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Experimental Investigation for NO_x Emission Reduction in Hydrogen Fueled Spark Ignition Engine Using Spark Timing Retardation, Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Water Injection Techniques

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Journal of Thermal Science 2019年第4期28卷 789-800页

作者： JEERAGAL Ramesh K.A.subramanian Engines and Unconventional Fuels Laboratory Centre for Energy Studies IIT Delhi

The experimental tests were carried out on a single cylinder hydrogen fueled spark ignition(SI)generator set with different spark timings(4-20℃A bTDC),exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)up to 28% by volume and water injection up to 1.95 kg/h(maximum water to fuel mass ratio of 8:1).The engine speed was kept constant of 3000 r/*** NOx emission and thermal efficiency of engine with gasoline and hydrogen fuel operation at 1.4 kW power output are 5 g/kWh and 12.1 g/kWh,and 15% and 20.9% *** order to reduce the NOx emission at source level,retarding spark timing,exhaust gas recirculation(EGR),and water injection techniques were *** emission decreased with spark timing retardation,EGR,and water *** emission with hydrogen at 1.4 kW power output decreased from 12.1 g/kWh with maximum brake torque(MBT)spark timing(10℃A bTDC)to 8.1 g/kWh with retarded spark timing(4℃A bTDC)due to decrease in the in-cylinder peak pressure and *** Nox emission decreased to 6.1 g/kWh with 20% EGR due to thermal and chemical dilution ***,thermal efficiency decreased about 33% and 17% with spark timing retardation and 20EGR respectively as compared to that of MBT spark ***,in the case of water injection,the NOx emission decreased significantly without affecting the thermal efficiency of the engine and it is 5.6 g/kWh with water-hydrogen ratio of 4:1(water flow rate of 0.92 kg/h).Water injection is the best suitable method to reduce the NOx emission in a hydrogen fueled engine compared with the spark timing retardation and EGR technique.

关键词： hydrogen spark ignition engine spark timing exhaust gas recirculation NOx emission water injection

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Local outlier factor and stronger one class classifier based hierarchical model for detection of attacks in network intrusion detection dataset

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Frontiers of Computer Science 2016年第4期10卷 755-766页

作者： Alampallam Ramaswamy VASUDEVAN subramanian SELVAKUMAR CDBR-SSE Lab Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli (NITT) Tiruchirappalli 620015 India

Identification of attacks by a network intrusion detection system （NIDS） is an important task. In signature or rule based detection, the previously encountered attacks are modded, and signatures/rules are extracted. These rules are used to detect such attacks in future, but in anomaly or outlier detection system, the normal network traffic is modeled. Any deviation from the normal model is deemed to be an outlier/attack. Data mining and machine learning techniques are widely used in offline NIDS. Unsupervised and supervised learning techniques differ the way NIDS dataset is treated. The characteristic features of unsupervised and supervised learning are finding patterns in data, detecting outliers, and determining a learned function for input features, generalizing the data instances respectively. The intuition is that if these two techniques are combined, better performance may be obtained. Hence, in this paper the advantages of unsupervised and supervised techniques are inherited in the proposed hierarchical model and devised into three stages to detect attacks in NIDS dataset. NIDS dataset is clustered using Dirichiet process （DP） clustering based on the underlying data distribution. Iteratively on each cluster, local denser areas are identified using local outlier factor （LOF） which in turn is discretized into four bins of separation based on LOF score. Further, in each bin the normal data instances are modeled using one class classifier （OCC）. A combination of Density Estimation method, Reconstruction method, and Boundary methods are used for OCC model. A product rule combination of the three methods takes into consideration the strengths of each method in building a stronger OCC model. Any deviation from this model is considered as an attack. Experiments are conducted on KDD CUP＇99 and SSENet-2011 datasets. The results show that the proposed model is able to identify attacks with higher detection rate and low false alarms.

关键词： hierarchical model DP clustering LOF Dis-cretizer one class classifier NIDS

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PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM-GRAFTED-POLYACRYLONITRILE:SYNTHESIS,CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS USE FOR SOLID REMOVAL FROM SEWAGE WASTEWATER

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2005年第1期23卷 113-118页

作者： anuradha Mishra Alpa Yadav Monika Agarwal Rajani Srinivasan Department of Chemistry Institute of Engineering and Technology.CSJM UniversityKanpur-208 024IndiaDepartment of ChemistryInstitute of Engineering and Technology.CSJM UniversityKanpur-208 024IndiaDepartment of ChemistryInstitute of Engineering and Technology.CSJM UniversityKanpur-208 024India

Plantago psyllium mucilage(PSY),an anionic natural polysaccharide consisting of pentosan and uronic acidobtained from the seeds of Plantago psyllium(Plantago family),was grafted with acrylonitrile(AN).Graft copolymers wereprepared by ceric ion initiated solution polymerization technique and were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy,scanningelectron microscopy and differential scanning *** copolymers are good flocculating agents for removal ofsuspended(SS)and total dissolved solid(TDS)in sewage wastewater *** effects of copolymer dose,pH andcontact time on flocculation capacity of one selected copolymer sample were studied by jar test *** suitable pHrange for maximum solid removal was 7.0 to 9.2 and the optimum copolymer dose was 1.2 mg/*** overall process forsolid removal took 4 h.X-ray diffraction(XRD)patterns of grafted copolymer,PSY grafted polyacrylonitrile(PSY-g-PAN)and solid waste,before and after treatment are used to suggest the interaction of the solid waste with PSY-g-PAN copolymer.

关键词： Plantago psyllium-g-polyacrylonitrile(PSY-g-PAN) Flocculant X-ray Jar test Sewage wastewater.

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Tribological response of waste tire rubber as micro-fillers in automotive brake lining materials

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Friction 2020年第6期8卷 1153-1168页

作者： Anand PAI Sayikumar subramanian Tribhuvan SOOD Department of Aeronautical and Automobile Engineering Manipal Institute of TechnologyManipal Academy of Higher Education ManipalKarnataka 576104lIndia Cranfield University CranfieldMilton KeynesBedfordshire MK430ALUK

Elastomeric materials show promise as potential micro-fillers in brake *** can provide vibration damping and acoustic advantages in intermittent and abrupt impact applications such as *** elastomeric material can be salvaged from non-biodegradable automotive tires,thereby providing an opportunity to reuse materials that will otherwise be discarded in *** tribological and thermomechanical performances of the waste tire rubber were assessed to determine their potential for use as micro-fillers in the brake linings of commercial vehicles with a gross weight less than 16 ***,the brake lining materials were fabricated with fine waste tire rubber particulates(WTRPs)as the micro-fillers,phenolic-R resin as the binder,graphite as the dry lubricant,laterite as the co-filler,and coconut coir for natural fiber *** effects of increasing the WTRP weight fraction on the brake response of the linings were analyzed,and the different compositions were benchmarked against a commercial brake *** characterization comprising compressive strength,hardness,density,and porosity studies were carried *** and wear characteristics of the linings were analyzed using a rotary tribometer with simultaneous thermal *** manufactured lining with 15 wt%WTRPs exhibited a mean friction coefficient of^0.38,a specific volumetric loss rate of 1,662μm3/(N?m),and improved thermal *** optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)with energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS),wear surface morphology studies compared the relative development of primary and secondary plateaus and revealed the redistribution of wear debris,leading to the stability of the coefficient of friction.

关键词： automotive brakes elastomers graphite energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS) scanning electron microscopy(SEM) wear mechanisms

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Analysis of shielding effectiveness and mechanical properties of metal matrix composite AL6061 reinforced with Al_(2)O_(3) and fly ash for oblique incidence of EM wave

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International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 2021年第3期14卷 398-411页

作者： Srinu Budumuru Satya anuradha Mosa GITAM University VisakhapatnamIndiaand Andhra University VisakhapatnamIndia

fields such as lightning strike susceptibility,electromagnetic energy from radar,airborne radio frequency *** provide high-intensity radiated field protection(HIRFP)for the electric and electronic aircraft system and defied the EMI effect on it,metal matrix composite was *** provide the dynamic everincreasing requirement of industries,it is necessary that Al6061 metal matrix composite assisted with AL2O3 and fly ash is used to construct the aircraft to provide *** thickness of the material can be maintained as low as possible to use it as a coating material for the aircraft surface.X-band for oblique incidence is used to measure electromagnetic and mechanical safeguarding properties of ***/methodology/approach-Day by day,the applications of aerospace are becoming digital and *** shielding techniques are required to operate digital electronic devices without electromagnetic *** leads to a rapid rise in temperature,thermal ablation,delamination,and adverse effects on the electric and electronic aircraft *** ash,a metal matrix material composite AL6061 with different percentages of reinforcement of Al_(2)O_(3),was contemplated and experimented with for mechanical properties like tensile strength,density and ***-The obtained results compared with adjusted values and an improvement of 0.19,0.18,0.14 g/cm3 for density of MMC-1,MMC-2,MMC-3.31,11 MPa for tensile strength of MMC-1,MMC-2.24,27,23 BHN for hardness of MMC-1,MMC-2,*** regard to the shielding effectiveness the results compared with adjusted values and obtained 11.36,14.56,19.47 dB better value than *** to the above results,fabricated MMC’s provide superior results for a defined application like HIRFP(Surface material of aircraft).Practical implications-It can be used to protect electronic devices under a high-intensity radiated field,mainly in aircraft design to protect from lightning ***/value-For

关键词： Shielding effectiveness Hardness Tensile strength Oblique incidence

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Adaptive control of a class of nonlinear time-varying systems with multiple models

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Control Theory and Technology 2016年第4期14卷 323-334页

作者： Koshy GEORGE Karpagavalli subramanian PES Centre for Intelligent Systems Department of Telecommunication Engineering PES Institute of Technology Bangalore India PES Centre for Intelligent Systems Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering PES University Bangalore India

The adaptive control of nonlinear systems that are linear in the unknown but time-varying parameters are treated in this paper. Since satisfactory transient performance is an important factor, multiple models are required as these parameters change abruptly in the parameter space. In this paper we consider both the multiple models with switching and tuning methodology as well as multiple models with second level adaptation for this class of systems. We demonstrate that the latter approach is better than the former.

关键词： Nonlinear time-varying systems adaptive control multiple models

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Little RNAs Go a Long Way:Long-Distance Signaling by MicroRNAs

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Molecular Plant 2019年第1期12卷 18-20页

作者： Senthil subramanian Department of Agronomy Horticultureand Plant ScienceDepartment of Biology &MicrobiologySouth Dakota State UniversityBrookingsSD 57007 USA

Plants have evolved morphological,physiological,and molecular adaptations to respond to and overcome environmental *** these fluctuations are sensed locally,coordinated responses occur at the whole plant level,necessitating specific and tightly controlled long-distance signaling mechanisms. These involve sugars,RNAs,secreted peptides,and plant hormones as signaling molecules.

关键词： Plants level RNAs

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Anticancer Activities of Plant Secondary Metabolites:Rice Callus Suspension Culture as a New Paradigm

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Rice science 2021年第1期28卷 13-30页

作者： Wusirika Ramakrishna anuradha Kumari Nafeesa Rahman Pallavi Mandave Department of Biochemistry Central University of PunjabBathindaPunjab 151001India Department of Biological Sciences Michigan Technological University1400 Townsend Drive HoughtonMichigan 49931USA Interactive Research School for Health Affairs Bharati VidyapeethPuneMaharashtra 411043India

Plant natural products including alkaloids,polyphenols,terpenoids and flavonoids have been reported to exert anticancer activity by targeting various metabolic *** biological pathways regulated by plant products can serve as novel drug *** natural compounds or their derivatives used for cancer treatment and some novel plant-based compounds which are used in clinical trials were *** suspension culture with secondary metabolites can provide a continuous source of plant pharmaceuticals without time and space *** research has shown that rice callus suspension culture can kill>95%cancer cells with no significant effect on the growth of normal *** role of candidate genes and metabolites which are likely to be involved in the process and their potential to serve as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents were *** scale production of plant callus suspension culture and its constituents can be achieved using elicitors which enhance specific secondary metabolites combined with bioprocess technology.

关键词： plant metabolite cancer metabolism rice callus suspension culture cytotoxicity anticancer agent

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Should we recycle the graphite from spent lithium-ion batteries?The untold story of graphite with the importance of recycling

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2022年第8期31卷 351-369,I0010页

作者： subramanian Natarajan Madhusoodhanan Lathika Divya Vanchiappan Aravindan Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Education and Research(IISER)

Demand for graphite in the forthcoming years to develop Li-ion batteries(LIBs)with the goal of driving electric vehicles(EV)and its requirement in multifarious energy storage applications as an *** emerging sector of LIB-based EVs,along with portable electronics,produces an inevitable volume of batteries in the e-waste *** main reason for the lower percentage of recycling(at present,<5%)is due to the recovery of economically rich metals like Li,Ni,and ***,complete recycling technologies,including the strategic material graphite,which is available in a massive amount of spent LIBs,are urgently needed to be updated to ensure the reuse of all *** approach lifts the recycling process to develop an economic one besides the geostrategic and environmental policy ***,we summarize the importance of graphite and its demand and specify the reasons to recycle the graphite from spent LIBs along with its development as an anode in ***,the approach of the current recycling process of graphite in lab-scale and industries for various applications,including energy storage,are discussed with the highlights of future progress.

关键词： Recycling Lithium-ion batteries Graphite Anode Capacitor

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Inflammatory bowel disease: DCs sense LTB_(4) to drive T_(H)1 and T_(H)17 differentiation

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2020年第4期17卷 307-309页

作者： Bhagawat C.subramanian Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology National Cancer InstituteNIHBethesdaMD 20892USA

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD)in humans.1 Chronic human IBD,such as Crohn’s disease,is characterized by features such as intestinal infiltration of immune cells,inflammatory cytokine milieu,intestinal fibrosis and weight loss among others,that lead to chronic and spontaneously recurring intestinal inflammation.2 Several mouse models of IBD have been used by researchers to understand the diverse aspects related to human IBD.1,2 For example,the mouse model of intra-rectal administration of the haptenating agent,2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid(TNBS),which induces mucosal immunity to colonic immunogenic proteins in the host,recapitulates key immunological responses observed in Crohn’s disease,such as cytokine secretion patterns,intestinal fibrosis,and immune intolerance.2 The innate immune response is critical to initiate the cytokines production that prime T-cell differentiation in the TNBS *** polarized T-cell responses are hallmarks of IBD and in the TNBS model T_(H)1 and T_(H)17-cell responses predominate as is observed with the signature cytokine secretion profile of IL12/IFNγand IL23/IL17,respectively.

关键词： cytokine immunity TNBS

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