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Comprehension of functional support by enculturated chimpanzees Pan troglodytes

Current Zoology 2011年第4期57卷 429-440页

作者： anna M. YOCOM Sarah T. BOYSEN Department of Psychology The Ohio State University Columbus OH 43210 USA

Studies of causal understanding of tool relationships in captive chimpanzees have yielded disparate findings, particularly those reported by Povinelli ＆ colleagues （2000） for tool tasks by laboratory chimpanzees. The present set of experiments tested nine enculturated chimpanzees on three versions of a support task, as described by Povinelli （2000）, during which food re- wards were presented in different experimental configurations. In Experiment 1, stimulus pairs included a choice between a cloth with a reward on the upper right comer or with a second reward off the cloth, adjacent to a comer, with the second pair comprised of a cloth with food on the upper right comer, and a second cloth with the reward on the substrate, partially covered. All subjects were successful with both test conditions in Experiment 1. In a second study, the experimental choices included one of two possi- ble correct options, paired with one of three incorrect options, with the three incorrect choices all involving varying degrees of perceptual containment. All nine chimpanzees scored significantly above chance across all six conditions. In Experiment 3, four unique conditions were presented, combining one of two possible correct choices with one of two incorrect choices. Six of the subjects scored significantly above chance across the four conditions, and group performance on individual conditions was also significant. Superior performance was demonstrated by female subjects in Experiment 3, similar to sex differences in tool use previously reported for wild chimpanzees and some tool tasks in captive chimpanzees. The present results for Experiments 2 ＆ 3 were significantly differed from those reported by Povinelli et al. （2000） for laboratory-born, peer-reared chimpanzees. One contribution towards the dramatic differences between the two study populations may be the significant rearing and housing differences of the chimpanzee groups. One explanation is that under conditions of enculturat

关键词： Chimpanzees Comparative cognition Tool use Causality

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Oligodendrocyte precursor cell maturation: role of adenosine receptors

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第9期16卷 1686-1692页

作者： Federica Cherchi anna Maria Pugliese Elisabetta Coppi Department of Neuroscience PsychologyDrug Research and Child Health-Neurofarba-Division of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly

Oligodendrocyte-formed myelin sheaths allow fast synaptic transmission in the brain and their degeneration leads to demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Remyelination requires the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells into mature oligodendrocytes but, in chronic neurodegenerative disorders, remyelination fails due to adverse environment. Therefore, a strategy to prompt oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation towards myelinating oligodendrocytes is required. The neuromodulator adenosine, and its receptors(A1, A(2A), A(2B) and A3 receptors: A1R, A(2A)R, A(2B)R and A3R), are crucial mediators in remyelination processes. It is known that A1Rs facilitate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell maturation and migration whereas the A3Rs initiates apoptosis in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Our group of research contributed to the field by demonstrating that A(2A)R and A(2B)R inhibit oligodendrocyte progenitor cell maturation by reducing voltage-dependent K^+ currents necessary for cell differentiation. The present review summarizes the possible role of adenosine receptor ligands as potential therapeutic targets in demyelinating pathologies such as multiple sclerosis.

关键词： adenosine receptors K^+channels oligodendrocyte differentiation oligodendrocyte progenitor cells remyelination

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Ultrasonic vocalizations in mice: relevance for ethologic and neurodevelopmental disorders studies

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Neural Regeneration Research 2021年第6期16卷 1158-1167页

作者： Marika Premoli Maurizio Memo Sara anna Bonini Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine University of BresciaViale Europa 11BresciaItaly

Mice use ultrasonic vocalizations(USVs)to communicate each other and to convey their emotional *** have been greatly characterized in specific life phases and contexts,such as mother isolation-induced USVs for pups or female-induced USVs for male mice during *** can be acquired by means of specific tools and later analyzed on the base of both quantitative and qualitative ***,different ultrasonic call categories exist and have already been *** understanding of different calls meaning is still missing,and it will represent an essential step forward in the field of *** have long been studied in the ethological context,but recently they emerged as a precious instrument to study pathologies characterized by deficits in communication,in particular neurodevelopmental disorders(NDDs),such as autism spectrum *** review covers the topics of USVs characteristics in mice,contexts for USVs emission and factors that modulate their expression.A particular focus will be devoted to mouse USVs in the context of ***,several NDDs murine models exist and an intense study of USVs is currently in progress,with the aim of both performing an early diagnosis and to find a pharmacological/behavioral intervention to improve patients’quality of life.

关键词： autism spectrum disorders behavioral phenotyping emotional state environmental modulation maternal immune activation mouse models neurodevelopmental disorders social context ultrasonic communication vocalizations classification

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Lower and upper motor neuron involvement and their impact on disease prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第1期17卷 65-73页

作者： Maria N.Zakharova anna A. Abramova Research Center of Neurology MoscowRussia

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscle wasting,breathing and swallowing difficulties resulting in patient’s death in two to five years after disease *** amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,both upper and lower motor neurons of the corticospinal tracts are involved in the process of neurodegeneration,accounting for great clinical heterogeneity of the *** phenotype has great impact on the pattern and rate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression and overall survival *** more homogenous patient groups in order to study the effects of drug agents on specific manifestations of the disease is a challenging issue in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical *** amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has low incidence rates,conduction of multicenter trials requires certain standardized approaches to disease diagnosis and *** review focuses on the current approaches in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis classification and staging system based on clinical examination and additional instrumental methods,highlighting the role of upper and lower motor neuron involvement in different phenotypes of the *** demonstrate that both clinical and instrumental findings can be useful in evaluating severity of upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron involvement and predicting the following course of the *** disease heterogeneity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical trials could lead to study designs that will assess drug efficacy in specific patient groups,based on the disease pathophysiology and spatiotemporal *** clinical evaluation can be a sufficient screening method for dividing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients into clinical subgroups,we provide proof that instrumental studies could provide valuable insights in the disease pathology.

关键词： amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarkers of progression classification diagnostic biomarkers disease heterogeneity electrodiagnostic medicine electromyography motor neuron disease neuroimaging

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Fine structure and phase composition of Fe–14Mn–1.2C steel:influence of a modified mixture based on refractory metals

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2017年第5期24卷 523-529页

作者： anna Zykova Natalya Popova Mark Kalashnikov Irina Kurzina Tomsk Polytechnic University Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building Chemical Department Tomsk State University

The effect of TiO;,ZrO;and Na;AlF;ultrafine powders on the fine structure and the phase composition of Fe–14Mn–1.2C steel was *** introduction of the ultrafine powders into the melt influenced the grain size,the quantity,and the character of distribution of nonmetallic inclusions in the railroad *** microstructure of castings was improved significantly because of the refinement of the grain structure and an increase of the grain-boundary *** the modifying mixture was introduced into the melt,either the microtwins of one or two intersecting systems or the precipitations of ε-martensite of different types,or simultaneously the microtwins and wafers of ε-martensite,were present in each grain.

关键词： manganese steel fine structure phase composition refractory metals

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No evidence of contagious yawning in the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria

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Current Zoology 2011年第4期57卷 477-484页

作者： anna WILKINSON Natalie SEBANZ Isabella MANDL Ludwig HUBER Department of Cognitive Biology University of Vienna Althanstrasse 14 Vienna 1090 Austria Department of Biological Sciences University of Lincoln Lincoln LN2 2LG UK Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behavior Centre for Cognition Radboud University Nijmegen P.O. Box 9104 6500 HE Nijmegen The Netherlands

Three hypotheses have attempted to explain the phenomenon of contagious yawning. It has been hypothesized that it is a fixed action pattern for which the releasing stimulus is the observation of another yawn, that it is the result of non-conscious mimicry emerging through close links between perception and action or that it is the result of empathy, involving the ability to engage in mental state attribution. This set of experiments sought to distinguish between these hypotheses by examining contagious yawning in a species that is unlikely to show nonconscious mimicry and empathy but does respond to social stimuli： the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria. A demonstrator tortoise was conditioned to yawn when presented with a red square-shaped stimulus. Observer tortoises were exposed to three conditions： observation of conditioned yawn, non demonstration control, and stimulus only control. We measured the number of yawns for each observer animal in each condition. There was no difference between conditions. Experiment 2 therefore increased the number of conditioned yawns presented. Again, there was no significant difference between conditions. It seemed plausible that the tortoises did not view the conditioned yawn as a real yawn and therefore a final experiment was run using video recorded stimuli. The observer tortoises were presented with three conditions： real yawn, conditioned yawns and empty background. Again there was no significant difference between conditions. We therefore conclude that the red-footed tortoise does not yawn in response to observing a conspecific yawn. This suggests that contagious yawning is not the result of a fixed action pattern but may involve more complex social processes [Current Zoology 57 （4）： 477-484, 2011].

关键词： Reptile Contagious yawn Empathy Nonconscious mimicry Fixed action pattern

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Transformation of the TiNi Alloy Microstructure and the Mechanical Properties Caused by Repeated B2-B190' Martensitic Transformations

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2015年第10期28卷 1230-1237页

作者： anna Churakova Dmitry Gunderov Alexander Lukyanov Niklas Nollmann Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics RAS Ufa State Aviation Technical University Institute of Materials Physics University of Münster

The influences of thermal cycling treatment in the temperature range of B2-B19 martensitic transformations（-150 to 150 °C） on the Ti Ni alloy structure and properties were studied. Different states named the initial coarse-grained（CG） state, the ultrafine-grained（UFG） state after ECAP（with a grain size of 200 nm）, the state after ECAP and cold upsetting by 30% were considered. The results show that the microhardness and the strength increase in all the three *** to the XRD analysis, a more significant increment in the dislocation density, resulting from thermal cycling, is observed in the UFG alloy than in the CG alloy.

关键词： Thermal cycling TiNi alloy Equal-channel angular pressing Martensitic transformation

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Influence of uncertainties: A focus on block volume and shape assessment for rockfall analysis

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Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering 2023年第9期15卷 2250-2263页

作者： Gessica Umili Battista Taboni anna Maria Ferrero Department of Earth Sciences University of Turinvia Valperga Caluso 3510125TurinItaly

Block size and shape depend on the state of fracturing of the rock mass and,consequently,on the geometrical features of the discontinuity sets(mainly orientation,spacing,and persistence).The development of non-contact surveying techniques applied to rock mass characterization offers significant advantages in terms of data numerosity,precision,and accuracy,allowing for performing a rigorous statistical analysis of the *** fact is particularly evident when dealing with rockfall phenomena:uncertainties in spacing and orientation data could significantly amplify the uncertainties connected with in situ block size distribution(IBSD),which represents a relation between each possible value of the volume and its probability of not being *** addition to volume,block shape can be considered as a derived parameter that suffers from *** attempts to model the possible trajectories of blocks considering their actual shape have been proposed,aiming to reproduce the effect on *** authors proposed analytical equations for calculating the expected value and variance of volume distributions,based on the geometrically correct equation for block volume in the case of three discontinuity *** quantify and discuss the effect of both volume and shape variability through a synthetic case ***,a fictitious rock mass with three discontinuity sets is assumed as the source of *** IBSDs obtained considering different spacing datasets are quantitatively compared,and the overall uncertainty effect is assessed,proving the correctness of the proposed ***,block shape distributions are obtained and compared,confirming the variability of shapes within the same ***,a comparison between trajectory simulations on the synthetic slope is reported,aiming to highlight the effects of the propagation of uncertainties to block volume and shape *** benefits of an approach that can quantify the uncertainties are discussed

关键词： Rockfall In situ block size distribution(IBSD) Block Volume Shape Uncertainty

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Physiology of gangliosides and the role of antiganglioside antibodies in human diseases

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2020年第4期17卷 313-322页

作者： Gianni Cutillo anna-Helena Saariaho Seppo Meri Translational Immunology Research Program and the Department of Bacteriology and Immunology University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland Humanitas University MilanRozzanoItaly Helsinki University Hospital Laboratory(HUSLAB) HelsinkiFinland

Gangliosides are structurally and functionally polymorphic sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids that are widely distributed in the human *** play important roles in protecting us against immune attacks,yet they can become targets for autoimmunity and act as receptors for microbes,like the influenza viruses,and toxins,such as the cholera *** expression patterns of gangliosides vary in different tissues,during different life periods,as well as in different *** against gangliosides(AGA)can target immune attack e.g.,against neuronal cells and neutralize their complement inhibitory *** are important especially in acquired demyelinating immune-mediated neuropathies,like Guillain–Barrésyndrome(GBS)and its variant,the Miller–Fisher syndrome(MFS).They can emerge in response to different microbial agents and immunological ***,they can be involved in a variety of *** addition,antibodies against GM3 were found in the sera of patients vaccinated with Pandemrix®,who developed secondary narcolepsy,strongly supporting the autoimmune etiology of the disease.

关键词： ganglioside Guillain-Barre syndrome complement narcolepsy sialic acid

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Seasonal comparison of moss bag technique against vertical snow samples for monitoring atmospheric pollution

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2016年第3期28卷 128-137页

作者： Hanna Salo anna-Kaisa Berisha Joni M?kinen Department of Geography and Geology University of Turku Centre for Research of Lifelong Learning and Education(CELE) University of Turku

This is the first study seasonally applying Sphagnum papillosum moss bags and vertical snow samples for monitoring atmospheric *** bags,exposed in January,were collected together with snow samples by early March 2012 near the Harjavalta Industrial Park in southwest ***,chemical,scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy（SEM-EDX）,K-means clustering,and Tomlinson pollution load index（PLI）data showed parallel spatial trends of pollution dispersal for both *** strengthen previous findings that concentrate and slag handling activities were important（dust）emission sources while the impact from Cu–Ni smelter＇s pipe remained secondary at closer *** significant correlations existed between the variables of snow and moss *** a summary,both methods work well for sampling and are efficient pollutant *** bags can be used also in winter conditions and they provide more homogeneous and better controlled sampling method than snow samples.

关键词： Biomonitoring Industrial pollution Heavy metal Magnetic susceptibility Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

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