paper deals with research findings regarding horticulture, a major sources of income in the Village Zandra, District Ziarat in the province of Balochistan. Initially the natives were earning their livelihood through horticulture only. The main contribution was coming through apple production. The process of tree plantation and the people involved in horticulture economy have been discussed in this article. During the last 3 decades few changes have been witnessed. Shift from subsistence to market economy has increased the lust for money due to which the natives have started opting for secondary sources of income. In horticulture they have started using technology, pesticides and chemical fertilizers to maximize their production and profit. They are also switching over to the cultivation of profitable types of apple. The impact of these changes has been analyzed in light of world system theory at micro level. The data presented in this paper have been collected by using qualitative anthropological research techniques.

关键词： Core Periphery Semi-Periphery Capitalist Economies Labour Exploitation

Hepatocellular carcinoma and immunotherapy:Beyond immune checkpoint inhibitors

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2022年第6期14卷 1210-1212页

作者： Hassan Mohammed Abushukair anwaar Saeed Faculty of Medicine Jordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbid 22110Jordan Division of Medical Oncology Department of MedicineThe University of Kansas Cancer CenterKansas CityKS 66205United States

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the deadliest and most common malignancies of the *** the rich immune background of carcinogenesis in HCC,efforts have been focused on further understanding the role of the immune system in tumor suppression and *** utilization of immunotherapy in HCC has led to encouraging results that has translated to longer survival and better quality of life among *** development of novel HCC-tailored regimens such as vaccine therapy and adoptive cellular therapy coupled with a deeper understanding of biomarkers predictive of the response to immunotherapy will lead to better treatment outcomes.

关键词： Hepatocellular carcinoma Immunotherapy Biomarkers Cancer vaccines Adoptive cellular therapy

Lie group analysis of viscoelastic MHD aligned flow and heat transfer

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Acta Mechanica Sinica 2005年第4期21卷 342-345页

作者： Asif Aii Ahmer Mehmood Muhammad R.mohyuddin Department of Mathematics Quaid-i-Azam University 45320.Islamabad-44000Pakistan

Exact solutions for an incompressible,viscoelas-tic,electrically conducting MHD aligned fluid are obtainedfor velocity components and temperature *** Groupmethod is applied to obtain the solution and the symmetriesuse... 详细信息

关键词： Viscoelastic fluid Aligned MHD flow Heat transfer Exact solutions

Study on brittleness templates for shale gas reservoirs——A case study of Longmaxi shale in Sichuan Basin,southern China

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Petroleum Science 2021年第5期18卷 1370-1389页

作者： Qamar Yasin Ghulam mohyuddin Sohail Ke-Yu Liu Qi-Zhen Du Cyril DBoateng The Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580China Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Laboratory for Marine Mineral ResourcesQingdao266237China Department of Civil Geological and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonS7N 5C5Canada Department of Geological Engineering University of Engineering and TechnologyLahorePakistan

Differentiating brittle zones from ductile zones in low permeability shale formations is imperative for efficient hydraulic fracturing *** brittleness index(BI) is used to describe the rock resistance to hydraulic fracture initiation and propagation and measures the ease at which complex fracture networks can be *** this study,we constructed brittleness templates through the correlation of fundamental rock properties and geomechanical *** then employed the templates to distinguish the brittle,ductile,and brittle-ductile transition zones in the Longmaxi shale gas reservoir,Sichuan Basin of southern *** approach works in two ***,we suggest a new expression for the mineralogical BI by their respective weights based on the analysis of correlation coefficients between mechanical testing and XRD ***,we correlate TOC,porosity,pore fluid,natural fractures,and improved BI model with multiple elastic properties to define the brittle,ductile,and transitional zones in the Longmaxi shale gas reservoir of *** with the traditional mineralogy-based BI definition,the improved BI model differentiates the brittle and ductile zones and provides a better sense of the most suitable fracturing *** results show that the brittleness templates,which combine fundamental rock properties,improved BI model,and geomechanical characterization led to identifying favorable zones for hydraulic fracturing and enhanced shale *** proposed brittleness templates’ effectiveness was verified using data from horizontal wells,offset wells,shale gas wells from different origins,laboratory core testing,and seismic inversion of BI across the studied wells.

关键词： Brittleness index Geomechanical properties Petrophysical parameters Longmaxi shale

Insight on BRAF^(V600E)mutated colorectal cancer immune microenvironment

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2022年第6期14卷 1213-1215页

作者： Hassan Mohammed Abushukair Sara Mu'amar Zaitoun anwaar Saeed Faculty of Medicine Jordan University of Science and TechnologyIrbid 22110Jordan Faculty of Medicine Yarmouk UniversityIrbid 21163Jordan Department of Medicine Division of Medical OncologyThe University of Kansas Cancer CenterKansas CityKS 66205United States

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is the second deadliest malignancy for both *** BRAF^(V600E)mutation,one of the most common driver mutations in CRC,is known for its poor prognosis due to the increased risk of *** effect of the BRAF^(V600E)mutation on the tumor microenvironment was the topic of the study reported in World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology,with special focus on immune *** authors presented insightful findings that were exclusively based on macrophage polarity and cytokine levels,without investigating other relevant immune elements.A more comprehensive look into the dynamic immune activity of cancer environments will warrant more meaningful practical *** this letter,we discuss other significant immune factors and their possible implications on the tumor microenvironment of BRAF-mutated CRC.

关键词： Colorectal cancer BRAF^(V600E) Tumor microenvironment Microsatellite instability Macrophages Immune checkpoint proteins

Safety and efficacy of posterior sub-Tenon＇s carboplatin injection versus intravitreal melphalan therapy in the management of retinoblastoma with secondary vitreous seeds

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International Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2018年第3期11卷 445-455页

作者： Azza Mohamed Ahmed Said Mohamed Gamil Al Hazem Omar Rashed anwaar Mahmoud Rady Department of Ophthalmology Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt Oncology and Radiation Medicine Department Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt

AIM： To evaluate the safety and efficacy of posterior sub-Tenon＇s carboplatin injection compared to intravitreal melphalan injection in the management of retinoblastoma （RB） with secondary vitreous seeds. The outcome measures were vitreous seeds regression, need for other treatment modalities to achieve ocular salvage and treatment side effects. METHODS： A prospective interventional comparative nonrandomized study included RB eyes developed secondary vitreous seeds during the period of follow up. They subdivided into two groups： study group Ⅰ where posterior sub-Tenon＇s carboplatin （20 mg/2 mL） was injected and study group Ⅱ where intravitreal melphalan （20 μg/0.1 mL） was injected. The injections repeated every 2-4wk. RESULTS： Thirty-three eyes were included in the study. Seventeen eyes （16 patients） in study group Ⅰ and 16 eyes （16 patients） in study group Ⅱ. Ten eyes （30.3%） were completely salvaged following local chemotherapies, Ocular salvage was 23.5% following posterior sub-Tenon＇s carboplatin injection versus 37.5% following intravitreal melphalan raised to 47.1% and 75% with addition of external beam radiotherapy （EBR） with no statistically significant difference between the study groups （P=0.16）. A statistically significant correlation was found between ocular salvage rate and type of vitreous seeds either dust, spheres and clouds （r=0.42, P=-0.015） and eyes harbor new solid tumor growth （r=0.35, P=0.045）. The mean and median follow up periods following local chemotherapy injections were 2.0y in the study group Ⅰand 2.37y in the study group Ⅱ. Few complications were reported： periorbital edema in all eyes and ocular motility disturbances in 13 eyes （76.5%） following posterior sub-Tenon＇s carboplatin injection. Vitreous hemorrhage developed in 2 eyes （12.5%） and localized retinopathy in 5 eyes （31.25%） following intravitreal melphalan. ~ CONCLUSION： Local chemotherapy for treatment of RB with secondary vitreous seeds is safe and can salvage 30.3% of eyes

关键词： intravitreal melphalan posterior sub-Tenon'scarboplatin retinoblastoma secondary vitreous seeds

Effectiveness of enforcement levels of speed limit and drink driving laws and associated factors -Exploratory empirical analysis using a bivariate ordered probit model

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Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition) 2017年第3期4卷 272-279页

作者： Behram Wali anwaar Ahmed Shahid Iqbal Arshad Hussain National Institute of Transportation School of Civil and Environmental Engineering National University of Sciencesand Technology Islamabad 44000 Pakistan Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The University of Tennessee Knoxville TN 37996 USA Military College of Engineering National University of Sciences and Technology Risalpur 24080 Pakistan

The contemporary traffic safety research comprises little information on quantifying the simultaneous association between drink driving and speeding among fatally injured drivers. Potential correlation between driver＇s drink driving and speeding behavior poses a substantial methodological concern which needs investigation. This study therefore focused on investigating the simultaneous impact of socioeconomic factors, fatalities, vehicle ownership, health services and highway agency road safety policies on enforce- ment levels of speed limit and drink driving laws. The effectiveness of enforcement levels of speed limit and drink driving laws has been investigated through development of bivariate ordered probit model using data extricated from WHO＇s global status report on road safety in 2013. The consistent and intuitive parameter estimates along with statisti- cally significant correlation between response outcomes validates the statistical suprem- acy of bivariate ordered probit model. The results revealed that fatalities per thousand registered vehicles, hospital beds per hundred thousand population and road safety pol- icies are associated with a likely medium or high effectiveness of enforcement levels of speed limit and drink driving laws, respectively. Also, the model encapsulates the effect of several other agency related variables and socio-economic status on the response outcomes. Marginal effects are reported for analyzing the impact of such factors on in- terrnediate categories of response outcomes. The results of this study are expected to provide necessary insights to elemental enforcement programs. Also, marginal effects of explanatory variables may provide useful directions for formulating effective policy countermeasures for overcoming driver＇s speeding and drink driving behavior.

关键词： Speed limit law Drink driving law Enforcement Road traffic crashes