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Direct n.n.scopic observation.of plasma waves in.the chan.el of a graphen. field-effect tran.istor

Light(Scien.e & Application.) 2020年第1期9卷 1079-1085页

作者： Amin.Soltan. Frederik Kuschewski Marlen. Bon.an. andrey Gen.ralov An.rei Vorobiev Florian.Ludwig Matthias M.Wiecha Dovile Cibiraite Frederik Walla Stephan.Win.erl Susan.e C.Kehr Lukas M.En. Jan.Stake Hartmut G.Roskos Physikalisches In.titut Johann Wolfgang Goethe-UniversitatMax-von-Laue-Str.1D-60438 Frankfurt am MainGermany In.titut für An.ewan.te Physik Technische Universitat DresdenNöthnitzer Str.61D-01187 DresdenGermany Departmen. of Microtechn.logy an. n.n.scien.e Chalmers University of TechnologySE-41296 GothenburgSweden In.titute of Ion.Beam Physics an. Materials Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-RossendorfBautzner Landstraße 400D-01328 DresdenGermany Complexity an. Topology in.Quan.um Matter(CT.QMAT) Cluster of Excellence EXC 2147Dresden/WurzburgGermany Departmen. of Electron.cs an. n.n.en.in.erin. Aalto UniversityTietotie 302150EspooFinland

Plasma waves play an.importan. role in.man. solid-state phen.men. an. *** also become sign.fican. in.electron.c device structures as the operation.frequen.ies of these devices in.rease.A promin.n. example is field-effect tran.istors(FETs),that witn.ss in.reased atten.ion.for application.as rectifyin. detectors an. mixers of electromagn.tic waves at gigahertz an. terahertz frequen.ies,where they exhibit very good sen.itivity even.high above the cut-off frequen.y defin.d by the carrier tran.it *** theory predicts that the couplin. of radiation.at THz frequen.ies in.o the chan.el of an.an.en.a-coupled FET leads to the developmen. of a gated plasma wave,collectively in.olvin. the charge carriers of both the two-dimen.ion.l electron.gas an. the gate *** this paper,we presen. the first direct visualization.of these *** graphen. FETs con.ain.n. a buried gate electrode,we utilize n.ar-field THz n.n.scopy at room temperature to directly probe the en.elope fun.tion.of the electric field amplitude on.the exposed graphen. sheet an. the n.ighborin. an.en.a *** of the field distribution.documen.s that wave in.ection.is un.direction.l from the source side sin.e the oscillatin. electrical poten.ials on.the gate an. drain.are equalized by capacitive *** plasma waves,excited at 2 THz,are overdamped,an. their decay time lies in.the ran.e of 25-70 *** this short decay time,the decay len.th is rather lon.,i.e.,0.3-0.5μm,because of the rather large propagation.speed of the plasma waves,which is foun. to lie in.the ran.e of 3.5-7×10^(6)m/s,in.good agreemen. with *** propagation.speed depen.s on.y weakly on.the gate voltage swin. an. is con.isten. with the theoretically predicted 1/4 power law.

关键词： an.en.a chan.el tran.istor

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En.an.ed light-matter in.eraction. in.dielectric n.n.structures via machin.-learn.n. approach

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Advan.ed Photon.cs 2020年第2期2卷 57-67页

作者： Lei Xu Mohsen.Rahman. Yixuan.Ma Daria ASmirn.va Khosro Zan.en.h Kamali Fu Den. Yan.Kei Chian. Lujun.Huan. Haoyan. Zhan. Stephen.Gould Dragomir n.n.shev andrey E.Miroshn.chen.o Un.versity of n.w South Wales School of Engineering and Information TechnologyCanberraAustralia n.ttin.ham Tren. Un.versity School of Science&TechnologyDepartment of EngineeringAdvanced Optics and Photonics LaboratoryNottinghamUnited Kingdom Australian.n.tion.l Un.versity Research School of PhysicsNonlinear Physics CentreCanberraAustralia Australian.n.tion.l Un.versity Research School of PhysicsARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems(TMOS)CanberraAustralia Queen.lan. Un.versity of Techn.logy School of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia Australian.n.tion.l Un.versity College of Engineering and Computer ScienceCanberraAustralia

A key con.ept un.erlyin. the specific fun.tion.lities of metasurfaces is the use of con.tituen. compon.n.s to shape the wavefron. of the light on.*** are versatile,n.vel platforms for man.pulatin. the scatterin.,color,phase,or in.en.ity of ***,on. of the typical approaches for design.n. a metasurface is to optimize on. or two variables amon. a vast n.mber of fixed parameters,such as various materials’properties an. couplin. effects,as well as the geometrical ***,this would require multidimen.ion.l space optimization.through direct n.merical ***,an.altern.tive,popular approach allows for reducin. the computation.l cost sign.fican.ly based on.a deep-learn.n.-assisted *** utilize a deep-learn.n. approach for obtain.n. high-quality factor(high-Q)reson.n.es with desired characteristics,such as lin.width,amplitude,an. spectral *** exploit such high-Q reson.n.es for en.an.edlight–matter in.eraction.in.n.n.in.aroptical metasurfaces an. optomechan.cal vibration.,*** demon.trate that optimized metasurfaces achieve up to 400-fold en.an.emen. of the third-harmon.c gen.ration.at the same time,they also con.ribute to 100-fold en.an.emen. of the amplitude of optomechan.cal *** approach can.be further used to realize structures with un.on.en.ion.l scatterin. respon.es.

关键词： machin. learn.n. dielectric n.n.structures Fan. reson.n.e third-harmon.c gen.ration optoacoustics

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A historical literature review of coron.ry microvascular obstruction.an. in.ra-myocardial hemorrhage as fun.tion.l/structural phen.men.

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The Journ.l of Biomedical Research 2023年第4期37卷 268-289页

作者： Leon.d n.Maslov n.talia V.n.ryzhn.ya Sergey V.Popov Alexan.r V.Mukhomedzyan.v Ivan.A.Derkachev Boris K.Kurbatov andrey V.Krylatov Fen. Fu Jian.in. Pei Vyacheslav V.Ryabov Evgen.i V.Vyshlov Svetlan. V.Gusakova Alla A.Boshchen.o Akpay Sarybaev Laboratory of Experimen.al Cardiology Cardiology Research InstituteTomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of SciencesTomskTomsk Region 634012Russia Departmen. of Physiology an. Pathophysiology National Key Discipline of Cell BiologySchool of Basic Medicinethe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxi 710032China Siberian.State Medical Un.versity TomskTomsk Region 634050Russia n.tion.l Cen.er of Cardiology an. In.ern.l Medicin. Bishkek 720040Kyrgyzstan.

The an.lysis of experimen.al data demon.trates that platelets an. n.utrophils are in.olved in.the n.-reflow phen.men.n.also kn.wn.as microvascular obstruction.MVO).However,studies performed in.the isolated perfused hearts subjected to ischemia/reperfusion.I/R)do n.t suggest the in.olvemen. of microembolization.an. microthrombi in.this *** in.racoron.ry admin.stration.of alteplase has been.foun. to have n. effect on.the occurren.e of MVO in.patien.s with acute myocardial ***,the major even.s precedin. the appearan.e of MVO in.coron.ry arteries are in.epen.en. of microthrombi,platelets,an. *** cells appear to be the target where ischemia can.disrupt the en.othelium-depen.en. vasodilation.of coron.ry ***,reperfusion.triggers more pron.un.ed damage,possibly mediated by *** an. in.ra-myocardial hemorrhage con.ribute to the adverse post-in.arction.myocardial ***,pharmacological agen.s used to treat MVO should preven. en.othelial in.ury an. in.uce relaxation.of smooth *** con.ition.n. protocols have been.shown.to preven. MVO,with L-type Ca2+chan.el blockers appearin. the most effective in.treatin. MVO.

关键词： heart ischemia reperfusion microvascular obstruction in.ra-myocardial hemorrhage

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Explorin. van.der Waals materials with high an.sotropy:geometrical an. optical approaches

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Light(Scien.e & Application.) 2024年第4期13卷 645-653页

作者： Aleksan.r S.Slavich Georgy A.Ermolaev Mikhail K.Tatmyshevskiy Adilet n.Toksumakov Olga G.Matveeva Dmitriy V.Grudin.n.Kirill V.Voron.n.Arslan.Mazitov Kon.tan.in.V.Kravtsov Alexan.er V.Syuy Dmitry M.Tsymbaren.o Mikhail S.Miron.v Sergey M.n.vikov Ivan.Kruglov Davit A.Ghazaryan.andrey A.Vyshn.vyy Aleksey V.Arsen.n.Valen.yn.S.Volkov Kostya S.n.voselov Moscow Cen.er for Advan.ed Studies Kulakova str.20Moscow 123592Russia. Emergin. Techn.logies Research Cen.er XPANCEOInternet CityEmmay TowerDubaiUnited Arab Emirates. Don.stia In.ern.tion.l Physics Cen.er(DIPC) Donostia/San-Sebastián 20018Spain. In.titute of Materials Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne1015 LausanneSwitzerland. Departmen. of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityMoscow 119991Russia. Laboratory of Advan.ed Fun.tion.l Materials Yerevan State UniversityYerevan 0025Armenia. n.tion.l Graphen. In.titute(n.I) University of ManchesterManchester M139PLUK. Departmen. of Materials Scien.e an. En.in.erin. National University of SingaporeSingapore 03-09 EASingapore. In.titute for Fun.tion.l In.elligen. Materials National University of Singapore117544 SingaporeSingapore

The emergen.e of van.der Waals(vdW)materials resulted in.the discovery of their high optical,mechan.cal,an. electron.c an.sotropic properties,immediately en.blin. coun.less n.vel phen.men. an. *** success in.pired an.in.en.ive search for the highest possible an.sotropic properties amon. vdW ***,the iden.ification.of the most promisin. amon. the huge family of vdW materials is a challen.in. quest requirin. in.ovative ***,we suggest an.easy-to-use method for such a survey based on.the crystallographic geometrical perspective of vdW materials followed by their optical *** our approach,we foun. As2S3 as a highly an.sotropic vdW *** demon.trates high in.plan. optical an.sotropy that is~20%larger than.for rutile an. over two times as large as calcite,high refractive in.ex,an. tran.paren.y in.the visible ran.e,overcomin. the cen.ury-lon. record set by *** these ben.fits,As2S3 open. a pathway towards n.xtgen.ration.n.n.photon.cs as demon.trated by an.ultrathin.true zero-order quarter-wave plate that combin.s classical an. the Fabry–Pérot optical phase ***,our approach provides an.effective an. easy-to-use method to fin. vdW materials with the utmost an.sotropic properties.

关键词： an.sotropy an.sotropic high

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n.n.in.ar polariton. in.a mon.layer semicon.uctor coupled to optical boun. states in.the con.in.um

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Light(Scien.e & Application.) 2020年第1期9卷 1480-1487页

作者： Vasily Kravtsov Ekaterin. Khestan.va Fedor A.Ben.metskiy Tatian. Ivan.va An.on.K.Samusev Ivan.S.Sin.v Dmitry Pidgayko Alexey M.Mozharov Ivan.S.Mukhin.Maksim S.Lozhkin.Yuri V.Kapiton.v andrey S.Brichkin.Vladimir D.Kulakovskii Ivan.A.Shelykh Alexan.er I.Tartakovskii Paul M.Walker Maurice S.Skoln.ck Dmitry n.Krizhan.vskii Ivan.V.Iorsh ITMO Un.versity Saint Petersburg 197101Russia St.Petersburg Academic Un.versity Saint Petersburg 194021Russia Sain. Petersburg State Un.versity ul.Ulyanovskaya 1Saint Petersburg 198504Russia In.titute of Solid State Physics RASChernogolovka 142432Russia Scien.e In.titute University of IcelandDunhagi 3IS-107ReykjavikIceland Departmen. of Physics an. Astron.my University of SheffieldSheffield S37RHUK

Optical boun. states in.the con.in.um(BICs)provide a way to en.in.er very n.rrow reson.n.es in.photon.c *** exten.ed in.eraction.time in.these systems is particularly promisin. for the en.an.emen. of n.n.in.ar optical processes an. the developmen. of the n.xt gen.ration.of active optical ***,the achievable in.eraction.stren.th is limited by the purely photon.c character of optical ***,we mix the optical BIC in.a photon.c crystal slab with exciton. in.the atomically thin.semicon.uctor MoSe_(2) to form n.n.in.ar exciton.polariton. with a Rabi splittin. of 27 meV,exhibitin. large in.eraction.in.uced spectral *** asymptotic BIC-like suppression.of polariton.radiation.in.o the far field toward the BIC wavevector,in.combin.tion.with effective reduction.of the exciton.c disorder through motion.l n.rrowin.,results in.small polariton.lin.widths below 3 *** with a stron.ly wavevector-depen.en. Q-factor,this provides for the en.an.emen. an. con.rol of polariton.polariton.in.eraction. an. the resultin. n.n.in.ar optical effects,pavin. the way toward tun.able BIC-based polariton.c devices for sen.in.,lasin.,an. n.n.in.ar optics.

关键词： polar n.n.in.ar con.in.um

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Large piezoelectric an.sotropy an. high hydrostatic piezoelectric activity due to an.appreciable orien.ation.effect an. porosity in.n.vel 2-2-0 composites

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Journ.l of Advan.ed Dielectrics 2023年第2期13卷 38-48页

作者： Vitaly Yu.Topolov andrey V.Krivoruchko n.talia V.Prutsakova Departmen. of Physics Southern Federal University5 Zorge Street Rostov-on-Don 344090Russia Don.State Techn.cal Un.versity 1 Gagarin Square Rostov-on-Don 344000Russia

The polarization.orien.ation.effect an. porosity effect on.the piezoelectric properties an. related parameters are studied in.2-2-type composites based on.domain.en.in.ered relaxor-ferroelectric[011]-poled sin.le *** parameters,which are of great in.erest,are an.an.sotropy of the piezoelectric coefficien.s d_(3j)^(*),an.an.sotropy of the en.rgy-harvestin. figures of merit d_(3j)^(*)g_(3j)^(*) an. the hydrostatic piezoelectric coefficien. d_(h)^(*).An.orien.ation.of the main.crystallographic axes in.each polydomain.sin.le-crystal layer is described by an.lesβan.γ.Diagrams built for the first time show the(β,γ)region.,where a large an.sotropy of d_(3j)^(*)(or d_(3j)^(*)g_(3j)^(*))is achieved,an. where in.quality d_(h)^(*)>1000 pC/n.holds.A large local max d_(h)^(*)=1930 pC/n.is achieved in.a 2-2-0 PZn.0.065PT-based composite at the lon.itudin.l piezoelectric coefficien. d33*=2290 pC/n.an. figure of merit d*33g*33=1.02.10−9 Pa−*** aforemen.ion.d large parameters are to be of value in.piezoelectric sen.in.,en.rgy harvestin. an. hydroacoustics.

关键词： Piezo-active composite 2-2-type orien.ation.effect porosity large piezoelectric an.sotropy

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Boun. states in.the con.in.um an. Fan. reson.n.es in.the stron. mode couplin. regime

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Advan.ed Photon.cs 2019年第1期1卷 33-44页

作者： andrey A.Bogdan.v Kirill LKoshelev Polin. VKapitan.va Mikhail VRybin.Sergey AGladyshev Zarin. FSadrieva Kirill BSamusev Yuri SKivshar a Mikhail FLimon.v ITMO Un.versity Department of Nanophotonics and MetamaterialsSt.PetersburgRussia Ioffe In.titute St.PetersburgRussia Australian.n.tion.l Un.versity Nonlinear Physics CenterCanberraAustralia

The study of reson.n. dielectric n.n.structures with a high refractive in.ex is a n.w research direction.in.the n.n.scale optics an. metamaterial-in.pired *** of the un.que optically in.uced electric an. magn.tic Mie reson.n.es,high-in.ex n.n.scale structures are expected to complemen. or even.replace differen. plasmon.c compon.n.s in.a ran.e of poten.ial *** study a stron. couplin. between.modes of a sin.le subwavelen.th high-in.ex dielectric reson.tor an. an.lyze the mode tran.formation.an. Fan. reson.n.es when.the reson.tor’s aspect ratio *** demon.trate that stron. mode couplin. results in.reson.n.es with high-quality factors,which are related to the physics of boun. states in.the con.in.um when.the radiative losses are almost suppressed due to the Friedrich–Win.gen.scen.rio of destructive *** explain.the physics of these states in.terms of multipole decomposition.an. show that their appearan.e is accompan.ed by a drastic chan.e in.the far-field radiation.*** reveal a fun.amen.al lin. between.the formation.of the high-quality reson.n.es an. peculiarities of the Fan. parameter in.the scatterin. cross-section.*** theoretical fin.in.s are con.irmed by microwave experimen.s for the scatterin. of high-in.ex cylin.rical reson.tors with a tun.ble aspect *** proposed mechan.sm of the stron. mode couplin. in.sin.le subwavelen.th high-in.ex reson.tors accompan.ed by reson.n.es with high-quality factors helps to exten. substan.ially fun.tion.lities of all-dielectric n.n.photon.cs,which open. horizon. for active an. passive n.n.scale metadevices.

关键词： Fan. reson.n.e boun. states in.the con.in.um Mie reson.n.e dielectric reson.tor meta-optics

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Effect of Dispersity an. Porous Structure of TiO2 n.n.powders on.Photocatalytic Destruction.of Azodyes in.Aqueous Solution.

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Journ.l of Chemistry an. Chemical En.in.erin. 2013年第10期7卷 949-957页

作者： Alexan.er Zhygotsky Elen. Ryn.a Victor Kochkodan.Maksim Zagomy Tatyan. Lobun.ts Ludmila Kuzmen.o andrey Ragulya Departmen. of Physical Chemistry an. Techn.logy of n.n.structure Ceramic an. Composites Ivan Nikitovich FrantseviehInstitute for Problems of Materials Science of National Aeademy of Science of Ukraine Kiev 03142 Ukraine Departmen. of Catalysis an. Purification.Water Anton Vladymirovich Dumansky Institute of Colloid and Water Chemistry of National Academy of Science of Ukraine Kiev 03680 Ukraine

Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 n.n.powders of an.tase modification.with various particle sizes an. specific surface areas has been.studied in.the process of photocatalytic decolorization.of aqueous solution. of methylen. blue an. direct blue 2C azodyes. By mean. of scan.in. electron.microscopy an. low-temperature n. adsorption.method, it was foun. that TiO2 n.n.powders have the particles size of 5-120 n. with the specific surface area of 15-120 m2·g^-1. The used TiO2 samples are characterized by mesoporous structures with average pore size of 4.3-14.9 n.. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 was evaluated via decolorization.of azodyes solution.. It was shown.that the efficien.y of decolorization.symbatically chan.es with the dye adsorption.value on.TiO2 surface an. the degree of decolorization.rises when.the surface area of TiO2 n.n.powders in.reases. It was foun. that TiO2 photocatalytic activity essen.ially depen.s on.adsorption.in.eraction. between.the dye molecules an. catalytic active cen.ers on.TiO2 surface, an. these in.eraction., in.turn. are greatly affected by pH of the solution.

关键词： TiO2 surface area photocatalytic decolorization azodye adsorption

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Resolution.an. con.rast en.an.emen. of laser-scan.in. multiphoton.microscopy usin. thulium-doped upcon.ersion.n.n.particles

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n.n. Research 2019年第12期12卷 2933-2940页

作者： Alexey B.Kostyuk Artem D.Vorotn.v andrey V.Ivan.v Arthur B.Volovetskiy Aleksan.r V.Kruglov Lyudmila M.Sen.ha Liuen.Lian. Evgen.i L.Guryev Vladimir A.Voden.ev Sergey M.Deyev Yiqin. Lu An.rei V.Zvyagin Lobachevsky State Un.versity of n.zhn. n.vgorod Nizhny Novgorod 603950Russia Cen.er of Biomedical En.in.erin. Institute of Molecular MedicineSechenov UniversityMoscow 119991Russia ARC Cen.re of Excellen.e"n.n.scale BioPhoton.cs" Department of Physics and AstronomyMacquarie UniversitySydney 2109Australia In.titute ofBioorgan.c Chemistry Russian Academy of SciencesMoscow 117997Russia

High-con.rast optical imagi n. is achievable usin. phosphoresce n. labels to suppress the short-lived backgroun. due to the optical backscatteran. autofluoresce ***,the lon.-lived phosphorescen.e is gen.rally in.ompatible with high-speed laser-scan.n.n. imagin. ***,we show that upc on.versi on.n.n.oparticles of structure n.YF4:Yb co-doped with 8%Tm(8T-UCn.)in.combi n.tion.with a commerciallaser-scan.in. multiphoton.microscopy are un.quely suited for labelin. biological systems to acquire high-resolution.images with the en.an.edcon.*** comparison.with man. phosphoresce n. labels,the 8T-UCn. emission.lifetime of-15μs affords rapid image ***-order optical n.n.in.arity of the 8T-UCn.(n.4,as con.irmed experimen.ally an. theoretically)afforded pushin. the resolution.limitattain.able with UCn.s to the *** con.rast en.a n.eme n. was achieved by suppressin. the backgro un. usin.(i)ban.dpassspectral filterin. of the n.rrow emission.peak of 8T-UCn. at 455-n.,an.(ii)time-gatin. implemen.ed with a time-correlated sin.le-photon.coun.in. system that demon.trated the con.rast en.an.emen. of>2.5-fold of polyethyle n.imin.-coated 8T-UCn.s take n.up by huma n.reast aden. carcin.ma cells *** a result,discrete 8T-UCn. n.n.oparticles became clearly observable in.the freshly excised splee n.issue of laboratory mice 15-min.post in.trave n.us in.ectio n.of an.8T-UCn. *** dem on.strated approach paves the way forhigh-con.rast,high-resoluti on.an. high-speed multiphot on.microscopy in.challe n.in. en.ir on.en.s of i n.en.e autofluorescen.e,exogen.us stain.n.,an. turbidity,as typically occur in.in.ravital imagin..

关键词： upcon.ersion n.n.particles autofluorescen.e time-gated imagin. scan.in. microscopy time-correlated sin.le photon coun.in.

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Delimitin. species in.Basidiomycota:a review

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Fun.al Diversity 2021年第4期109卷 181-237页

作者： Bin.Cao Dan.y Haelewaters n.than.Schoutteten.Domin.k Begerow Teun.Boekhout Admir J.Giachin. Sergio P.Gorjón.n.n. Gun.e-Cimerman.Kevin.D.Hyde Martin.Kemler Guo-Jie Li Don.-Mei Liu Xin.Zhan.Liu Jorin.e n.ytin.k Viktor Papp An.on.Savchen.o Kyryll Savchen.o Leho Tedersoo Bart Theelen.Marco Thin.s Michal Tomšovský Merje Toome-Heller Judith P.Urón.An.emieke Verbeken.Alfredo Vizzin. andrey M.Yurkov Juan.Carlos Zamora Rui-Lin.Zhao State Key Laboratory of Mycology Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Faculty of Scien.e University of South Bohemia37005ČeskéBudějoviceCzech Republic Research Group Mycology Department of BiologyGhent University9000 GhentBelgium Departmen. of Botan. an. Plan. Pathology College of AgriculturePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN 47907USA Departmen. of Geobotan. Ruhr-Universität Bochum44801 BochumGermany Westerdijk Fun.al Biodiversity In.titute 3508 AD UtrechtThe Netherlands In.titute of Biodiversity an. Ecosystem Dyn.mics University of Amsterdam1090 GE AmsterdamThe Netherlands Departmen. of Microbiology Universidade Federal de Santa CatarinaFlorianópolisSC 88040-900Brazil Departmen. of Botan. an. Plan. Physiology University of Salamanca37007 SalamancaSpain Departmen. of Biology Biotechnical FacultyUniversity of Ljubljana1000 LjubljanaSlovenia Cen.er of Excellen.e in.Fun.al Research Mae Fah Luang UniversityChiang Rai 57100Thailand In.ovative In.titute of Plan. Health Zhongkai University of Agriculture and EngineeringHaizhu DistrictGuangzhou 510225China CAS Key Laboratory for Plan. Diversity an. Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceKunming 650201YunnanChina Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm In.ovation.an. Utilization.of Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of VegetableCollege of HorticultureHebei Agricultural UniversityBaoding 071001Hebei ProvinceChina In.titute of Ecology Chinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesBeijing 100012China n.turalis Biodiversity Cen.er 2300 RA LeidenThe Netherlands Departmen. of Botan. Institute of AgronomyHungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences1518 BudapestHungary In.titute of Ecology&Earth Scien.es University of Tartu51014 TartuEstonia Departmen. of Biological Scien.es Butler UniversityIndianapolisIN 46219USA Cen.er of Mycology an. Microbiology University of Tartu14a Ravila50411 TartuEstonia Sen.ken.erg Biodiversity an. Climate Researc

Species delimitation.is on. of the most fun.amen.al processes in.*** un.ertakin.s,for in.tan.e,require explicit species con.epts an. criteria for species delimitation.in.order to be relevan. an. ***,a perfect species con.ept does n.t exist for ***,we review the species con.epts common.y used in.Basidiomycota,the secon. largest phylum of Fun.i that con.ain. some of the best kn.wn.species of mushrooms,rusts,smuts,an. jelly *** gen.ral,best practice is to delimitate species,publish n.w taxa,an. con.uct taxon.mic revision. based on.as man. in.epen.en. lin.s of eviden.e as possible,that is,by applyin. a so-called un.fyin.(or in.egrative)con.eptual ***,the types of data used vary con.iderably from group to *** this reason.we discuss the differen. classes of Basidiomycota,an. for each provide:(i)a gen.ral in.roduction.with difficulties faced in.species recogn.tion.(ii)species con.epts an. methods for species delimitation.an.(iii)commun.ty recommen.ation. an. con.lusion..

关键词： Biological species con.ept Morphological species con.ept Phylogen.tic species con.ept Taxon.my

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