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Waterbird use of farm dams in south-eastern Australia:abundance and influence of biophysical and landscape characteristics

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Chinese Birds 2017年第1期8卷 12-24页

作者： andrew j.hamilton ChloéConort Aurore Bueno Christopher G.Murray james R.Grove Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of MelbourneDookie CampusCurrawaVIC 3647Australia Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor(Research and Innovation) Federation University AustraliaBallaratVIC 3353Australia Department of Rural Health Melbourne Medical School49 Graham StreetPO Box 6500SheppartonVIC 3632Australia École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse 31326 Castanet TolosanFrance Faculty of Science The University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC 3010Australia Faculty of Science Department of GeographyThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVIC 3010Australia

Background: While agriculture has taken much environmental water in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, agricultural expansion has resulted in a vast number of farm dams, almost three-quarters of a million in the Murray-Darling Basin alone.Methods: Over a summer we studied(1) waterbird abundance and species richness and(2) the influence of biophysical and landscape characteristics across 49 farm dams at a large mixed-enterprise farm in northern Victoria on the southern reach of the Murray-Darling Basin.Results: On average, dams were found to host 27.1 ± 71.1 individuals/ha and 1.8 ± 2.9 species per pond. Such densities are comparable to those on natural wetlands. Dam surface area and perimeter and amount of vegetation were positively and strongly correlated with the Rallidae density(birds/ha), but no other parameters were strongly correlated with any other functional group. The landscape in which the dams were embedded had a highly significant effect(p < 0.001) on the number of birds found on a dam.Conclusions: Our research needs to be complemented with further studies in other parts of the Basin and on other taxa, but given at our site they supported similar densities of individuals and species to natural wetlands, and given the fact that there are 710,539 farm dams in the Murray-Darling Basin, which hosts much of Australia's waterbird fauna, it is reasonable to suggest that farm dams are overlooked, and possibly very important, avian biodiversity hotspots. It also highlights the importance of a landscape setting, in which dams are situated, on the number of birds using the dams.

关键词： Farm ponds Waterbirds Waterfowl Zooplankton

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Collective Computation,Information Flow,and the Emergence of Hunter-Gatherer Small-Worlds

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journal of Social Computing 2022年第1期3卷 18-37页

作者： Marcus j.hamilton the Department of Anthropology University of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioTX 78249USA.

Two key features of human sociality are anatomically complex brains with neuron-dense cerebral cortices,and the propensity to form complex social networks with non-kin.Complex brains and complex social networks facilitate flows of fitness-enhancing energy and information at multiple scales of social organization.Here,we consider how these flows interact to shape the emergence of macroscopic regularities in hunter-gatherer macroecology relative to other mammals and non-human primates.Collective computation is the processing of information by complex adaptive systems to generate inferences in order to solve adaptive problems.In hunter-gatherer societies the adaptive problem is to resolve uncertainty in generative models used to predict complex environments in order to maximize inclusive fitness.The macroecological solution is to link complex brains in social networks to form collective brains that perform collective computations.By developing theory and analyzing data,the author shows hunter-gatherers bands of~16 people,or~4 co-residing families,form the largest collective brains of any social mammal.Moreover,because individuals,families,and bands interact at multiple time scales,these fission-fusion dynamics lead to the emergence of the macroscopic regularities in hunter-gatherer macroecology we observe in cross-cultural data.These results show how computation is distributed across spatially-extended social networks forming decentralized knowledge systems characteristic of hunter-gatherer societies.The flow of information at scales far beyond daily interactions leads to the emergence of small-worlds where highly clustered local interactions are embedded within much larger,but sparsely connected multilevel metapopulations.

关键词： complex adaptive systems hierarchically modular networks collective brains macroecology allometry mammals primates

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文献快报(5):社交媒体使用消极体验而非使用时长增加青少年自杀意念

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中国学校卫生 2024年第5期45卷 614-614页

作者： hamilton j LDALACK M BOYD S I 李琪(编译) Department of Psychology Rutgers University Piscataway NJ USA. Department of Psychology George Washington University Washington DC USA. Department of Psychiatry University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA USA.

社交媒体使用与青少年自杀风险的关联受到广泛关注。匹兹堡大学David教授领衔的团队在美国各地招募了60名青少年进行了为期8周的监测,通过每日3次生态瞬时评估询问青少年社交媒体使用相关的消极体验(如感到焦虑)、积极体验(如受到鼓励)... 详细信息

社交媒体使用与青少年自杀风险的关联受到广泛关注。匹兹堡大学David教授领衔的团队在美国各地招募了60名青少年进行了为期8周的监测,通过每日3次生态瞬时评估询问青少年社交媒体使用相关的消极体验(如感到焦虑)、积极体验(如受到鼓励)及自杀意念,首次通过密集监测设计探讨青少年社交媒体体验与自杀意念间的关联,结果显示,频繁经历消极的社交媒体体验的青少年更可能报告自杀意念,而积极的社交媒体体验与自杀意念报告率降低有关。此外,未发现社交媒体的使用时间(视屏时间)与自杀意念间的显著关联。研究提示社交媒体经历可能是青少年自杀可修饰的风险因素,未来的研究应将增强青少年社交媒体的积极体验感作为改善青少年心理健康和预防自杀的目标,而不仅仅是限制视屏时间。

关键词：社交媒体匹兹堡大学自杀意念青少年自杀积极体验青少年心理健康监测设计消极体验

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Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System (OSIICS) Version 15

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journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第4期13卷 599-604页

作者： john W.Orchard Ebonie Rio Kay M.Crossley jessica j.Orchard Margo Mountjoy School of Public Health University of SydneySydneyNSW 2006Australia La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre La Trobe UniversityMelbourneVIC 3083Australia Department of Family Medicine McMaster UniversityHamilton L8S 4L8Canada

Background:Sports medicine(injury and illnesses)requires distinct coding systems because the International Classification of Diseases is insuf-ficient for sports medicine coding.The Orchard Sports Injury and Illness Classification System(OSIICS)is one of two sports medicine coding systems recommended by the International Olympic Committee.Regular updates of coding systems are required.Methods:For Version 15,updates for mental health conditions in athletes,sports cardiology,concussion sub-types,infectious diseases,and skin and eye conditions were considered particularly important.Results:Recommended codes were added from a recent International Olympic Committee consensus statement on mental health conditions in athletes.Two landmark sports cardiology papers were used to update a more comprehensive list of sports cardiology codes.Rugby union protocols on head injury assessment were used to create additional concussion codes.Conclusion:It is planned that OSIICS Version 15 will be translated into multiple new languages in a timely fashion to facilitate international accessibility.The large number of recently published sport-specific and discipline-specific consensus statements on athlete surveillance warrant regular updating of OSIICS.

关键词： Sports cardiology Dermatology Eye injuries Concussion Infectious diseases Sports injury classification

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Apparent redox potential discontinuity(aRPD) depth as a relative measure of sediment oxygen content and habitat quality

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International journal of Sediment Research 2015年第1期30卷 74-80页

作者： Travis G.GERWING Alyssa M.ALLEN GERWING Diana j.hamilton Myriam A.BARBEAU Department of Biology University of New Brunswick Department of Biology Mount Allison University

As hypoxic conditions spread in our oceans,indices that quickly and efficiently assess oxygen content in sediment pore water,and habitat quality are increasingly becoming desirable.Depth to the apparent redox potential discontinuity(aRPD) in sediment is one such index;however,the relationship between aRPD depth and oxygen content is still unclear.We quantified oxygen content in sediment pore water with a dissolved oxygen(DO) probe,utilizing luminescent technology,to determine how DO concentration varies with depth in the sediment,and with position relative to the aRPD(above versus below) on an intertidal mudflat in the Bay of Fundy,Canada.Based on generalized linear regression models,we found that depth in the sediment was a poor predictor of pore water DO concentration,while position in the sediment relative to the aRPD was a good predictor.Further,sediment above the aRPD had higher DO content than sediment below.We maintain that aRPD depth is a good measure of relative oxygen content in sediment pore water,as well as habitat quality.However,we recommend caution as the factors that influence aRPD depth arc numerous and variable;therefore,the relationship between aRPD depth and DO content should be experimentally confirmed in any system of interest before aRPD depth is used as an indicator.

关键词： Anoxia Apparent redox potential discontinuity(aRPD) Dissolved oxygen Habitat quality Hypoxia Intertidal Marine benthos Sediment pore water.

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Rodent management in Aotearoa New Zealand: approaches and challenges to landscape-scale control

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第1期19卷 8-26页

作者： john G.INNES Grant NORBURY Araceli SAMANIEGO Susan WALKER Deborah j.WILSON Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research HamiltonNew Zealand Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research AlexandraNew Zealand Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research AucklandNew Zealand Manaaki Whenua-Landcare Research DunedinNew Zealand

Aotearoa—New Zealand has only four rodent species,all introduced.In order of arrival,they are Pacific rat Rattus exulans,brown rat R.norvegicus,house mouse Mus musculus,and black rat R.rattus.Rodent management in New Zealand aims mainly to conserve indigenous biodiversity rather than to protect crops or manage diseases,as is usual elsewhere.We describe four major“regimes”and one major vision for rodent control in New Zealand to meet ecological restoration objectives.Current challenges for island eradications are for large islands that are remote or populated by people.Aerial 1080 is the only large-scale(tens of thousands of hectares)option for black rat control,but its application requires adjustment to counter subsequent rapid black rat repopulation.Unfenced“ecosanctuaries”(mean 720 ha)use ground-based traps and poisons to target mainly black rats and face constant reinvasion.Ecosanctuaries with mammal-resistant fences(up to 3500 ha)limit reinvasion and target more pest species and have enabled the return of previously extirpated taxa to the main islands.Predator Free 2050 aims to eradicate the rat species(but not mice)plus some other introduced mammals from New Zealand by 2050.This vision is not attainable with current tools,but research and experimental management is exploring techniques and technologies.The large scale(to 100000 ha)at which black rats are now targeted for control to extremely low abundance seems to be unique to New Zealand.

关键词： black rat brown rat eradication house mouse rodent control

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Adaptation in brain structure and respiratory and olfactory structures across environmental gradients in African and North American muroid rodents

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第1期19卷 165-181页

作者： Peter j.TAYLOR Aluwani NENGOVHELA Christiane DENYS Graham R.SCOTT Catherine M.IVY Department of Zoology School of Natural and Mathematical SciencesUniversity of VendaThohoyandouSouth Africa Afromontane Unit Department of Zoology and EntomologyUniversity of the Free StatePhuthaditjhabaSouth Africa Department of Mammalogy National MuseumBloemfonteinSouth Africa Institut de Systématique EvolutionBiodiversité(ISYEB)Muséum National d’Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne UniversitéEPHEUniversitéDes AntillesParisFrance Department of Biology McMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada Guglielmo and Shoemaker Labs Advanced Facility for Avian ResearchUniversity of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada

Morphometric studies of 3D micro CT-scanned images can provide insights into the evolution of the brain and sensory structures but such data are still scarce for the most diverse mammalian order of rodents.From reviewed and new data,we tested for convergence to extreme aridity and high elevation in the sensory and brain morphology of rodents,from morphometric data from micro-CT X-ray scans of 174 crania of 16 species of three distantly re-lated African murid(soft-furred mice,Praomyini,laminate-toothed rats,Otomyini,and gerbils,Gerbillinae)clades and one North American cricetid(deer mice and white-footed mice,Peromyscus)clade.Recent studies demon-strated convergent evolution acting on the oval window area of the cochlea(enlarged in extremely arid-adapted species of Otomyini and Gerbillinae)and on endocranial volume(reduced in high elevation taxa of Otomyini and Peromyscus).However,contrary to our predictions,we did notfind evidence of convergence in brain struc-ture to aridity,or in the olfactory/respiratory system(turbinate bones)to high elevation.Brain structure differed,particularly in the petrosal lobules of the cerebellum and the olfactory bulbs,between Otomyini and Gerbillinae,with extreme arid-adapted species in each clade being highly divergent(not convergent)from other species in the same clade.We observed greater“packing”of the maxillary turbinate bones,which have important respiratory functions,in Peromyscus mice from high and low elevations compared to the high-elevation African Praomyini,but more complex patterns within Peromyscus,probably related to trade-offs in respiratory physiology and heat exchange in the nasal epithelium associated with high-elevation adaptation.

关键词： 3D morphometrics Africa brain size North America Rodentia sensory evolution

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Males armed with big weapons win fights at limited cost in ant-mimickingjumping spiders

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Current Zoology 2024年第1期70卷 98-108页

作者： Guocheng Yu Boon Hui Wong Christina j.Painting Hongze Li Long Yu Zengtao Zhang Shichang Zhang Daiqin Li State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering and Centre for Behavioral Ecology and Evolution School of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhan430062China Departmentof Biological Sciences National University of Singapore14 Science Drive 4Singapore 117543Singapore Te Aka Matuatua School of Science University of WaikatoPrivate Bag 3105Hamilton 3240New Zealand

A core assumption of sexual selection theory is that sexually selected weapons,specialized morphological structures used directly in male con-tests,can improve an individual's reproductive success but only if the bearer can overcome associated costs,the negative effects on the bear-er's fitness components.However,recent studies have shown that producing and wielding exaggerated weapons may not necessarily be costly.Rather,some traits can be selected for supporting,or compensating for,the expense of producing and wielding such exaggerated weapons.n the ant-mimicking jumping spider Myrmarachne gisti,exaggerated chelicerae are borne only by adult males and not females,showing sexual dimorphism and steep positive allometry with body size.Here,we determine the potential benefits of bearing exaggerated chelicerae during male contests and explore the potential for costs in terms of prey-capture efficiency and compensation between chelicera size and neighboring trait size.While males with longer chelicerae won most of their male-male contests,we found no significant differences in prey-capture effi-ciency between males and females regardless of whether prey was winged or flightless.Males'elongated chelicerae thus do not impede their efficiency at capturing prey.Furthermore,we found that the sizes of all neighboring traits are positively correlated with chelicera size,suggesting that these traits may be under correlational selection.Taken together,our findings suggest that M.gisti males armed with the exaggerated chelicerae that function as weapons win more fights at limited cost for performance in prey capture and compensate for neighboring structures.

关键词： allometry ant-mimic costs elongated chelicerae threat devices trait compensations

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Collective Bands in the Neutron—Rich 110Ru Nucleus

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Chinese Physics Letters 2003年第3期20卷 350-353页

作者：姜卓 j.H.hamilton 等 DepartmentofPhysics TsinghuaUniversityBeijing100084 DepartmentofPhysics VanderbiltUniversityNashvilleTN37235USA

High spin states in neutron-rich 110Ru nucleus have been investigated by measuring high-fold prompt γ-ray coincidence events of the spontaneous fission of 252Cf with the Gammasphere detector array. The ground-state band and the γ-vibrational band have been confirmed and extended with spin up to 18 and 13, respectively. The other three side bands, two proposed as two-quasiparticle bands and one proposed as a four-quasiparticle band, have been observed for the first time. The possible configurations for the quasi-particle bands are discussed. The cranked shell model calculations show that 110Ru nucleus may have oblate triaxial deformation with parameters β2 = -0.30 and γ = 24°, and the band crossing in the yrast band is due to the alignment of a pair of h11/2 neutrons.

关键词： Gamma rays

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Comparison of methods for deriving phenotypes from incomplete observation data with an application to age at puberty in dairy cattle

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journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2024年第2期15卷 535-545页

作者： Melissa A.Stephen Chris R.Burke jennie E.Pryce Nicole M.Steele Peter R.Amer Susanne Meier Claire V.C.Phyn Dorian j.Garrick DairyNZ Ltd 605 Ruakura RoadHamilton 3240New Zealand AL Rae Centre for Genetics and Breeding-Massey University RuakuraHamilton 3214New Zealand Agriculture Victoria Research AgriBioCentre for AgriBioscienceBundooraVictoria 3083Australia School of Applied Systems Biology La Trobe UniversityBundooraVictoria 3083Australia AbacusBio DunedinNew Zealand

Background Many phenotypes in animal breeding are derived from incomplete measures,especially if they are challenging or expensive to measure precisely.Examples include time-dependent traits such as reproductive status,or lifespan.Incomplete measures for these traits result in phenotypes that are subject to left-,interval-and rightcensoring,where phenotypes are only known to fall below an upper bound,between a lower and upper bound,or above a lower bound respectively.Here we compare three methods for deriving phenotypes from incomplete data using age at first elevation(>1 ng/mL)in blood plasma progesterone(AGEP4),which generally coincides with onset of puberty,as an example trait.Methods We produced AGEP4 phenotypes from three blood samples collected at about 30-day intervals from approximately 5,000 Holstein–Friesian or Holstein–Friesian×jersey cross-bred dairy heifers managed in 54 seasonal-calving,pasture-based herds in New Zealand.We used these actual data to simulate 7 different visit scenarios,increasing the extent of censoring by disregarding data from one or two of the three visits.Three methods for deriving phenotypes from these data were explored:1)ordinal categorical variables which were analysed using categorical threshold analysis;2)continuous variables,with a penalty of 31 d assigned to right-censored phenotypes;and 3)continuous variables,sampled from within a lower and upper bound using a data augmentation approach.Results Credibility intervals for heritability estimations overlapped across all methods and visit scenarios,but estimated heritabilities tended to be higher when left censoring was reduced.For sires with at least 5 daughters,the correlations between estimated breeding values(EBVs)from our three-visit scenario and each reduced data scenario varied by method,ranging from 0.65 to 0.95.The estimated breed effects also varied by method,but breed differences were smaller as phenotype censoring increased.Conclusion Our results indicate that using some methods,phenotypes derived from one observ

关键词： Cattle Gibbs sampler Markov-chain Monte Carlo(MCMC) Puberty

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