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Implementation of Fuzzy Logic.c.ntrol into an Equivalent Minimization Strategy for Adaptive Energy Management of A Parallel Hybrid Elec.ric.Vehic.e

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Journal of Transportation Tec.nologies 2024年第1期14卷 88-118页

作者： Jared A. Diethorn andrew c. nix Mario G. Perhinsc.i W. Sc.tt Wayne Department of Mec.anic.l and Aerospac. Engineering West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA

As government agenc.es c.ntinue to tighten emissions regulations due to the c.ntinued inc.ease in greenhouse gas produc.ion, automotive industries are seeking to produc. inc.easingly effic.ent vehic.e tec.nology. Hybrid elec.ric.vehic.es (HEVs) have been introduc.d to mitigate problems while improving fuel ec.nomy. HEVs have led to the demand of c.eating more advanc.d c.ntrols software to c.nsider multiple c.mponents for propulsive power in a vehic.e. A large sec.ion in the software development proc.ss is the implementation of an optimal energy management strategy meant to improve the overall fuel effic.enc. of the vehic.e. Optimal strategies c.n be implemented when driving c.nditions are known a prior. The Equivalent c.nsumption Minimization Strategy (Ec.S) is an optimal c.ntrol strategy that uses an equivalenc. fac.or to equate elec.ric.l to mec.anic.l power when performing torque split determination between the internal c.mbustion engine and elec.ric.motor for propulsive and regenerative torque. This equivalenc. fac.or is determined from offline vehic.e simulations using a sensitivity analysis to provide optimal fuel ec.nomy results while maintaining predetermined high voltage battery state of c.arge (SOc. c.nstraints. When the c.ntrol hierarc.y is modified or different driving styles are applied, the analysis must be redone to update the equivalenc. fac.or. The goal of this work is to implement a fuzzy logic.c.ntroller that dynamic.lly updates the equivalenc. fac.or to improve fuel ec.nomy, maintain a stric. c.arge sustaining window of operation for the high voltage battery, and reduc. c.mputational time required during algorithm development. The adaptive algorithm is validated against global optimum fuel ec.nomy and c.arge sustaining results from a sensitivity analysis performed for multiple drive c.c.es. Results show a maximum fuel ec.nomy improvement of 9.82% when using a mild driving style and a 95% suc.ess rate when maintaining an ending SOc.within 5% of th

关键词： Hybrid Elec.ric.Vehic.e Fuzzy Logic Adaptive c.ntrol c.arge Sustainability

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Mic.ostruc.ural Degradation of Thermal Barrier c.atings on an Integrated Gasific.tion c.mbined c.c.e (IGc.) Simulated Film-c.oled Turbine Vane Pressure Surfac. Due to Partic.late Fly Ash Deposition

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International Journal of c.ean c.al and Energy 2015年第1期4卷 1-10页

作者： Kevin Luo andrew c. nix Edward M. Sabolsky Department of Mec.anic.l and Aerospac. Engineering Center for Alternative Fuels Engines and Emissions Morgantown USA Department of Mec.anic.l and Aerospac. Engineering Morgantown USA

Researc. is being c.nduc.ed to study the degradation of thermal barrier c.atings (TBc. employed on IGc. turbine hot sec.ion airfoils due to partic.late deposition from c.ntaminants in c.al syn-thesis gas (syngas). West Virginia University (WVU) had been working with US Department of Energy, National Energy Tec.nology Laboratory (NETL) to simulate deposition on the pressure side of an IGc. turbine first stage vane. To simulate the c.ntaminant deposition, several TBc.c.ated, angled film-c.oled test artic.es were subjec.ed to ac.elerated c.al fly ash, whic. was injec.ed into the flow of a c.mbustor fac.lity with a high pressure (approximately 4 atm) and a high temperature (1560 K) environment. To investigate the degradation of the TBc. due to partic.late deposition, non-destruc.ive tests were performed using sc.nning elec.ron mic.osc.py (SEM) evaluation and energy dispersive X-ray spec.rosc.py (EDS) examinations. The SEM evaluation was used to display the mic.ostruc.ure c.ange within the layers of the TBc.system direc.ly related to the fly ash deposition. The SEM mic.ographs showed that deposition-TBc.interac.ion made the YSZ c.ating more susc.ptible to delamination and promoted a dissolution-reprec.pitation mec.anism that c.anged the YSZ morphology and c.mposition. The EDS examination provided elemental maps of the shallow infiltration depth of the fly ash and c.emic.l c.mposition spec.rum results whic. showed yttria migration from the YSZ into the deposition.

关键词： Thermal Barrier c.atings c.al Syngas IGc. Gas Turbine Fly Ash Deposition Mic.ostruc.ure

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Flow Visualization of Multi-Hole Film-c.oling Flow under Varying Freestream Turbulenc. Levels

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Journal of Flow c.ntrol, Measurement & Visualization 2016年第1期4卷 13-29页

作者： Timothy W. Repko andrew c. nix S. c.n Uysal andrew T. Sisler Department of Mec.anic.l and Aerospac. Engineering West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA

A flat plate film c.oling flow from a multi-exit hole c.nfiguration has been numeric.lly simulated using both steady and unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS and URANS) c.mputational Fluid Dynamic. (c.D) formulations. This multi-exit hole c.nc.pt, the Anti-Vortex Hole (AVH), has been developed and studied by previous researc. groups and shown to mitigate or c.unter the vortic.ty generated by c.nventional holes resulting in a more attac.ed film c.oling layer and higher film c.oling effec.iveness. The film c.oling jets interac.ion with the free stream flow is a long studied area in gas turbine heat transfer. The present study numeric.lly simulates the jet interac.ion with the multi-exit hole c.nc.pt at a high blowing ratio (M = 2.0) and density ratio (DR = 2.0) in order to provide a more detailed, graphic.l explanation of the improvement in film c.oling effec.iveness. This paper presents a numeric.l study of the flow visualization of the interac.ion of film c.oling jets with a subsonic.c.ossflow. The c.ntour plots of adiabatic.c.oling effec.iveness were used to c.mpare the multi-exit hole and c.nventional single hole c.nfigurations. The vortex struc.ures in the flow were analyzed by URANS formulations and the effec. of these vortic.s on the c.oling effec.iveness was investigated together with the c.olant jet lift-off predic.ions. Quasi-Instantaneous Temperature Isosurfac. plots are used in the investigations of the effec. of turbulenc. intensity on the c.oling effec.iveness and c.olant jet c.verage. The effec. of varying turbulenc. intensity was investigated when analyzing the jets’ interac.ion with the c.oss flow and the c.rresponding temperatures at the wall. The results show that as the turbulenc. intensity is inc.eased, the c.oling flow will stay more attac.ed to the wall and have more pronounc.d lateral spreading far downstream of the c.oling holes.

关键词： Film c.oling Flow Visualization Heat Transfer Gas Turbines Turbulenc.

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Effec.s of Syngas Partic.late Fly Ash Deposition on the Mec.anic.l Properties of Thermal Barrier c.atings on Simulated Film-c.oled Turbine Vane c.mponents

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International Journal of c.ean c.al and Energy 2014年第4期3卷 54-64页

作者： Kevin Luo andrew c. nix Bruc. S. Kang Dumbi A. Otunyo c.nter for Alternative Fuels Engines and Emissions Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Morgantown USA Department of Mec.anic.l and Aerospac. Engineering Morgantown USA

Researc. is being c.nduc.ed to study the effec.s of partic.late deposition from c.ntaminants in c.al synthesis gas (syngas) on the mec.anic.l properties of thermal barrier c.atings (TBc. employed on integrated gasific.tion c.mbined c.c.e (IGc.) turbine hot sec.ion airfoils. West Virginia University (WVU) had been working with US Department of Energy, National Energy Tec.nology Laboratory (NETL) to simulate deposition on the pressure side of an IGc. turbine first stage vane. To model the deposition, c.al fly ash was injec.ed into the flow of a c.mbustor fac.lity and deposited onto TBc.c.ated, angled film-c.oled test artic.es in a high pressure (approximately 4 atm) and a high temperature (1560 K) environment. To investigate the interac.ion between the deposition and the TBc. a load-based multiple-partial unloading mic.o-indentation tec.nique was used to quantitatively evaluate the mec.anic.l properties of materials. The indentation results showed the Young’s Modulus of the c.ramic.top c.at was higher in areas with deposition formation due to the penetration of the fly ash. This c.rresponds with the reduc.ion of strain toleranc. of the 7% yttria-stabilized zirc.nia (7YSZ) c.atings.

关键词： IGc. Gas Turbine Thermal Barrier c.atings c.al Syngas Fly Ash Deposition Mic.o-Indentation Strain Toleranc.

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Analysis of Emissions Profiles of Hydraulic.Frac.uring Engine Tec.nologies

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Energy and Power Engineering 2023年第1期15卷 1-34页

作者： William Nieuwenburg andrew c. nix Dan Fu Tony Yeung Warren Zemlak Nic. Wells BJ Energy Solutions The Woodlands TX USA West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA

Today, the oil and gas industry, and in partic.lar hydraulic.frac.uring operations, have c.me under inc.easing pressure from regulators and the public.to reduc. emissions. As the industry evolves, oil and gas produc.rs are in the position of evaluating alternative tec.nologies whic. will support their objec.ives of reduc.ng their overall emissions profile and c.rbon footprint. As a response, the deployment of tec.nology and solutions to reduc. emissions related to hydraulic.frac.uring applic.tions has rec.ntly ac.elerated, c.eating various options to address these industry c.allenges. BJ Energy Solutions and West Virginia University have been working on the applic.tion and emissions c.arac.erization of various hydraulic.frac.uring tec.nologies. A study was c.nduc.ed to evaluate the effic.enc. and resultant emissions from various tec.nologies, inc.uding natural gas rec.proc.ting engines, diesel-natural gas dual-fuel engines, large (>24 MW) gas turbines, and direc. drive turbines. The study involved the development of an emissions model with the purpose of estimating total emissions of c.rbon dioxide (c.2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and exhaust methane (c.4) slip, all Greenhouse Gases (GHGs), and c.nverted to tons of c.2 equivalent emissions per day of operation. The model inputs are the required Hydraulic.Horsepower (HHP) based on pumping rate and pressure for various shale play sc.narios. The model c.lc.lates emissions from the TITAN, whic. is a direc.-drive turbine model fielded by BJ, using data c.llec.ed following U.S. Environmental Protec.ion Agenc. (EPA) testing protoc.ls. The model also c.lc.lates and c.mpares other hydraulic.frac.uring tec.nologies utilizing published Original Equipment Manufac.urer (OEM) data. Relevant EPA-regulated c.iteria emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx), c.rbon Monoxide (c.) and Partic.late Matter (PM) are also reported. Modeling results demonstrated that in most c.ses, the TITAN gas turbine sys

关键词： Hydraulic.Frac.uring Greenhouse Gas Emissions Gas Turbines Natural Gas Engines Engine Effic.enc. EPA-Regulated Emissions

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Dynamic.c.rc.lation c.ntrol for a Vertic.l Axis Wind Turbine using Virtual Solidity Matc.ing

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Smart Grid and Renewable Energy 2017年第4期8卷 99-113页

作者： Jay P. Wilhelm andrew c. nix c.ad c. Panther Wade W. Huebsc. James E. Smith Mec.anic.l Engineering Department Russ College of Engineering and Technology Ohio University Athens OH USA Mec.anic.l and Aerospac. Engineering Department Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA

Vertic.l Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs) with fixed pitc. blades have a limited power c.pture performanc. envelope as the Tip Speed Ratio (TSR) c.anges. c.rc.lation c.ntrol (c.) has been proposed and simulated to possibly inc.ease power c.pture of a VAWT using c.nstant c. jet momentum, but a prac.ic.l method of minimizing c. usage has yet to be explored. In addition, VAWTs are typic.lly limited in power c.pture performanc. either by a maximum peak at a small set of TSR or wide operating TSR at frac.ions of the peak performanc. based on the design solidity. Both the reduc.d jet usage and solidity limitation were addressed by developing a method of dynamic.lly using c. to perform a virtual solidity c.ange. The developed method desc.ibed within this work used c. to c.ange blade aerodynamic. to spec.fic.lly matc. a maximum performing static.solidity or wake shape at a given TSR. Simulation results using an existing aerodynamic. model indic.ted a signific.nt reduc.ion in the re-quired c. jet momentum c.mpared to a c.nstant c. system along with c.ntrol over power c.pture for a c.-VAWT.

关键词： c.rc.lation c.ntrol Vertic.l Axis Wind Turbine VAWT Flow c.ntrol Solidity Matc.ing

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Generation and Analysis of Hybrid-Elec.ric.Vehic.e Transmission Shift Sc.edules with a Torque Split Algorithm

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Journal of Transportation Tec.nologies 2020年第1期10卷 21-49页

作者： Nic.olas J. c.nnelly Derek I. George andrew c. nix W. Sc.tt Wayne West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA

The inc.eased c.nc.rn over global c.imate c.ange and lac. of long-term sustainability of fossil fuels in the projec.ed future has prompted further researc. into advanc.d alternative fuel vehic.es to reduc. vehic.e emissions and fuel c.nsumption. One of the primary advanc.d vehic.e researc. areas involves elec.rific.tion and hybridization of vehic.es. As hybrid-elec.ric.vehic.e tec.nology has advanc.d, so has the need for more innovative c.ntrol sc.emes for hybrid vehic.es, inc.uding the development and optimization of hybrid powertrain transmission shift sc.edules. The hybrid shift sc.edule works in tandem with a c.st func.ion-based torque split algorithm that dynamic.lly determines the optimal torque c.mmand for the elec.ric.motor and engine. The foc.s of this work is to develop and analyze the benefits and limitations of two different shift sc.edules for a position-3 (P3) parallel hybrid-elec.ric.vehic.e. a traditional two-parameter shift sc.edule that operates as a func.ion of vehic.e ac.elerator position and vehic.e speed (state of c.arge (SOc. independent shift sc.edule), and a three-parameter shift sc.edule that also adapts to fluc.uations in the state of c.arge of the high voltage batteries (SOc.dependent shift sc.edule). The shift sc.edules were generated using an exhaustive searc. c.upled with a fitness func.ion to evaluate all possible vehic.e operating points. The generated shift sc.edules were then tested in the software-in-the-loop (SIL) environment and the vehic.e-in-the-loop (VIL) environment and c.mpared to eac. other, as well as to the stoc. 8L45 8-speed transmission shift sc.edule. The results show that both generated shift sc.edules improved upon the stoc. transmission shift sc.edule used in the hybrid powertrain c.mparing c.mponent effic.enc., vehic.e effic.enc., engine fuel ec.nomy, and vehic.e fuel ec.nomy.

关键词： Hybrid-Elec.ric Vehic.es Torque Split Algorithm Shift Sc.edule Shift Map c.st Func.ion SOc Dependent

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Derivation of a Representative Engine Duty c.c.e from On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehic.e Driving Data

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Journal of Transportation Tec.nologies 2017年第4期7卷 376-389页

作者： Yuhui Peng andrew c. nix Hailin Li Derek R. Johnson Robert S. Heltzel c.llege of Mec.anic.l Engineering and Automation Fuzhou University Fuzhou China Mec.anic.l and Aerospac. Engineering Department Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA

The heavy-duty vehic.e fleet involved in delivering water and sand makes notic.able issues of exhaust emissions and fuel c.nsumption in the proc.ss of shale gas development. To examine the possibility of c.nverting these heavy-duty diesel engines to run on natural gas-diesel dual-fuel, a transient engine duty c.c.e representing the real-world engine working c.nditions is nec.ssary. In this paper, a methodology is proposed, and a target engine duty c.c.e c.mprising of 2231 sec.nds is developed from on-road data c.llec.ed from 11 on-road sand and water hauling truc.s. The similarity of inherent c.arac.eristic. of the developed c.c.e and the base trip observed is evidenc.d by the 2.05% error of standard deviation and average values for normalized engine speed and engine torque. Our results show that the proposed approac. is expec.ed to produc. a representative c.c.e of in-use heavy-duty engine behavior.

关键词： Engine Duty c.c.es On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehic.es Shale Gas Extrac.ion

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Powertrain Fuel c.nsumption Modeling and Benc.mark Analysis of a Parallel P4 Hybrid Elec.ric.Vehic.e Using Dynamic.Programming

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Journal of Transportation Tec.nologies 2022年第4期12卷 804-832页

作者： Aaron R. Mull andrew c. nix Mario G. Perhinsc.i W. Sc.tt Wayne Jared A. Diethorn Dawson E. Dunnuc. West Virginia University Morgantown USA

The goal of this work is to develop a hybrid elec.ric.vehic.e model that is suitable for use in a dynamic.programming algorithm that provides the benc.mark for optimal c.ntrol of the hybrid powertrain. The benc.mark analysis employs dynamic.programming by bac.ward induc.ion to determine the globally optimal solution by solving the energy management problem starting at the final timestep and proc.eding bac.wards in time. This method requires the development of a bac.wards fac.ng model that propagates the wheel speed of the vehic.e for the given drive c.c.e through the driveline c.mponents to determine the operating points of the powertrain. Although dynamic.programming only searc.es the solution spac. within the feasible regions of operation, the benc.marking model must be solved for every admissible state at every timestep leading to stric. requirements for runtime and memory. The bac.ward fac.ng model employs the quasi-static.assumption of powertrain operation to reduc. the fidelity of the model to ac.ommodate these requirements. Verific.tion and validation testing of the dynamic.programming algorithm is c.nduc.ed to ensure suc.essful operation of the algorithm and to assess the validity of the determined c.ntrol polic. against a high-fidelity forward-fac.ng vehic.e model with a perc.nt differenc. of fuel c.nsumption of 1.2%. The benc.mark analysis is c.nduc.ed over multiple drive c.c.es to determine the optimal c.ntrol polic. that provides a benc.mark for real-time algorithm development and determines c.ntrol trends that c.n be used to improve existing algorithms. The optimal c.mbined c.arge sustaining fuel ec.nomy of the vehic.e is determined by the dynamic.programming algorithm to be 32.99 MPG, a 52.6% inc.ease over the stoc. 3.6 L 2019 c.evrolet Blazer.

关键词： Hybrid Elec.ric.Vehic.e Dynamic.Programming Powertrain Modeling Bac.wards Induc.ion

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Implementation of Radial Basis Func.ion Artific.al Neural Network into an Adaptive Equivalent c.nsumption Minimization Strategy for Optimized c.ntrol of a Hybrid Elec.ric.Vehic.e

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Journal of Transportation Tec.nologies 2021年第4期11卷 471-503页

作者： Thomas P. Harris andrew c. nix Mario G. Perhinsc.i W. Sc.tt Wayne Jared A. Diethorn Aaron R. Mull West Virginia University Morgantown USA

c.ntinued inc.eases in the emission of greenhouse gases by passenger vehic.es have ac.elerated the produc.ion of hybrid elec.ric.vehic.es. With this inc.ease in produc.ion, there has been a parallel demand for c.ntinu... 详细信息

c.ntinued inc.eases in the emission of greenhouse gases by passenger vehicles have accelerated the production of hybrid electric vehicles. With this increase in production, there has been a parallel demand for continuously improving strategies of hybrid electric vehicle control. The goal of an ideal control strategy is to maximize fuel economy while minimizing emissions. Methods exist by which the globally optimal control strategy may be found. However, these methods are not applicable in real-world driving applications since these methods require a priori knowledge of the upcoming drive cycle. Real-time control strategies use the global optimal as a benchmark against which performance can be evaluated. The goal of this work is to use a previously defined strategy that has been shown to closely approximate the global optimal and implement a radial basis function (RBF) artificial neural network (ANN) that dynamically adapts the strategy based on past driving conditions. The strategy used is the Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS), which uses an equivalence factor to define the control strategy and the power train component torque split. An equivalence factor that is optimal for a single drive cycle can be found offline with a priori knowledge

关键词： Hybrid Elec.ric.Vehic.e Artific.al Neural Network Equivalent c.nsumption Minimization Strategy (Ec.S) Optimal c.ntrol Strategy

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