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A Survey on the Vehicle Routing Problem and Its Variants

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Intelligent Information Management 2012年第3期4卷 66-74页

作者： Suresh Nanda kumar Ramasamy Panneerselvam Department of Management Studies Pondicherry University Pondicherry India Education Department CII Institute of Logistics Chennai India

In this paper, we have conducted a literature review on the recent developments and publications involving the vehicle routing problem and its variants, namely vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW) and the capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) and also their variants. The VRP is classified as an NP-hard problem. Hence, the use of exact optimization methods may be difficult to solve these problems in acceptable CPU times, when the problem involves real-world data sets that are very large. The vehicle routing problem comes under combinatorial problem. Hence, to get solutions in determining routes which are realistic and very close to the optimal solution, we use heuristics and meta-heuristics. In this paper we discuss the various exact methods and the heuristics and meta-heuristics used to solve the VRP and its variants.

关键词： Vehicle Routing Problem Exact Methods Heuristics Meta-heuristics VRPTW Optimization Ant Colony Optimization Genetic Algorithms

Analysis of Mechanical Behavior of Red Blood Cell Membrane with Malaria Infection

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World Journal of Mechanics 2011年第3期1卷 100-108页

作者： Vinod kumar Katiyar Demeke Fisseha 不详

Human red blood cells (RBCs) are responsible to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide for human bodies. The physiological functions of RBCs are greatly influenced by their mechanical properties. When RBC is infected by Malaria parasite called Plasmodium falciparum, it shows progressive changes in mechanical properties and loses its deformability. The infected red blood cells (IRBCs) develop properties of cytoadherence (stickiness) and rosetting (the binding of non-infected RBCs to parasitized RBCs). In this paper to analyze the mechanical properties and deformability of the IRBC, we applied stress-stretch ratio relation of its biomembrane .To express this constitutive relation, we proposed a mathematical model (Neo-Hookean model) based on membrane theory. On this model, we present continuous stress-stretch ratio curves for the relation derived from the model for different intracellular developmental stages of the parasite, to determine the mechanical properties of IRBC. The analytical results obtained from the mathematical model are more closed with the experimental data [1] which demonstrates the validity of the model. By restricting our attention to spherically symmetric deformation in the final schizont stage of parasite development, the pressure-extension ratio relation curve also adapted from the proposed strain energy function. The change in osmotic pressure versus volumetric ratio has been also considered for IRBC before hemolysis.

关键词： Cell Mechanics Malaria Infected Red Blood Cell Mathematical Model RBC Membrane Elasticity

Smartphone Based Fall Detection and Logic Testing Application Using Android SDK

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2015年第9期8卷 616-624页

作者： Vinay kumar Suryadevara Maher Rizkalla Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue School of Engineering and Technology Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) Indianapolis IN USA

Smart systems aimed at detecting the fall of a person have increased significantly due to recent technological advances and availability of modular electronics. This work presents the use of embedded accelerometer and gyroscope in mobile phones to accurately detect and classify the type of fall a person is experiencing before suffering an impact. Early classification of fall type helps in optimizing the algorithm of the fall detection. User acceptance, feasibility and the limitations in the accuracy of the existing devices have also been considered in this study. High efficiency and low power approaches were emphasized with wireless capability that enhanced the system performance for variety of applications. There is a need of reducing the time for analyzing the smart algorithms designed. It is also emphasized that this application will be a good platform that can be used to test various algorithms and multiple sensors at a time with ease and obtain data analysis in a short period.

关键词： Accelerometer Smartphone Android Embedded Systems Wireless Sensors

Adoption Practice of Climate Change Adaptation Options among Nepalese Rice Farmers: Role of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)

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American Journal of Climate Change 2018年第2期7卷 135-152页

作者： Niranjan Devkota Ram kumar Phuyal Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal Center for Economic Development and Administration Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal

This study attempts to understand the role of ICTs on adoption of climate change adaption options among the Nepalese rice farmers, using data from 773 households from seven districts—3 from Terai region and 4 from hilly region. Individual Farmer’s Awareness Index was developed to categorize the respondent knowledge of climate change adaptation and Ordered Logit Model was used to examine the factors influencing their adaptation options in present of ICTs. The result revealed that 65% farmers perceived knowledge about temperature, rainfall and other relative information from various ICT devices that they pose. Farmers received such information mostly from Radio (71%), TV (69%) and mobile phone (62.5%) and argued these three devices are the most prominent, easy access and practical devices to receive such information. 86% farmers used such devices on the daily basis and 90% and more users opined that the information provided from such devices is in their own language and fully understandable. From ICT devices they pose, 71% of the farmers are receiving climate change information and 61% received agro-related information and the majority of them argued that such available information is very much informative and supportive of their resilience to climate change and use of available adaptation options. From the Farmers Awareness Index, this study found 19.8% farmers are high aware, 65.1% medium aware and 15.1% were less aware of the changing climate and its anomalies. Similarly, result from Ordered Logit Model shows that age (0.45***), gender (0.48**), market center (0.32*), bank access (0.54***), availability of subsidy (1.0***), agro-extension services (0.71**), access to TV (0.67***) and membership to a social network (3.20**) played a significant role in increasing farmers’ awareness of climate change which in turn lead to increased adoption of adaptation options available to the farmers. The findings suggest the need for further improvement on ICT devices and publici

关键词： Climate Change Adaptation Rural Rice Farmers ICTs Ordered Logit Nepal

Role of Plant Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinases (SERKs) in Cell-to-Embryo Transitional Activity: Key at Novel Assorted Structural Subunits

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第21期5卷 3177-3193页

作者： Dhananjay kumar Pandey Bhupendra Chaudhary School of Biotechnology Gautam Buddha University Greater Noida India

Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor Kinase (SERK) family of receptor kinases is functionally diverse, involved in cell-to-embryo transition and controlling a number of other fundamental aspects of plant development. The morphological transformation of somatic to embryonic cells has drawn scientific attention utmost due to remarkable genetic-switch system evolved across species. Receptor kinases having direct role in somatic embryogenesis (SE) and involved in other functions are designated as “SERK” and “SERK-like” genes, respectively. We aim for phylogenetic reconstruction to reveal major SERK groups across plant species (angiosperm to gymnosperm) for their functional diversification. Data indicate that the development of SERK proteins occurred prior to the divergence of monocots and eudicots. Also, the SERK orthology is not directly proportional to their functions. Structure prediction results identified novel transmembrane topologies, short linear motifs and O-glycosylation sites exclusively in SERK proteins than SERK-like proteins. Comparative temporal expression analyses of SERK and SERK-like genes provided significant accordance with their physiological function. The identification of intrinsic disordered regions (IDRs) exclusively in SERK proteins was assumed to perceive external stress-induced signals that may lead to rapid protein folding. In a result it switches-on the precise cellular signals essential for the acquisition of SE. Moreover, the regulatory sequences of SERK genes are evolved with unique cellular fate deciding AP2-like ethylene responsive transcription factor AINTEGUMENTA binding sites for their spatial expression in SE. Based on these analyses we suggest future avenues of research that may be imperative for elucidating the importance of SERK gene evolution in SE.

关键词： Somatic Embryogenesis Cell-Signalling SERK Evolution

Total Electron Content and Anomalous Appearance of GPS Satellites as Pointers to Epicentre Identification of Major Japan Earthquake of 2011

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Positioning 2012年第1期3卷 7-12页

作者： Minakshi Devi Ananda kumar Barbara Department of Physics Gauhati University Guwahati India

The paper presents an analysis of variations in Total Electron Content (TEC) observed through Global Positioning System (GPS) at Guwahati (26?10'N, 91?45'E), in relation to the Japan Earthquakes (EQs) of March 9 and 11, 2011. For this purpose, the azimuthal positions and trajectories of abnormally increased number of satellites at the epicentre location appearing into the Field Of View (FOV) of GPS antenna at Guwahati and consequent pseudo enhancement in TEC are taken as inputs. The paper discusses how the analysis results could provide warning alarms of two earthquakes possibly one on March 8 or 9 and the other on March 11 or 12, 2011 with epicenter positions around 135?E to 145?E and 35?N to 40?N, that coincides with location of Japan Earthquakes. A projected forecast on EQ magnitude of M > 8.5 is also made. The explanations to the observed modifications in TEC features and abnormal increase in number of satellites are purported to be the result of coupling between lithosphere and troposphere forced in by pre-earthquake processes that had spread the zone of activities to as far as Guwahati.

关键词： GPS-TEC Earthquake Satellite Track Radio Refractive Index

The Unexplored Role of Probiotics on the Parasitic Pathogens

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Food and Nutrition Sciences 2014年第22期5卷 2177-2184页

作者： Bratati Mukhopadhyay Nirmal kumar Ganguly Policy Centre for Biomedical Research Translational Health Science and Technology Institute Gurgaon India

The beneficial bacteria coined as probiotics are used as therapeutics to the host and evidences are there to demonstrate to treat bacterial and viral respiratory infections, gastrointestinal diseases, eczema, inflammation, H. pylori infection, irritable bowel syndrome and allergic symptoms etc. In recent past, probiotics has been reported for the control of intestinal parasite infections as well as few non-gut infections spread among human and veterinary animals. Animal models and in vitro culture systems have been studied regarding cellular interactions between probiotics and pathogens or relevant host cells, though the underlying molecular mechanisms mediating the beneficial effects have not yet fully discovered. Hence, more evidence based studies are warranted to correlate whether probiotics through multiple mechanisms might indeed provide a strain-specific protection against parasites to use it as therapeutics. This article has described the effect of probiotics in some of the intestinal as well as non-gut parasites and suggested the scope of exploring the benefit for protozoan parasite Leishmania, as India is planning for the elimination of the disease.

关键词： Probiotics Pathogen Parasitic Metagenomics Leishmania

Apple’s Lion vs Microsoft’s Windows 7: Comparing Built-In Protection against ICMP Flood Attacks

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Journal of Information Security 2014年第3期5卷 123-135页

作者： Rodolfo Baez Junior Sanjeev kumar Network Security Research Lab Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering The University of Texas-Pan American Edinburg USA

With the increase in the number of computers connected to Internet, the number of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks has also been increasing. A DDoS attack consumes the computing resources of a computer or a server, by degrading its computing performance or by preventing legitimate users from accessing its services. Recently, Operating Systems (OS) are increasingly deploying embedded DDoS prevention schemes to prevent computing exhaustion caused by such attacks. In this paper, we compare the effectiveness of two popular operating systems, namely the Apple’s Lion and Microsoft’s Windows 7, against DDoS attacks. We compare the computing performance of these operating systems under two ICMP based DDoS attacks. Since the role of the OS is to manage the computer or servers resources as efficiently as possible, in this paper we investigate which OS manages its computing resources more efficiently. In this paper, we evaluate and compare the built-in security of these two operating systems by using an iMac computer which is capable of running both Windows 7 and Lion. The DDoS attacks that are simulated for this paper are the ICMP Ping and Land Attack. For this experiment, we measure the exhaustion of the processors and the number of Echo Request and Echo Reply messages that were generated under varying attack loads for both the Ping and Land Attack. From our experiments, we found that both operating systems were able to survive the attacks however they reacted a bit differently under attack. The Operating System Lion was handling both the Ping and Land attack in the exactly the same way, whereas Windows 7 handled the two attacks a bit differently, resulting in different processor consumptions by two different operating systems.

关键词： Denial of Service (DOS) Attack Echo Request Echo Reply Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Land Attack Operating System (OS) Ping Attack

High molecular weight DNA recovery from sponge prerequisite for biotechnological metagenomic Bacterial Artificial Chromosome library construction

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High molecular weight DNA recovery from sponge prerequisite ...