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Where physics meets chemistry： Thin film deposition from reactive plasmas

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2016年第4期10卷 441-458页

作者： andrew.michelmore Jason D. Whittle James W. Bradley Robert D. Short School of Engineering University of South Australia Mawson Lakes Australia SA 5095 Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes Australia SA 5095 Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3GJ UK Material Science Institute Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK

Functionalising surfaces using polymeric thin films is an industrially important field. One technique for achieving nanoscale, controlled surface functionalization is plasma deposition. Plasma deposition has advantages over other surface engineering processes, including that it is solvent free, substrate and geometry independent, and the surface properties of the film can be designed by judicious choice of precursor and plasma conditions. Despite the utility of this method, the mechanisms of plasma polymer growth are generally unknown, and are usually described by chemical （i.e., radical） pathways. In this review, we aim to show that plasma physics drives the chemistry of the plasma phase, and surface-plasma interactions. For example, we show that ionic species can react in the plasma to form larger ions, and also arrive at surfaces with energies greater than 1000 kJ·mol^-1 （〉10 eV） and thus facilitate surface reactions that have not been taken into account previously. Thus, improving thin film deposition processes requires an understanding of both physical and chemical processes in plasma.

关键词： thin films plasma physics plasma chemistry,functionalization polymer

Human endogenous retrovirus type-W and multiple sclerosis–related smoldering neuroinflammation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第3期20卷 813-814页

作者： Joel Gruchot Laura Reiche andrew Chan Robert Hoepner Patrick Küry Department of Neurology Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany Department of Neurology InselspitalBern University Hospital and University of BernBernSwitzerland

Introduction to human endogenous retrovirus type-W(HERV-W): Genomic inheritance from the past includes retroviral sequences that have been stably incorporated into our genomes and account for up to 8% of human DNA.

关键词： endogenous inflammation Human

The inheritance of resistance to bacterial leaf spot of lettuce caused by Xanthomonas campestris *** in three lettuce cultivars

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Horticulture Research 2014年第1期1卷 1-7页

作者： Ryan J Hayes Mark A Trent Maria Jose Truco Rudie Antonise Richard W michelmore Carolee T Bull United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research ServiceCrop Improvement and Protection UnitSalinasCA 93905USA The Genome Center and Department of Plant Sciences University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616USA Keygene N.V. 6700 AE WageningenThe Netherlands

Lettuce yields can be reduced by the disease bacterial leaf spot(BLS)caused by the pathogen Xanthomonas campestris ***(Xcv)and host resistance is the most feasible method to reduce disease *** cultivars La Brillante,Pavane and Little Gem express an incompatible host–pathogen interaction as a hypersensitive response(HR)to California strains of Xcv resulting in *** was known about the inheritance of resistance;however,resistance to other lettuce pathogens is often determined by resistance gene candidates(RGCs)encoding nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NB-LRR)***,we determined the inheritance of BLS resistance in the cultivars La Brillante,Little Gem and Pavane and mapped it relative to *** reaction to Xcv was analyzed in nine F_(1),F_(2) and recombinant inbred line populations of lettuce from HR3compatible or HR3HR *** HR in La Brillante,Pavane and Little Gem is conditioned by single dominant genes,which are either allelic or closely linked *** resistance gene in La Brillante was designated Xanthomonas resistance 1(Xar1)and mapped to lettuce linkage group ***1 is present in a genomic region that contains numerous NB-LRR encoding RGCs and functional pathogen resistance loci in the RGC2 *** Xar1 gene confers a high level of BLS resistance in the greenhouse and field that can be introgressed into commercial lettuce cultivars to reduce BLS losses using molecular markers.

关键词： cultivar Xanthomonas campestris

Molecular markers reliably predict post-harvest deterioration of fresh-cut lettuce in modified atmosphere packaging

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Horticulture Research 2018年第1期5卷 698-710页

作者： Ivan Simko Ryan J.Hayes Maria-Jose Truco Richard W.michelmore Rudie Antonise Mark Massoudi u.s.department of agriculture agricultural research serviceu.s.agricultural research stationcrop improvement and protection research unit1636 east alisal streetsalinasca93905usa u.s.department of agriculture national forage seed production research center3450 sw campus waycorvallisor97331usa the genome center and department of plant sciences university of californiadavisca95616usa keygene n.v. p.o.box 2166700 aewageningenthe netherlands ag-biotech 9701 blue larkspur lanesuite amontereyca93940usa

Fresh-cut lettuce is popular,but highly perishable *** studies of two bi-parental populations derived from crossing parents with rapid and slow rates of deterioration showed that the deterioration rate is a heritable trait(broad spectrum heritability,H2 of 0.56–0.87).The major genetic determinant of the deterioration rate in both populations was the quantitative trait locus(QTL),qSL4,located on linkage group *** QTL explained 40–74%of the total phenotypic variation of the trait in the two *** the qSL4 region with single-nucleotide(SNP)markers allowed detection of six haplotypes in a set of 16 lettuce accessions with different rates of *** of the haplotypes were always associated with very rapid rates of deterioration,while the other three haplotypes were associated with slow rates of *** SNPs located 53 bp apart were sufficient to separate the 16 accessions into two groups with different rates of *** accuracy of markers-trait association was subsequently tested on 350 plants from seven F2 families that originated from crossing parents with different rates of *** H2 of deterioration rate in these seven families ranged from 0.64 to *** SNP-based analysis accurately identified individuals with rapid,intermediate,and slow rates of deterioration in each *** rate of deterioration was found in individuals having heterozygous alleles at qSL4,indicating an additive effect of the *** assay can be used for fast,accurate,and reliable identification of deterioration rate after processing for salad.

关键词： deterioration linkage originated

Inflammasome links traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and Alzheimer's disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第6期20卷 1644-1664页

作者： Gabriela Seplovich Yazan Bouchi Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari Jennifer C.Munoz Pareja andrew Reisner Laura Blackwell Yehia Mechref Kevin K.Wang J.Adrian Tyndall Binu Tharakan Firas Kobeissy Department of Surgery Morehouse School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA Department of Neurobiology Center for NeurotraumaMultiomics&Biomarkers(CNMB)Neuroscience InstituteMorehouse School of MedicineAtlantaGAUSA Department of Neurological Surgery and the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA Division of Pediatric Critical Care Department of PediatricsUniversity of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiamiFLUSA Department of Pediatrics Emory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA Department of Neurosurgery Children’s Healthcare of AtlantaAtlantaGAUSA Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Texas Tech UniversityLubbockTXUSA Morehouse School of Medicine AtlantaGAUSA

Traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and Alzheimer's disease are three distinct neurological disorders that share common pathophysiological mechanisms involving neuroinflammation. One sequela of neuroinflammation includes the pathologic hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, an endogenous microtubule-associated protein that protects the integrity of neuronal cytoskeletons. Tau hyperphosphorylation results in protein misfolding and subsequent accumulation of tau tangles forming neurotoxic aggregates. These misfolded proteins are characteristic of traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and Alzheimer's disease and can lead to downstream neuroinflammatory processes, including assembly and activation of the inflammasome complex. Inflammasomes refer to a family of multimeric protein units that, upon activation, release a cascade of signaling molecules resulting in caspase-induced cell death and inflammation mediated by the release of interleukin-1β cytokine. One specific inflammasome, the NOD-like receptor protein 3, has been proposed to be a key regulator of tau phosphorylation where it has been shown that prolonged NOD-like receptor protein 3 activation acts as a causal factor in pathological tau accumulation and spreading. This review begins by describing the epidemiology and pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and Alzheimer's disease. Next, we highlight neuroinflammation as an overriding theme and discuss the role of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in the formation of tau deposits and how such tauopathic entities spread throughout the brain. We then propose a novel framework linking traumatic brain injury, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, and Alzheimer's disease as inflammasomedependent pathologies that exist along a temporal continuum. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic targets that may intercept this pathway and ultimately minimize long-term neurological decline.

关键词： Alzheimer's disease caspase-1 chronic traumatic encephalopathy inflammasomes neurodegeneration neuroinflammation NLRP1 NLRP3 pyroptosis tauopathy traumatic brain injury

Structured matter creates toroidal structured light

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Light(Science & Applications) 2022年第9期11卷 1950-1951页

作者： andrew Forbes School of Physics University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa

Nano-structured metasurfaces have to be tailored from artificial atoms that act as toroidal emitters,giving rise to a new form of light long predicted:"flying doughnuts"as propagating spatial-temporal electromagnetic ... 详细信息

关键词： visible matter artificial

On the apparent line-of-sight alignment of the peak X-ray intensity of the magnetosheath and the tangent to the magnetopause,as viewed by SMILE-SXI

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第1期8卷 155-172页

作者： andrew Read Department of Physics&Astronomy University of LeicesterLeicesterLE17RHUK

The Soft X-ray Imager(SXI)on board the Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE)spacecraft will be able to view the Earth’s magnetosheath in soft *** images of the X-ray emission visible from the position of SMILE are created for a range of solar wind densities by using 3 years of the SMILE mission orbit,together with models of the expected X-ray emissivity from the Earth’s *** from global magnetohydrodynamic simulations and a simple model for exospheric neutral densities are used to compare the locations of the lines of sight along which integrated soft X-ray intensities peak with the lines of sight lying tangent to surfaces(defined here to be the magnetopause)along which local soft X-ray intensities peak or exhibit their strongest gradients,or both,for strongly southward interplanetary magnetic field conditions when no depletion or low-latitude boundary layers are ***,in the parameter space of the various times and seasons,orbital phases,solar wind conditions,and magnetopause models,the alignment of the X-ray emission peak with the magnetopause tangent is good,or is not,is *** main results are as *** spacecraft needs to be positioned well outside the magnetopause;low-altitude times near perigee are not *** addition,there are seasonal aspects:dayside-apogee orbits are generally very good because the spacecraft travels out sunward at high altitude,but nightside-apogee orbits,behind the Earth,are bad because the spacecraft only rarely leaves the ***-apogee and dawnapogee orbits are ***-apogee orbits worsen slightly over the first three mission years,whereas nightside-apogee orbits improve ***,many more times of good agreement with the peak-to-tangent hypothesis occur when the solar wind is in a high-density state,as opposed to a low-density *** a high-density state,the magnetopause is compressed,and the spacecraft is more often a good d

关键词： X-rays magnetosphere magnetosheath magnetopause Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer(SMILE) Earth solar wind charge exchange

Common elements for uncommon light:vector beams with GRIN lenses

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Light(Science & Applications) 2019年第1期8卷 138-139页

作者： andrew Forbes School of Physics University of the WitwatersrandJohannesburgSouth Africa

A well-known defect introduced during the fabrication of GRIN lenses can be exploited for the creation,detection and wave-guiding of exotic forms of vectorial structured light,bringing the toolkit into the realm of co... 详细信息

关键词： light optics elements

Sustainability: A view from the wind-eroded field

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2007年第4期19卷 470-474页

作者： andrew Warren Department of Geography University College London LondonWCIH OAPUK.

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.

关键词： sustartinability wind erosion nutrient budget environmental change