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Rethinking Global Context in Crowd Counting

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Machine Intelligence Research 2024年第4期21卷 640-651页

作者： Guolei Sun Yun Liu Thomas Probst Danda Pani paudel Nikola Popovic Luc Van Gool Computer Vision Lab ETH ZürichZürich 8092Switzerland Institute for Infocomm Research A*STARSingapore 138632Singapore Magic Leap Zürich 8050Switzerland

This paper investigates the role of global context for crowd ***,a pure transformer is used to extract features with global information from overlapping image *** by classification,we add a context token to the input sequence,to facilitate information exchange with tokens corresponding to image patches throughout transformer *** to the fact that transformers do not explicitly model the tried-and-true channel-wise interactions,we propose a token-attention module(TAM)to recalibrate encoded features through channel-wise attention informed by the context *** that,it is adopted to predict the total person count of the image through regression-token module(RTM).Extensive experiments on various datasets,including ShanghaiTech,UCFQNRF,JHU-CROWD++and NWPU,demonstrate that the proposed context extraction techniques can significantly improve the performanceover the baselines.

关键词： Crowd counting vision transformer global context attention density map.

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尼泊尔巴迪亚国家公园缓冲区的人象冲突

Journal of Resources and Ecology 2024年第2期15卷 412-421页

作者： PAHARI Sagar JOSHI Rajeev paudel Umesh 南十字星大学澳大利亚利斯莫尔2480 尼泊尔农林大学自然资源管理学院林学系尼泊尔卡塔里56310 尼泊尔巴迪亚自然保护国家信托基金会尼泊尔巴迪亚21800

亚洲象(Elephasmaximus)是尼泊尔特莱(Terai)低地保护区重要的大型动物之一,它们经常在保护区森林边界附近遇到人类及其生计支持活动。人象冲突一直是保护区附近人类居住区的主要问题之一,每年都会造成经济损失,甚至威胁人类的生命安全... 详细信息

亚洲象(Elephasmaximus)是尼泊尔特莱(Terai)低地保护区重要的大型动物之一,它们经常在保护区森林边界附近遇到人类及其生计支持活动。人象冲突一直是保护区附近人类居住区的主要问题之一,每年都会造成经济损失,甚至威胁人类的生命安全,这一问题阻碍了保护区的可持续管理。本研究的目的是分析巴迪亚国家公园缓冲区人象冲突的原因,并评估人们对这种大型动物的感知。为此,在巴迪亚国家公园缓冲区内的三个市镇进行了结构化问卷调查。此外,作为问卷调查的补充,还对关键知情人士进行了访谈。结果显示,93%的受访者在过去三年中曾遭遇大象的袭击。由于大象袭击,去年每个家庭平均损失了大约9690尼泊尔卢比。大象的攻击行为大多数发生在7月至9月,其次是10月至12月。这表明大象对作物的偏好是研究区大象发起攻击/袭击行为的主要原因。大象袭击的第二个重要原因是由于农田向森林的扩张而导致大象食物不足。90%的受访者对大象攻击的反应是驱赶它们(使用火或噪音);51%的受访者接受人象共存,他们认为大象具有生物学和经济价值;然而,还有41%的人拒绝与大象共存,因为大象对当地居民及其生计构成了威胁。人象冲突已对保护区管理活动产生了负面影响,因此,必须通过保护区、当地居民和行政利益相关者的合作来解决相关问题。建议以后开展更多的研究,以了解大象在森林边界和邻近定居点附近人们的居住和迁徙模式。

关键词：攻击补偿作物的损害感知偏好

Occupational physical activity, all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality in 349,248 adults: Prospective and longitudinal analyses of the MJ Cohort

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第4期13卷 579-589页

作者： Emmanuel Stamatakis Matthew N.Ahmadi Tiana-Lee Elphick Bo-Huei Huang Susan paudel Armando Teixeira-Pinto Li-Jung Chen Borja del Pozo Cruz Yun-Ju Lai Andreas Holtermann Po-Wen Ku Sydney School of Health Sciences Faculty of Medicine and HealthCharles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia Sydney School of Public Health Faculty of Medicine and HealthUniversity of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia Department of Exercise Health Science “National”Taiwan University of SportTaichung 40404China Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics University of Southern DenmarkOdense 5230Denmark Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal MedicinePuli Branch of Taichung Veterans General HospitalNantou 54552China National Research Centre for the Working Environment Copenhagen 2100Denmark Graduate Institute of Sports and Health Management “National”Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung 40227China

Background:Evidence on the health benefits of occupational physical activity(OPA)is *** examined the associations of baseline OPA and OPA changes with all-cause,cardiovascular disease(CVD),and cancer mortality and survival ***:This study included prospective and longitudinal data from the MJ Cohort,comprising adults over 18 years recruited in 1998-2016,349,248 adults(177,314 women)with baseline OPA,of whom 105,715(52,503 women)had 2 OPA measures at 6.3±4.2 years(mean±SD)*** were baseline OPA,OPA changes,and baseline leisure-time physical ***:Over a mean mortality follow-up of 16.2±5.5 years for men and 16.4±5.4 years for women,11,696 deaths(2033 of CVD and 4631 of cancer causes)in men and 8980 deaths(1475 of CVD and 3689 of cancer causes)in women *** moderately heavy/heavy baseline OPA was beneficially associated with all-cause mortality in men(multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio(HR)=0.93,95%confidence interval(95%CI):0.89-0.98 compared to light OPA)and women(HR=0.86,95%CI:0.79-0.93).Over a mean mortality follow-up of 12.5±4.6 years for men and 12.6±4.6 years for women,OPA decreases in men were detrimentally associated(HR=1.16,95%CI:1.01-1.33)with all-cause mortality,while OPA increases in women were beneficially(HR=0.83,95%CI:0.70-0.97)associated with the same *** or changes in OPA showed no associations with CVD or cancer ***:Higher baseline OPA was beneficially associated with all-cause mortality risk in both men and *** longitudinal OPA analyses partly confirmed the prospective findings,with some discordance between sex groups.

关键词： Cancer Cardiovascular disease Epidemiology Mortality

Effects of Topography and Land use on Woody Plant Species Composition and Beta Diversity in an Arid Trans-Himalayan Landscape, Nepal

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Journal of Mountain Science 2014年第5期11卷 1112-1122页

作者： Shishir paudel Ole R VETAAS Natural Resources Ecology and Management Oklahoma State UniversityStillwater OK 74078 USA Department of Geography University of BergenPost Box 7800 N-5020 Bergen Norway

Distribution patterns of plant species are believed to be impacted by small-scale habitat heterogeneity. However, there have been few comparative studies examining how woody vegetation composition and diversity varies with aspects of different orientations in the Trans-Himalayan region at a local scale. Here, we examined the effects of incoming solar radiation on variation in woody species composition and compared the diversity between the northeast- and southwest-facing slopes in a Trans-Himalayan valley of Nepal. We also examined the implicit interactions between slope orientation and land use in determining the compositional variations between the slopes. We selected two pairs of northeast- and southwest-facing slopes where the first pair has a similar land use and differs in exposure only(Pisang site) while the other pair has clear differences in land use in addition to slope exposure(Braka site). In each site, we sampled 72 plots(36 on each slope) in which the presence and absence of woody species, environmental variables, and disturbance were recorded. Correspondence Analysis(CA) results suggested that the woody species composition significantly varied between northeast- and southwest-facing slopes at both sites, and was significantly correlated with measured environmental variables such as radiation index, altitude, and canopy openness. In the Braka site,mean alpha diversity was significantly higher on southwest-facing slopes. In contrast, beta diversity and gamma diversity were greater on northeast-facing slopes at both sites. Our results suggest that topographic variables(e.g., radiation index) affect species composition between the slopes, likely due to their influence on small scale abiotic environmental variables. However, the effects of land use, such as livestock browsing/grazing may interact with the effects of slope exposure, effectively reducing differences in species composition within slopes but enhancing the differences in beta diversity between

关键词： Correspondence analysis Diversity Environmental gradients Himalaya Land use Topographic aspect Woody vegetation

Intervention on inhalation technique of rotahaler in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma

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Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2016年第1期11卷 81-82页

作者： G.M.Khan paudel Badri Thapa Parbati Duwal anita Adhikari Atul paudel Deepak Regmi Dipendra Barakoti Himal Gwachha Kabita Koju Nirmala Birat Medical College Teaching Hospital TankisinuwariMorangNepal Charak Memorial Medicare Hospital PokharaNepal School of Health and Allied Sciences Pokhara UniversityLekhnathKaskiNepal

Inhalation is the preferred route of delivery for drugs intended for both COPD and asthma as drugs are delivered directly to their site of action,leading to a rapid onset of action and a low incidence of side *** technique when taking inhaled medications frequently prevents patients from receiving the maximal benefit from their medications[1].Thus,prospective interventional study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of inhalation techniques of Rotahaler in patients with COPD and Asthma[2,3].

关键词： Asthma COPD Inhalation technique Intervention Rotahaler

Social determinants that lead to poor knowledge about, and inappropriate precautionary practices towards, avian influenza among butchers in Kathmandu, Nepal

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2013年第1期2卷 72-81页

作者： Mohan paudel Bimala Acharya Mandira Adhikari Health Right International KathmanduNepal Sahid Gangalal National Heart Center KathmanduNepal. Population Service International KathmanduNepal

Background:Avian influenza(AI)is a global public health *** the knowledge that butchers have about it and the precautionary practices they take against it is crucial for designing future preparedness *** study aimed to identify the social determinants of knowledge and precautionary measures of AI among butchers in the Kathmandu district in ***:The study was based on a cross-sectional study design using structured interview questionnaires and checklists to observe social determinants and the precautionary measures of 120 butchers aged 15 years and above from the Kathmandu ***:The majority of the respondents were male(69.2%)and more than half(53.3%)were from the age group of 25-39 years(mean:31.08,SD:±9.82).Nearly two-thirds(61.3%)of the respondents had a‘poor knowledge’,and the remaining had‘some knowledge’,about *** than half(55.4%)of the respondents were in the category of displaying‘poor practice’towards AI and the remaining half were in the‘satisfactory practice’*** of the respondents had‘adequate knowledge’or displayed‘good practice’.The respondents in the>25 years of age group were less likely[OR 0.169;95%CI(0.056-0.512)]compared to those in the<25 years age group to have a poor knowledge about AI;and the respondents with‘primary education’were more likely[OR 3.265;95%CI(1.326-8.189)]to have a poor knowledge about AI as compared to those who had a secondary or above level of *** who did not know the correct definition of AI were more likely to follow poor practices[OR 4.265;95%CI(1.193-15.242)];and the respondents who did not know the risk groups associated with AI were also more likely to follow poor practices[OR 3.103;95%CI(1.191-8.083)].Conclusion:This study points out the need to address butchers to improve their knowledge of,and more importantly their compliance with,the precautionary measures to prevent avian influenza.

关键词： Cross-sectional survey Influenza in bird Knowledge Nepal Social determinants

The role of light, soil and human factors on the probability of occurrence of an invasive and three native plant species in coastal transitions of coastal mississippi, USA

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2015年第5期8卷 491-500页

作者： Shishir paudel Loretta L.Battaglia Department of Plant Biology and Center for Ecology Southern Illinois University CarbondaleMail code 6509CarbondaleIL 62901USA The Department of Natural Resource Ecology&Management Oklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOK 74078USA.

Aims understanding relationships between the distributions of species and their surrounding environment provides a basis for forecasting how species will respond to future environmental *** this study,we examined the effects of environmental factors and human devel-opmental features associated with disturbances on probability of occurrence of juveniles of invasive Triadica sebifera and three native plant species,Baccharis halimifolia,Ilex vomitoria and Morella cer-ifera within a typical coastal transition in coastal mississippi,*** We recorded presence of juveniles of focal species and measured environmental factors(soil salinity,canopy openness,soil texture and soil carbon to nitrogen ratio)along an 11.3 km transect located at grand bay National Estuarine research ***,we doc-umented anthropogenic features and associated activities as a proxy for human *** Findings With the exception of ***,all other species occurrences were significantly influenced by an interaction between soil salinity and canopy *** occurrence of *** sharply decreased with *** occurrence peaked at moderate levels of salinity and low to moderate levels of canopy *** of *** and the invasive *** were highest at low levels of salinity and canopy *** results indicate that salinity is a strong driver that limits distribution of juvenile native and invasive species in coastal *** regression confirmed the positive effects of anthropogenic disturbances on *** and *** *** appears that while soil salinity is likely to drive retreat of the seaward boundaries of woody plant species distributions,increased human developments along the coast likely enhance the inland spread of species,in particular the invasive *** by increasing distur-bances and facilitating *** from this study can offer insight for the development of

关键词： canopy openness coastal transition disturbance invasive species native species salinity

Spatiotemporal changes in agricultural land cover in Nepal over the last 100 years

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2018年第10期28卷 1519-1537页

作者： Basanta paudel 张镱锂李士成刘林山 Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences School of Public Administration China University of Geosciences

In order to advance land use and land cover change（LUCC） research in Nepal, it is essential to reconstruct both the spatiotemporal distribution of agricultural land cover as well as scenarios that can explain these changes at the national and regional levels. Because of rapid population growth, the status of agricultural land in Nepal has changed markedly over the last 100 years. Historical data is used in this study, encompassing soils, populations, climatic variables, and topography. Data were revised to a series of 30 m grid cells utilized for agricultural land suitability and allocation models and were analyzed using a suite of advanced geographical tools. Our reconstructions for the spatiotemporal distribution of agricultural land in Nepal reveal an increasing trend between 1910 and 2010（from 151.2 × 10^2 km^2 to 438.8 × 10^2 km^2）. This expanded rate of increase in agricultural land has varied between different eco, physiographic, and altitudinal regions of the country, significantly driven by population changes and policies over the period of this investigation. The historical dataset presented in this paper fills an existing gap in studies of agricultural land change and can be applied to other carbon cycle and climate modeling studies, as well as to impact assessments of agricultural land change in Nepal.

关键词： agricultural land reconstruction land suitability for cultivation altitudinal variation Nepal

Mechanization and efficiency in rice production in China

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2021年第7期20卷 1996-2008页

作者： SHI Min Krishna P.paudel CHEN Feng-bo College of Economics&Management South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510642P.R.China Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Louisiana State University(LSU)and LSU Agricultural CenterBaton RougeLouisiana 70803USA

Agricultural mechanization and custom machine services have developed rapidly in China,which can influence rice production efficiency in the *** calculate technical efficiency,allocative efficiency,and scale efficiency using data collected in 2015 from a face-to-face interview survey of 450 households that cultivated 3096 plots located in the five major rice-producing provinces of *** use a one-step stochastic frontier model to calculate technical efficiency and regress the efficiency scores on socio-demographic and physical land characteristics to find the influencing *** influencing technical efficiency are compared at three different phases of rice *** also calculate technical efficiency by using the Heckman Selection Model,which addresses technological heterogeneity and self-selection *** indicate that:(1)the average value of technical efficiency using a one-step stochastic frontier model was found to be *** self-selection bias is accounted for using the Heckman Selection Model,the average value of the technical efficiency increases to 0.80;(2)mechanization at the chemical application phase has a positive effect on technical efficiency,but mechanization does not affect efficiency at the plowing and harvesting phases;(3)machines are overused relative to both land and labor,and high machine input use on the small size of landholding has resulted in allocative inefficiency;(4)rice farmers are overwhelmingly operating at a sub-optimal *** policies should focus on encouraging farmland transfer in rural areas to achieve scale efficiency and allocative efficiency while promoting mechanization at the chemical application phase of rice cultivation to improve technical efficiency.

关键词： technical efficiency allocative efficiency scale efficiency rice farmers stochastic frontier function