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DeepRice: A deep learning and deep feature based classification of Rice leaf disease subtypes

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN AGRICULTURE 2024年第1期11卷 34-49页

作者： Ritharson, P. Isaac Raimond, Kumudha Mary, X. Anitha robert, Jennifer Eunice andrew, J. Karunya Inst Technol & Sci Dept CSE Coimbatore Tamilnadu India Karunya Inst Technol & Sci Dept Robot Engn Coimbatore India Manipal Acad Higher Educ Manipal Inst Technol Dept Mechatron Engn Manipal 576104 Karnataka India Manipal Acad Higher Educ Manipal Inst Technol Dept Comp Sci & Engn Manipal 576104 Karnataka India

Rice stands as a crucial staple food globally, with its enduring sustainability hinging on the prompt detection of rice leaf diseases. Hence, efficiently detecting diseases when they have already occurred holds paramount importance for solving the cost of manual visual identification and chemical testing. In the recent past, the identification of leaf pathologies in crops predominantly relies on manual methods using specialized equipment, which proves to be time-consuming and inefficient. This study offers a remedy by harnessing Deep Learning (DL) and transfer learning techniques to accurately identify and classify rice leaf diseases. A comprehensive dataset comprising 5932 self-generated images of rice leaves was assembled along with the benchmark datasets, categorized into 9 classes irrespective of the extent of disease spread across the leaves. These classes encompass diverse states including healthy leaves, mild and severe blight, mild and severe tungro, mild and severe blast, as well as mild and severe brown spot. Following meticulous manual labelling and dataset segmentation, which was validated by horticulture experts, data augmentation strategies were implemented to amplify the number of images. The datasets were subjected to evaluation using the proposed tailored Convolutional Neural Networks models. Their performance are scrutinized in conjunction with alternative transfer learning approaches like VGG16, Xception, ResNet50, DenseNet121, Inception ResnetV2, and Inception V3. The effectiveness of the proposed custom VGG16 model was gauged by its capacity to generalize to unseen images, yielding an exceptional accuracy of 99.94%, surpassing the benchmarks set by existing state-of-the-art models. Further, the layer wise feature extraction is also visualized as the interpretable AI. (c) 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativeco

关键词： Rice leaf disease Deep learning CNN Crop yield Agriculture Food security IDENTIFICATION

Human endogenous retrovirus type-W and multiple sclerosis–related smoldering neuroinflammation

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第3期20卷 813-814页

作者： Joel Gruchot Laura Reiche andrew Chan robert Hoepner Patrick Küry Department of Neurology Medical Faculty and University Hospital DüsseldorfHeinrich Heine University DüsseldorfDüsseldorfGermany Department of Neurology InselspitalBern University Hospital and University of BernBernSwitzerland

Introduction to human endogenous retrovirus type-W(HERV-W): Genomic inheritance from the past includes retroviral sequences that have been stably incorporated into our genomes and account for up to 8% of human DNA.

关键词： endogenous inflammation Human

Three-dimensional analysis of age and sex differences in femoral head asphericity in asymptomatic hips in the United States

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2024年第8期15卷 754-763页

作者： Mahad M Hassan Aliya G Feroe Brenton W Douglass andrew E Jimenez Benjamin Kuhns Charles F Mitchell robert L Parisien Daniel A Maranho Eduardo N Novais Young-Jo Kim Ata M Kiapour Department of Orthopedic Surgery University of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55454United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery TRIA Orthopaedic CenterBloomingtonMN 55122United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery Boston Children’s HospitalBostonMA 02115United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mayo ClinicRochesterMN 55901United States Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation Yale School of MedicineNew HavenCT 06510United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery American Hip Institute Research FoundationDes PlainesIL 60018United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery Mount SinaiNew YorkNY 10029United States Department of Biomechanics Medicineand Rehabilitation of the Locomotor SystemRibeirao Preto Medical SchoolUniversity of São PauloRibeirao Preto 14048-900São PauloBrazil

BACKGROUND The sphericity of the femoral head is a metric used to evaluate hip pathologies and is associated with the development of osteoarthritis and femoral-acetabular *** To analyze the three-dimensional asphericity of the femoral head of asymptomatic pediatric *** hypothesized that femoral head asphericity will vary significantly between male and female pediatric hips and increase with age in both *** Computed tomography scans were obtained on 158 children and adolescents from a single institution in the United States(8-18 years;50%male)without hip *** femoral measurements including the femoral head diameter,femoral head volume,residual volume,asphericity index,and local diameter difference were used to evaluate femoral head *** In both sexes,the residual volume increased by age(P13 years)in females,there were no sex-differences in residual volume and aspherity *** were no age-related changes in mean diameter difference in both sexes(P=0.07)with no significant sex-differences across different age groups(P=0.06).In contrast,there were significant increases in local aspherity(maximum diameter difference)across whole surface of the femoral head and all quadrants except the inferior regions in males(P=0.03).There were no sex-differences in maximum diameter difference at any regions and age group(P>0.05).Increased alpha angle was only correlated to increased mean diameter difference across overall surface of the femoral head(P=0.024).CONCLUSION There is a substantial localized asphericity in asymptomatic hips which increases with age *** 2D measured alpha angle can capture overall asphericity of the femoral head,it may not be sensitive enough to represent regional asphericity patterns.

关键词： Hip Femoral head Sphericity Skeletal growth Sex differences

Investigating the raveling test for full-depth reclamation

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2018年第2期12卷 222-226页

作者： robert HILL andrew BRAHAM Department of Civil Engineering University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR 72701 USA

Full-Depth Reclamation （FDR） is a sustainable method of building pavement structure compared to more traditional rehabilitation methods. Traffic is generally returned to an FDR project before a surface course is applied, as water in the FDR needs time to evaporate from the structure. This should not be done too quickly or raveling occurs. Currently, there is no test to quantify the timing of return to traffic. In this study, the ＂Raveling test of cold mixed bituminous emulsion samples＂（ASTM D7196） was used to compare asphalt emulsion and asphalt foam FDR. Asphalt emulsion samples were cured at ambient and 40℃ temperatures, while asphalt foam samples were cured at ambient temperatures. Raveling test data was collected from 0 to 48 hours of curing, however, samples were often not able to withstand fifteen minutes of testing. Therefore, the ＂time lasted＂（the time the raveling head loses contact with the surface of the sample） was recorded. In general, the asphalt emulsion samples that were cured in the oven at 40℃ had a longer time lasted and showed higher potential for determination of return to traffic. In addition, the asphalt emulsion samples had a longer time lasted than the asphalt foam samples at ambient temperatures.

关键词： raveling full depth reclamation

Strong Laws of Large Numbers for Double Sums of Banach Space Valued Random Elements

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Acta Mathematica Sinica,English Series 2019年第5期35卷 583-596页

作者： robert PARKER andrew ROSALSKY Department of Biostatistics University of Florida Department of Statistics University of Florida

For a double array {V_(m,n), m ≥ 1, n ≥ 1} of independent, mean 0 random elements in a real separable Rademacher type p(1 ≤ p ≤ 2) Banach space and an increasing double array {b_(m,n), m ≥1, n ≥ 1} of positive constants, the limit law ■ and in L_p as m∨n→∞ is shown to hold if ■ This strong law of large numbers provides a complete characterization of Rademacher type p Banach spaces. Results of this form are also established when 0 < p ≤ 1 where no independence or mean 0 conditions are placed on the random elements and without any geometric conditions placed on the underlying Banach space.

关键词： Real separable Banach space double array of independent random elements strong law of large numbers almost sure convergence Rademacher type p Banach space convergence in Lp

Microstructural development and mechanical properties of drop tube atomized Al-2.85 wt%Fe

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第9期104卷 41-51页

作者： Mehmet R.Abul robert F.Cochrane andrew M.Mullis School of Chemical&Process Engineering University of LeedsLeeds LS29JTUK

Al-2.85 wt%Fe alloy has been subjected to non-equilibrium container-less solidification using a 6.5 m drop *** samples were collected and sieved into 7 sizes fractions ranging from 850μm to 53μm,with the estimated cooling rates being 150 to 11000 K s^(-1)*** analysis was employed on all droplet size fractions for identification and evolution of the phases,showing that Al,Al_(6)Fe and Al_(13)Fe_(4)were formed for all sizes while Al_(5)Fe_(2)was observed only in droplets≤150μm in *** evaluation was conducted by using SEM and optical microscopy,showing that droplet larger than 300μm in diameter exhibited distinct morphologies;microcellular,dendriticα-Al with inter-dendritic Al_(13)Fe_(4)eutectic and an AI-Al_(6)Fe eutectic *** increasing cooling rate,the Al-Al_(6)Fe region *** analysis reveals that increasing the cooling rate increased the dissolved Fe content inα-Al from 0.37 wt%Fe to 1.105 wt%Fe,and correspondingly the eutectic fraction decreased from 49.7 vol.%to 26.7 vol.%.Measurement of the lamellar spacing allowed the eutectic growth velocity and interfacial undercooling to be calculated,wherein the Al-rich boundary of the eutectic coupled zone could be *** shows a coupled zone skewed significantly towards the intermetallic side of the *** order to understand the effect of non-equilibrium the solidification on the mechanical properties micro hardness of the droplets was *** micro-hardness has risen from 55.3 HV_(0.01)to 66.5 HV_(0.01)for≥850μm and≤75μm droplets,respectively.

关键词： Al-Fe alloys Container-less solidification Microstructure TEM Micro-hardness

Where physics meets chemistry： Thin film deposition from reactive plasmas

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2016年第4期10卷 441-458页

作者： andrew Michelmore Jason D. Whittle James W. Bradley robert D. Short School of Engineering University of South Australia Mawson Lakes Australia SA 5095 Future Industries Institute University of South Australia Mawson Lakes Australia SA 5095 Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics University of Liverpool Liverpool L69 3GJ UK Material Science Institute Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YW UK

Functionalising surfaces using polymeric thin films is an industrially important field. One technique for achieving nanoscale, controlled surface functionalization is plasma deposition. Plasma deposition has advantages over other surface engineering processes, including that it is solvent free, substrate and geometry independent, and the surface properties of the film can be designed by judicious choice of precursor and plasma conditions. Despite the utility of this method, the mechanisms of plasma polymer growth are generally unknown, and are usually described by chemical （i.e., radical） pathways. In this review, we aim to show that plasma physics drives the chemistry of the plasma phase, and surface-plasma interactions. For example, we show that ionic species can react in the plasma to form larger ions, and also arrive at surfaces with energies greater than 1000 kJ·mol^-1 （〉10 eV） and thus facilitate surface reactions that have not been taken into account previously. Thus, improving thin film deposition processes requires an understanding of both physical and chemical processes in plasma.

关键词： thin films plasma physics plasma chemistry,functionalization polymer

Morphology and efficiency enhancements of PTB7-Th:ITIC nonfullerene organic solar cells processed via solvent vapor annealing

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Journal of Energy Chemistry 2019年第10期28卷 148-156页

作者： robert S. Gurney Wei Li Yu Yan Dan Liu andrew J. Pearson Tao Wang School of Materials Science and Engineering Wuhan University of TechnologyWuhan 430070HubeiChina State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures Wuhan University of TechnologyWuhan 430070HubeiChina Cavendish Laboratory University of CambridgeJ. J. Thomson AvenueCambridge CB3 0HEUK

The nanoscale morphology within the photoactive layer of organic solar cells is critical in determining the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, we draw attention to the roles of molecular arrangement, and domain size in improving performance, which can be tuned by subjecting the photovoltaic materials to solvent vapor annealing (SVA). In our PTB7-Th:ITIC devices, the PCE can be improved by exposing the device to solvent vapor for 60 s after solution casting. The solvent vapor prolongs reorganizational time and increases molecular ordering and domain size/phase separation, which are sub-optimal in pristine PTB7-Th:ITIC blend films. This improved morphology results in better charge mobility, reduced recombination, and ultimately an improved PCE from 7.1% to 7.9% when using CS2 as the annealing solvent. This simple SVA technique can be applied to a range of OPV systems where the molecular ordering is inferior within the as-cast photoactive layer.

关键词： Polymer solar cells Non-fullerene Solvent vapor annealing

Interactions of complement proteins C1q and factor H with lipid A and Escherichia coli:further evidence that factor H regulates the classical complement pathway

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Protein & Cell 2011年第4期2卷 320-332页

作者： Lee Aun Tan andrew C.Yang Uday Kishore robert B.Sim Medical Research Council Immunochemistry Unit Department of BiochemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxford OX13QUUK Present address:Department of Immunology Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonHammersmith HospitalDu Cane RoadLondon W120NNUK St Peter’s College New Inn Hall St.Oxford OX12DLUK Present address:SUNY Downstate College of Medicine 450 Clarkson Avenue BrooklynNY 11203USA Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine John Radcliffe HospitalUniversity of OxfordHeadingtonOxford OX39DSUK Present address:Center for Infection Immunity and Disease MechanismsBiosciencesSchool of Health Sciences and Social CareBrunel UniversityUxbridge UB83PH West LondonUK Present address:Department of Pharmacology University of OxfordMansfield RoadOxford OX13QTUK

Proteins of the complement system are known to interact with many charged *** recently characterized binding of C1q and factor H to immobilized and liposomal anionic *** H inhibited C1q binding to anionic phospholipids,suggesting a role for factor H in regulating activation of the complement classical pathway by anionic *** extend this finding,we examined interactions of C1q and factor H with lipid A,a well-characterized activator of the classical *** report that C1q and factor H both bind to immobilized lipid A,lipid A liposomes and intact Escherichia coli *** H competes with C1q for binding to these ***,increasing the factor H:C1q molar ratio in serum diminished C4b fixation,indicating that factor H diminishes classical pathway *** recombinant forms of the Cterminal,globular heads of C1q A,B and C chains bound to lipid A and *** in a manner qualitatively similar to native C1q,confirming that C1q interacts with these targets via its globular head *** observations reinforce our proposal that factor H has an additional complement regulatory role of down-regulating classical pathway activation in response to certain *** is distinct from its role as an alternative pathway *** suggest that under physiological conditions,factor H may serve as a downregulator of bacterially-driven inflammatory responses,thereby finetuning and balancing the inflammatory response in infections with Gram-negative bacteria.

关键词： complement lipid A bacteria factor H C1q