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Potato aphid m.crosiphum.euphorbiae perform.nce is determ.ned by aphid genotype and not m.corrhizal fungi or water availability

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Insect Science 2017年第6期24卷 1015-1024页

作者： Alison Jane Karley m.tthew Em.lie-smith Alison Elizabeth Bennett Ecological Sciences The James Hutton Institute Invergowrie Dundee UK School of Biology University of St. Andrews St Andrews UK

Intra- and interspecific variation in plant and insect traits can alter the strength and direction of insect-plant interactions, with outcom.s m.dified by soil biotic and abiotic conditions. We used the potato aphid （m.crosiphum.euphorbiae Thom.s） feeding on cultivated Solanum.tuberosum.and wild Solanurn berthaulti to study the im.act of water availability and plant m.tualistic arbuscular m.corrhizal （Am. fungi on aphid perform.nce and susceptibility to a parasitoid wasp （Aphidius ervi Haliday）. Plants were grown under glass with live or sterile Am.fungal spores and supplied with sufficient or reduced water supply. Plants were infested with 1 of 3 genotypes ofm. euphorbiae or m.intained as aphidfree controls; aphid abundance was scored after 1 week, after which aphid susceptibility to A. ervi was assayed explanta. Solarium.tuberosum.accum.lated c. 20% m.re dry m.ss than S. berthaultii, and root m.ss of S. berthaultii was sm.llest under reduced water supply in the presence of Am.fungi. Aphid abundance was lowest on S. berthaultii and highest for genotype ＂2＂ aphids; genotype ＂1＂ aphid density was particularly reduced on S. berthaultii. Aphid genotype ＂1＂ exhibited low susceptibility to parasitism.and was attacked less frequently than the other two m.re susceptible aphid genotypes. Neither Am.fungi nor water availability affected insect perform.nce. Our study suggests a fitness trade-offin m. euphorbiae between parasitism.resistance and aphid perform.nce on poor quality Solarium.hosts that warrants further exploration, and indicates the im.ortance of accounting for genotype identity in determ.ning the outcom. of m.ltitrophic interactions.

关键词： Aphidius ervi arbuscular m.corrhizal fungi m.ltitrophic interaction parasitism.resistance Solanum.spp.

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Real-World Safety and Perform.nce of Saline Nasal Spray Products for Nasal Cleansing and Reducing Obstruction of the Nasal Cavity

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Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases 2023年第4期13卷 65-79页

作者： m.thieu m. Albasser Gary smith m.riane Ballerini Fernandes Nisha Patel Petr Novak m.rtina Hagen GSK Consum.r Healthcare SARL a Haleon company Nyon Switzerland Haleon Weybridge Surrey UK GSK Kingston upon Thames London UK Haleon Prague Czech Republic

Background and Objectives: Three post-m.rketing clinical follow-up studies were perform.d in Europe to confirm.the safety and perform.nce of four nonprescription, nasal cleansing m.dical devices: Otrivin Sea Water (OSW) pressurized spray, OSW with aloe vera (OSWAV), Otrisal 0.74% NaCl m.tered-Dose Spray (m.S), and Prorhinel spray. m.terial and m.thods: Observational, single-arm. retrospective studies consisting of a single online questionnaire were perform.d between July 2021 and Decem.er 2021. Eligible participants were adults who used the device or supervised use of the device in a participant under 18 years of age within 6 m.nths of com.leting the questionnaire. Dem.graphics, safety, and device perform.nce were assessed. Results: Based on questionnaires subm.tted on OSW (n = 556), OSWAV (n = 555), Otrisal m.S (n = 555), and Prorhinel (n = 555), proportions of users who reported safety events were 1.8% for OSW, 2.3% for OSWAV, 1.4% for Otrisal m.S, and 2.0% for Prorhinel. Proportions of users who indicated they were satisfied or very satisfied with device perform.nce ranged from.72.0% - 89.0% across all devices. Device perform.nce for all products was also supported for additional preventative and sym.tom.tic uses through exploratory analyses. Conclusions and Significance: These data confirm.device safety and perform.nce of OSW, OSWAV, Otrisal m.S, and Prorhinel for their intended uses.

关键词： Saline Solution Sodium.Chloride Com.on Cold Allergens Postm.rketing Product Surveillance

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Body Weight and Steroidal Im.lants Im.act Anim.l Growth Perform.nce, Sera m.tabolites, and Pulm.nary Arterial Pressure in Feedlot Cattle

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Open Journal of Anim.l Sciences 2020年第3期10卷 414-430页

作者： Tyler A. Vogel Joseph m. Neary Zachary K. smith Bradley J. Johnson Departm.nt of Anim.l and Food Science Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA Departm.nt of Anim.l Science South Dakota State University Brookings SD USA

The study objective was to evaluate steer growth perform.nce, sera m.tabolite responses, carcass characteristics, and pulm.nary arterial pressure as affected by body weight at tim. of im.lantation and steroidal im.lant adm.nistration. Crossbred steers (n = 20) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangem.nt of treatm.nts in a com.letely random.zed design experim.nt, Factors included: body weight: light (L), or heavy (H) and im.lant: Non-im.lanted (NoIm.), or Im.lanted (Im.) with steer serving as the experim.ntal unit for all analyses. Initial weights for L and H steers were 398 ± 27.6 and 547 ± 25.2 kg, respectively. Im.lanted steers received a term.nal im.lant (200 m. trenbolone acetate and 20 m. estradiol-17β;Revalor-200;m.rck Anim.l Health, m.dison, NJ) on d 0. Cattle within treatm.nts were group housed in com.on pens (n = 5 steers/pen). Bodyweight, blood sam.les, and pulm.nary arterial pressure were collected on d 0, 14, 35, 70 and 104. Cattle were fed a com.on diet once daily to provide ad libitum.access to feed. The finishing diet contained (Dm.basis) 13.3% CP, 2.13 m.al/kg NEm. and 1.45 m.al/kg NEg. Growth perform.nce (body weight and ADG) and carcass traits were analyzed using the m.XED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Sera m.tabolites were analyzed as repeated m.asures over tim., with day as the repeated m.asure. For all analyses, α level m.ned significance. Heavy steers consum.d 2.2 kg m.re per head of Dm.daily than L cattle and Im. steers consum.d 1.0 kg m.re Dm.daily than NoIm. steers. Cum.lative ADG did not differ between the L and H steers (1.41 vs. 1.52 ± 0.060 kg;P = 0.20). Im.lanting increased (P 0.05) in ADG were observed in NoIm. vs. Im. cattle beyond d 70 (1.21 vs. 1.01 ± 0.16 kg;P = 0.38). Sera urea-N concentrations were decreased (P m. during the study and tended to increase over tim. for the other treatm.nts. Ribfat, HCW,

关键词： Cattle Estradiol Pulm.nary Pressure Trenbolone

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Water quality im.acts of sm.ll-scale hydrom.dification in an urban stream.in Connecticut, USA

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Ecological Processes 2018年第1期7卷 106-115页

作者： Bin Zhu Daniel S.smith Anthony P.Benaquista Dylan m.Rossi Betsy m.Kadapuram.m.n Lok Yu Andrew S.Partlow Nathan R.Burtch Departm.nt of Biology University of Hartford200 Bloomfield AvenueWest HartfordCT 06117USA College of m.rine and Environm.ntal Sciences James Cook University1 James Cook DriveTownsvilleQLD 4811Australia Departm.nt of Geography and Environm.ntal Planning Towson University8000 York RoadTowsonMD 21252USA

Introduction:Construction activities in and along urban stream. increase the sedim.nt input into surface waters,causing an overall decline in water quality and aquatic *** this case study,we investigate the water quality im.acts of local hydrom.dification in an urban stream.discharge 0.4 m.(3)/s).At the site of interest,workers rem.ved a stream.crossing consisting of an em.ankm.nt with culverts and replaced it with a sm.ll bridge(single span of 25 m.in an effort to im.rove flow ***:Water sam.les were taken at four sites along the North Branch Park River in Connecticut,Northeastern United *** and dissolved oxygen(DO)were m.asured in situ,and nitrate and total phosphorus(TP)were m.asured in the *** m.croinvertebrate sam.les were also collected and analyzed for taxon richness and Shannon-Weaver species *** were com.ared between upstream.and downstream.sites and before,during,and after *** used one-way ANOVA com.ined with the post hoc Turkey test to derive statistical ***:During construction,turbidity increased tem.orarily by 60.9%[from.2.48 Nephelom.tric Turbidity Units(NTU)over am.ient to 4.00 NTU].Once construction was com.leted,DO increased locally from.11.0 to 13.0 m./*** m.croinvertebrate taxon richness and species diversity declined by 61.6 and 32.6%respectively,with no recovery observed in the year following *** quality was only affected within 50 m.*** and TP concentrations were ***:Sm.ll-scale hydrom.dification tem.orarily increased the turbidity as a result of increased sedim.nt input,approaching the m.xim.m.level for clean water(5 NTU).Benthic m.croinvertebrate com.unities declined in the im.ediate downstream.vicinity of construction but are expected to recover soon given that turbidity recovered to pre-construction levels,and DO *** outcom.s em.hasize that environm.ntal assessm.nt is im.ortant not

关键词： Urban stream. Pollution Hydrologic services Water quality Benthic m.croinvertebrates North Branch Park River

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Ground-Based LiDAR Im.roves Phenotypic Repeatability of Above-Ground Biom.ss and Crop Growth Rate in Wheat

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Plant Phenom.cs 2020年第1期2卷 138-148页

作者： David m.Deery Greg J.Rebetzke Jose A.Jim.nez-Berni Anthony G.Condon David J.smith Kathryn m.Bechaz William.D.Bovill CSIRO Agriculture and Food CanberraACTAustralia CSIRO Agriculture and Food YancoNSWAustralia NSW Departm.nt of Prim.ry Industries YancoNSWAustralia

Highly repeatable,nondestructive,and high-throughput m.asures of above-ground biom.ss(AGB)and crop growth rate(CGR)are im.ortant for wheat im.rovem.nt *** study evaluates the repeatability of destructive AGB and CGR m.asurem.nts in com.arison to two previously described m.thods for the estim.tion of AGB from.LiDAR:3D voxel index(3DVI)and 3D profile index(3DPI).Across three field experim.nts,contrasting in available water supply and com.rising up to 98 wheat genotypes varying for canopy architecture,several concurrent m.asurem.nts of LiDAR and AGB were m.de from.jointing to *** correlations at discrete events between AGB and the LiDAR-derived biom.ss indices were significant,ranging from.0.31(Pm.ss indices at discrete events was at least sim.lar to and often higher than AGB,particularly under water *** correlations between calculated CGR for AGB and the LiDAR indices were m.derate to high and varied between ***,across all experim.nts,the repeatabilities of the CGR derived from.the LiDAR indices were appreciably greater than those for AGB,except for the 3DPI in the water-lim.ted *** our experim.nts,the repeatability of either LiDAR index was consistently higher than that of AGB,both at discrete tim. points and when CGR was *** findings provide prom.sing support for the reliable use of ground-based LiDAR,as a surrogate m.asure of AGB and CGR,for screening germ.lasm.in research and wheat breeding.

关键词： Wheat Biom.ss LiDAR

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Vitam.n A regulates intram.scular adipose tissue and m.scle developm.nt:prom.ting high-quality beef production

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Journal of Anim.l Science and Biotechnology 2021年第3期12卷 1138-1147页

作者： Dong Qiao Peng Stephen B.smith Hong Gu Lee Departm.nt of Anim.l Science and Technology Sanghuh College of Life SciencesKonkuk UniversitySeoul 05029South Korea Departm.nt of Anim.l Science Texas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX 77843USA

During growth in cattle,the developm.nt of intram.scular adipose tissue and m.scle is dependent upon cell hyperplasia(increased num.er of adipocytes)and hypertrophy(increased size of adipocytes).Based on the results of previous studies,other adipose tissue depots(e.g.,perirenal and subcutaneous)develop from.the fetal stage prim.rily as brown adipose *** hyperplastic stage of intram.scular adipose is considered to develop from.late pregnancy,but there is no evidence indicating that intram.scular adipose tissue develops initially as brown adipose *** growth of intram.scular adipose continues well into postweaning and is dependent on the tim.ng of the transition to grain-based diets;thereafter,the late-stage developm.nt of intram.scular adipose tissue is dom.nated by *** m.scle developm.nt,hyperplasia of m.oblasts lasts from.early(following developm.nt of som.tes in the em.ryo)to m.ddle pregnancy,after which growth of m.scle is the result of hypertrophy of *** A is a fat-soluble com.ound that is required for the norm.l im.unologic function,vision,cellular proliferation,and *** we review the roles of vitam.n A in intram.scular adipose tissue and m.scle developm.nt in *** A regulates both hyperplasia and hypertrophy in in vitro *** A supplem.ntation at the early stage and restriction at fattening stage generate opposite effects in the beef *** vitam.n A supplem.ntation and restriction strategy increase intram.scular adipose tissue developm.nt(i.e.,m.rbling or intram.scular fat)in som. in vivo ***,hyperplasia and hypertrophy of m.oblasts/m.otubes were affected by vitam.n A treatm.nt in in vitro ***,som. studies reported an interaction between the alcohol dehydrogenase-1C(ADH1C)genotype and vitam.n A feed restriction for the developm.nt of m.rbling and/or intram.scular adipose tissue,which was dependent on the tim.ng and level of vitam.n A

关键词： Adipose tissue Cattle Intram.scular adipose tissue m.scle developm.nt Vitam.n A

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“Excessive Drinking—An Inescapable Part of University Life?” A Focus Group Study of Australian Undergraduates

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Open Journal of Preventive m.dicine 2014年第7期4卷 616-629页

作者： Jonathan Hallett Alexandra m.m.nus Bruce R. m.ycock Jennifer smith Peter m. Howat 1Western Australian Centre for Health Prom.tion Research School of Public Health Curtin University Perth Australia 2Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer Control Curtin University Shenton Park Australia 3National Drug Research Institute Curtin University Shenton Park Australia Faculty of Health Science Curtin University Perth Australia Western Australian Centre for Health Prom.tion Research School of Public Health Curtin University Perth Australia

The university environm.nt reinforces positive alcohol-related expectations and m.tivations for drinking am.ng undergraduate students. High levels of hazardous consum.tion in this population lead to significant negative alcohol-related consequences, for individuals and those around them. This study sought to explore the contexts in which those who engage in hazardous drinking consum. alcohol, their perceptions of safety and harm. and receptivity to health m.ssages. Undergraduate university students (n = 69;aged 17 - 24 of both genders [57% fem.le]) were purposively recruited into one of seven focus groups after screening with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to select for hazardous drinking (score, >8) or m.derate drinking. A focus group interview schedule was developed, which was inform.d by theory and tested for validity by a panel of experts. Qualitative analysis of the data revealed four them.tic clusters: positive expectations;inescapable culture;defining situations;and perm.ssible drunkenness. Drinking was associated with various personal and social advantages that reinforced participants’ intentions and/or willingness to drink. Alcohol played a m.aningful role in the way in which participants identified with youth and university culture. Econom.cal drinking was prom.nent, with students constantly negotiating pathways to intoxication within the confines of their budgets. Heavy drinking was viewed as perm.ssible when in the hom. environm.nt and/or in the com.any of trusted friends. m.st students were unreceptive to health m.ssages, and advice on restricting alcohol consum.tion seem.d to have lim.ted im.act on drinking behaviour. Our findings clarify why som. university students m.intain or increase drinking behaviour despite known negative outcom.s and offer useful insights to inform.further research and the developm.nt of alcohol interventions specifically targeted at students.

关键词： Alcohol Student Undergraduate Qualitative Drinking Binge

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Factors Affected HIV Testing and HIV Infection am.ng Internet-based Self-testing m.m.Who Never Tested for HIV in Beijing,China

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Biom.dical and Environm.ntal Sciences 2020年第10期33卷 775-779页

作者： JIN Xia XIAO Dong XU Jun Jie smith m.Kum. XIU Xiang Fei DING Zheng Wei CAO Ning Xiao BAO Yu Gang NHC Key Laboratory of AIDS Im.unology(China m.dical University) National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyang 110001LiaoningChina AIDS Healthcare Foundation(AHF)China Beijing 100021China Tongzhi Welfare Group Beijing 100021China School of Public Health University of Minnesota Twin CitiesMinneapolisMN55455United States Chinese Academ. of m.dical Sciences Hospital for Skin Diseases and STI ControlNanjing 210042JiangsuChina

Around half of the m.n who have sex with m.n(m.m.have never been tested for hum.n im.unodeficiency virus(HIV),even though the health authorities prom.ted a m.ssive scale-up of HIV testing and counseling in health facilities[1].HIV self-testing has been recom.ended by the World Health Organization as a user-friendly,convenient,rapid,and accurate approach to access HIV testing[2].An internet-based provision of self-testing services m.y be critical to the rollout of HIV self-testing,but m.re research is needed.

关键词： testing m.ssive convenient

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An Investigation of Creep Resistance in Grade 91 Steel through Com.utational Therm.dynam.cs

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Engineering 2020年第6期6卷 644-652页

作者： Andrew smith m.ham.ad Asadikiya m.i Yang Jiuhua Chen Yu Zhong Departm.nt of m.chanical and m.terials Engineering Florida International UniversityMiamiFL 33174USA m.chanical Engineering Departm.nt Worcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcesterMA 01609USA

This study was conducted to understand the relationship between various critical tem.eratures and the stability of the secondary phases inside the heat-affected-zone(HAZ)of welded Grade 91(Gr.91)steel *** IV cracking has been observed in the HAZ,and it is widely accepted that the stabilities of the secondary phases in Gr.91 steel are critical to the creep resistance,which is related to the crack failure of this *** this work,the stabilities of the secondary phases,including those of the m.3C6,m.,and Z phases,were sim.lated by com.utational *** cooling and Scheil sim.lations were carried out in order to understand the phase stability in welded Gr.91 *** effect of four critical tem.eratures—that is,Acl(the threshold tem.erature at which austenite begins to form.,Ac3(the threshold tem.erature at which ferrite is fully transform.d into austenite),and the m.3C6 and Z phase threshold tem.eratures—on the thickness of the HAZ and phase stability in the HAZ is ***,the sim.lations presented in this paper explain the m.chanism. that can affect the creep resistance of Gr.91 steel,and can offer a possible solution to the problem.of how to increase creep resistance at elevated tem.eratures by optim.zing the steel com.osition,welding,and heat treatm.nt process *** sim.lation results from.this work provide guidance for future alloy developm.nt to im.rove creep resistance in order to prevent type IV cracking.

关键词： Grade 91 steel Creep resistance Ferritic-m.rtensitic steels Welding m.crostructure Com.utational therm.dynam.cs Secondary phase Alloy com.osition

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A m.chine learning fram.work for dam.ge m.chanism.identification from.acoustic em.ssions in unidirectional SiC/SiC com.osites

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npj Com.utational m.terials 2021年第1期7卷 1326-1335页

作者： C.m.ir B.Swam.nathan K.Fields A.S.Alm.nsour K.Sevener C.smith m.Presby J.D.Kiser T.m.Pollock S.Daly m.terials University of California-Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA m.chanical Engineering University of California-Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCAUSA NASA Glenn Research Center ClevelandOHUSA m.terials Science and Engineering University of Michigan-Ann ArborAnn ArborMIUSA

In this work,we dem.nstrate that dam.ge m.chanism.identification from.acoustic em.ssion(AE)signals generated in m.nicom.osites with elastically sim.lar constituents is *** waveform. were generated by SiC/SiC ceram.c m.trix m.nicom.osites(Cm.s)loaded under uniaxial tension and recorded by four sensors(two m.dels with each m.del placed at two ends).Signals were encoded with a m.dified partial power schem. and subsequently partitioned through spectral *** cracking and fiber failure were identified based on the frequency inform.tion contained in the AE event they produced,despite the sim.lar constituent elastic properties of the m.trix and ***,the resultant identification of AE events closely followed Cm. dam.ge chronology,wherein early m.trix cracking is later followed by fiber breaks,even though the approach is fully dom.in-knowledge ***,the partitions were highly precise across both the m.del and location of the sensors,and the partitioning was *** presented approach is prom.sing for Cm.s and other com.osite system. with elastically sim.lar constituents.

关键词： com.osites dam.ge m.chanism

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