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Advancing the Disaster and Development Paradigm

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2018年第4期9卷 486-495页

作者： andrew e.Collins Department of Geography and environmental Sciences /Disaster and Development Network (DDN) Northumbria University

Consolidation of disaster and development studies as an integrated field of action research that influences policy has proved to be fundamental to global disaster risk reduction, sustainable development, climate change, and humanitarian agreements. However, challenges in achieving targets, such as those of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals, requires further advances of the disaster and development paradigm underpinning these aspirations. This article presents perspectives that grew primarily from local action research, particularly research carried out with marginalized and highly at-risk groups of people in Southern Africa and South *** fronts from these findings emphasize disaster and development risk assessment opportunities that consolidate earlier ideas and extend understanding of disaster and development-related risk intervention options. These acknowledge severe shortcomings in disaster risk reduction progress while including greater use of hope as an active ingredient. This process of paradigm exploration remains fundamental to achieving disaster risk reduction, sustainable development, and associated policy objectives. The analysis presented here reiterates earlier groundings in people-centric perspectives, emphasizing social relations and systems of meaning as essential active ingredients for challenging power structures, technology, education, and human behavior. The analysis proposes some consequent thematic fronts for increased investment. These includeinvesting in early buildup of well-being before a disaster,better living with uncertainty, and overcoming the barriers to desired disaster and development outcomes. The article is intended to contribute to an ever-evolving paradigm of disaster and development risk that requires impetus from personal and collective values beyond calculations of disaster and development.

关键词： Disaster and development paradigm Disaster risk reduction Disaster risk management Local action research

Targeting 14-3-3 adaptor protein-protein interactions to stimulate central nervous system repair

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第7期12卷 1040-1043页

作者： andrew Kaplan Alyson e.Fournier Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University Montr6al Qu4bec Canada

The goal of developing treatments for central nervous system（CNS）injuries is becoming more attainable with the recent identification of various drugs that can repair damaged *** discoveries have stemmed from screening efforts,large expression datasets and an improved understanding of the cellular and molecular biology underlying axon *** will be important to continue searching for new compounds that can induce axon *** we describe how a family of adaptor proteins called 14-3-3s can be targeted using small molecule drugs to enhance axon outgrowth and regeneration.14-3-3s bind to many functionally diverse client proteins to regulate their *** highlight the recent discovery of the axon-growth promoting activity of fusicoccin-A,a fungus-derived small molecule that stabilizes 14-3-3 interactions with their client *** we discuss how fusicoccin-A could serve as a starting point for the development of drugs to induce CNS repair.

关键词： axon regeneration 14-3-3 gcnl, fusicoccin optic nerve spinal cord injury

Predictability of US tornado outbreak seasons using eNSO and northern hemisphere geopotential height variability

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第1期7卷 21-31页

作者： Kent H.Sparrow andrew e.Mercer Department of Geosciences Mississippi State University

The predictability of dangerous atmospheric phenomena such as tornado outbreaks has generally been limited to a week or less. However, recent work has demonstrated the importance of the Rossby wavetrain phasing over the United States in establishing outbreak-favorable environments. The predictability of Rossby wavetrain phasing is strongly related to numerous climate-scale interannual variability indices, which are predictable many months in advance. To formalize the relationship between interannual variability indices and seasonal tornado outbreak frequency, indices derived from monthly mean Northern Hemisphere 500-hPa and 1000-hPa geopotential height fields and Ni？o 3.4 indices for eNSO phase were compared to annual tornado outbreak seasonal frequencies. Statistical models predicting seasonal outbreak frequency were established using linear（stepwise multivariate linear regressione SMLR） and nonlinear（support vector regressione SVR） statistical modeling *** stepwise methodology revealed predictors that are important in establishing outbreak-favorable environments at long lead times. Additionally, the results of the statistical modeling revealed that the nonlinear SVR technique reduced root mean square errors produced by the control SMLR technique by 28% and provided more consistent forecasts. A preliminary physical analysis revealed that years with high outbreak frequencies were associated with the presence of 500-mb troughs over the central and western US during the peak of outbreak season, while lower frequencies were consistent with ridging over the US or northwest flow over the Plains. These patterns support the results of the statistical modeling, which demonstrate the utility of geopotential height variability as a predictability measure of outbreak frequency.

关键词： Interannual variability Support vector regression Climate predictability Tornado outbreaks

Antimalarial and analgesic activities of ethanolic leaf extract of Panicum maximum

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011年第6期4卷 442-446页

作者： Jude e Okokon Paul A Nwafor Ukeme e andrew Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of UyoUyoNigeria

Objective:To evaluate antiplasmodial and analgesic activities of ethanolic leaf extract/ fractions of Panicum ***:The crude leaf extract(47-190 mg/kg) and fractions (chlor of orm,ethyl acqeous and methanol;96 mg/kg) of Panicum maximum were investigated for antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infections in mice and for analgesic activity against chemical and heat-induced *** antiplasmodial activity during early and established infections as well as prophylactic were *** at 5 mg/kg and pyrimethamine at 1.2 mg/kg were used as positive *** activity of the crude extract/fractions was also evaluated against acetic acid,formalin and heat-induced ***:The extract and its fractions dose-dependently reduced parasitaemia induced by chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei infection in prophylactic,suppressive and curative models in *** reductions were statistically significant(Pey also improved the mean survival time from 13 to 28 days compared with control(Pe activities of extract/ fractions were incomparable to that of the standard drugs(Artesunate and pyrimethamine).On chemically and thermally-induced *** extract inhibited acetic acid and formalin-induced inflammation as well as hot plate-induced pain in *** inhibitions were statistically significant(Pe-dependent ***:Panicum maximum leaf extract has antiplasmodial and analgesic activities which may in part be mediated through the chemical constituents of the plant.

关键词： Panicum maximum Antiplasmodial Analgesic Plasmodium berghei

Developmental environment contributes to rapid trait shifts among newly colonized subterranean habitats

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Zoological Research 2023年第4期44卷 808-820页

作者： Nathan e.Swanson andrew G.Gluesenkamp Alexandra e.Donny Suzanne e.McGaugh Department of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation BiologyUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA Department of ecology and evolutionary Biology University of California IrvineIrvineCA 92697-2525USA Center for Conservation and Research San Antonio ZooSan AntonioTexas 78212USA ecology Evolutionand BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMN 55108USA Department of Biology Stanford UniversityStanfordCA 94305USA

Recent colonization of extreme environments provides unique opportunities to study the early steps of adaptation and the potential for rapid convergent ***,phenotypic shifts during recent colonization may also be due to plasticity in response to changes in the rearing ***,we analyzed a suite of morphological and behavioral traits in paired surface,subterranean,and facultatively subterranean Mexican tetras(Astyanax mexicanus)from recent introductions in two separate watersheds outside of their native *** found a variety of phenotypic and behavioral shifts between subterranean and surface populations that are similar to those observed in relatively ancient populations in *** this rapid morphological divergence,we found that most of these trait differences were due to plasticity in response to rearing *** most trait assays in common-garden,lab-raised fish indicated that phenotypic shifts in wild fish were the result of plasticity,we also found evidence of genetic control in several traits present in subterranean ***,wall-following behavior,an important subterranean foraging behavior,was greater in lab-born subterranean fish than in lab-born surface fish,suggesting rapid divergence of this trait between subterranean and surface ***,this study sheds light on the early steps of subterranean evolution,identifies potential rapid behavioral evolution,and suggests that plasticity in traits involving exploratory behavior may facilitate subterranean colonization.

关键词： Plasticity Adaptation Subterranean Cavefish evolution Common garden

Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer: Definitions and management

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第31期20卷 10740-10751页

作者： Nicole e Lopez Cristina Prendergast andrew M Lowy Division of Surgical Oncology Department of Surgery Moores Cancer Center University of California San Diego

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. While surgical resection remains the only curative option, more than 80% of patients present with unresectable disease. Unfortunately, even among those who undergo resection, the reported median survival is 15-23 mo, with a 5-year survival of approximately 20%. Disappointingly, over the past several decades, despite improvements in diagnostic imaging, surgical technique and chemotherapeutic options, only modest improvements in survival have been realized. Nevertheless, it remains clear that surgical resection is a prerequisite for achieving longterm survival and cure. There is now emerging consensus that a subgroup of patients, previously considered poor candidates for resection because of the relationship of their primary tumor to surrounding vasculature, may benefit from resection, particularly when preceded by neoadjuvant therapy. This stage of disease, termed borderline resectable pancreatic cancer, has become of increasing interest and is now the focus of a multiinstitutional clinical trial. Here we outline the history, progress, current treatment recommendations, and future directions for research in borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.

关键词： Pancreatic cancer Borderline resectable pancreatic cancer Neoadjuvant Vascular resection Pancreaticoduodenectomy Whipple

Alarm cue induces an antipredator morphological defense in juvenile Nicaragua cichlids Hypsophrys nicaraguensis

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Current Zoology 2010年第1期56卷 36-42页

作者： Maria e.ABATe andrew G. eNG Les KAUFMAN Department of Biology Boston University Department of Neurosurgery University of Pennsylvania

Olfactory cues that indicate predation risk elicit a number of defensive behaviors in fishes, but whether they are sufficient to also induce morphological defenses has received little attention. Cichlids are characterized by a high level of morphological plasticity during development, and the few species that have been tested do exhibit defensive behaviors when exposed to alarm cues released from the damaged skin of conspecifics. We utilized young juvenile Nicaragua cichlids Hypsophrys nicaraguensis to test if the perception of predation risk from alarm cue （conspecific skin extract） alone induces an increased relative body depth which is a defense against gape-limited predators. After two weeks of exposure, siblings that were exposed to conspecific alarm cue increased their relative body depth nearly double the amount of those exposed to distilled water （control） and zebrafish Danio rerio alarm cue. We repeated our measurements over the last two weeks （12 and 14） of cue exposure when the fish were late-stage juveniles to test if the rate of increase was sustained; there were no differences in final dimensions between the three treatments. Our results show that 1） the Nicaragua cichlid has an innate response to conspecific alarm cue which is not a generalized response to an injured fish, and 2） this innate recognition ultimately results in developing a deeper body at a stage of the life history where predation risk is high [Current Zoology 56 （1）： 36-42, 2010].

关键词： Alarm substance Inducible defense Phenotypic plasticity Cichlid Chemical cue Antipredator

Broadband quantum-dot frequency-modulated comb laser

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Light(Science & Applications) 2023年第8期12卷 1696-1707页

作者： Bozhang Dong Mario Dumont Osama Terra Heming Wang andrew Netherton John e Bowers Institute for energy efficiency University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA Department of electrical and Computer engineering University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA Primary Length and Laser Technology Lab National Institute of StandardsGizaEgypt

Frequency-modulated(FM)laser combs,which offer a quasi-continuous-wave output and a flat-topped optical spectrum,are emerging as a promising solution for wavelength-division multiplexing applications,precision metrology,and ultrafast optical *** generation of FM combs relies on spatial hole burning,group velocity dispersion,Kerr nonlinearity,and four-wave mixing(FWM).While FM combs have been widely observed in quantum cascade Fabry-Perot(FP)lasers,the requirement for a low-dispersion FP cavity can be a challenge in platforms where the waveguide dispersion is mainly determined by the *** we report a 60 GHz quantum-dot(QD)mode-locked laser in which both the amplitude-modulated(AM)and the FM comb can be generated *** high FWM efficiency of-5 dB allows the QD laser to generate FM comb *** also demonstrate that the Kerr nonlinearity can be practically engineered to improve the FM comb bandwidth without the need for GVD *** maximum 3-dB bandwidth that our QD platform can deliver is as large as 2.2 *** study gives novel insights into the improvement of FM combs and paves the way for small-footprint,electrically pumped,and energy-efficient frequency combs for silicon photonic integrated circuits(PICs).

关键词： laser waveguide pumped

Novel endoscopic management of buried bumper syndrome in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: The Olympus Hook Knife

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第35期23卷 6546-6548页

作者： Laura e Wolpert Dominic M Summers andrew Tsang Department of General Surgery Peterborough City HospitalEdith Cavell Campus

Buried bumper syndrome(BBS) is an uncommon but serious complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. It involves the internal fixation device, or "bumper", migrating into the gastric wall and subsequent mucosal overgrowth. We described a case series of four patients with BBS treated with a novel endoscopic technique using a Hook Knife between June 2016 and February 2017. The Hook Knife is a rotating L-shaped cutting wire designed for hooking tissue and pulling it away from the gastric wall towards the lumen. The technique was successful in all four cases with no complications. each patient was discharged on the day of treatment. The Hook Knife is a manoeuvrable, safe and effective device for endoscopic removal of buried bumpers and could avoid surgery in a high risk group of patients. To our knowledge this technique has not been described previously. We suggest that this technique should be added to the treatment algorithms for managing BBS.

关键词： Buried bumper syndrome Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Hook Knife