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Advancements in Polymer Science: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications of Homopolymers and Copolymers

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Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry 2024年第3期14卷 167-198页

作者： anaif.m. alhewaitey Ishrat Khan Emmanuel Ramsey Buabeng Department of Chemistry Clark Atlanta University Atlanta USA Department of Chemistry University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia Department of Chemistry Georgia State University Atlanta GA USA

Polymer science encompasses a different range of materials critical to industries spanning from packaging to biomedicine. Understanding the synthesis, characterization, and applications of common homopolymers and copolymers is fundamental to advancing polymer research and development. In this comprehensive review, we explore various preparation methods, including free radical, anionic, and cationic polymerization, utilized for synthesizing homopolymers and copolymers. Furthermore, we investigate solvent choices commonly employed for polymer characterization, ranging from neat conditions, polar protic and polar aprotic solvents. We also explored characterization techniques, including Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic Resonance (NmR), Atomic Force microscopy (AFm), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). In addition to industrial applications, we highlight the diverse biological applications of homopolymers, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEmA) and polystyrene, which find its extensive use in biomedicine. By synthesizing and analyzing this wealth of information, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis, characterization, and applications of homopolymers and copolymers, with a particular focus on their biological applications. This holistic approach not only contributes to advancements in polymer science and technology but also fosters innovation in biomedicine, ultimately benefiting human health and well-being.

关键词： Homopolymer Copolymer Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (pHEmA) Polystyrene Free Radical Polymerization Atomic Force microscopy Solvent Polarity

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Synthesis and Characterization of Poly Styrene-Co-Poly 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEmA) Copolymer and an Investigation of Free-Radical Copolymerization Propagation Kinetics by Solvent Effects

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Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry 2024年第1期14卷 63-93页

作者： anaif.m. alhewaitey Ishrat Khan Naif m. Alhawiti Department of Chemistry Clark Atlanta University Atlanta USA Department of Chemistry University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia CAHFS University of California Davis Davis California

A series of homo and copolymers of styrene (ST) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEmA) in three different media (bulk, tetrahydrofuran, and benzene) have been investigated by free radical polymerization method. The samples obtained from the synthesis were characterized by Fourier Transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NmR), atomic force microscopy (AFm), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the synthesis of the polymers is more feasible under neat conditions rather than solvent directed reaction. moreover, the DSC data shows that the polystyrene obtained is amorphous in nature and therefore displayed only a glass transition signal rather than crystallization and melting peaks. In addition, this study indicates that homolopolymerization of styrene via free radical polymerization tends to be preferable in less polar solvents like THF than in non-polar solvents like benzene. Benzene might destabilize the formation of the reactive radicals leading to the formation of the products. In summary, the homolpolymerization of styrene is more feasible than the homopolymerization 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate under the experimental setup used. Styrene is more reactive than 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate than free radical polymerization reaction due in part of the generation of the benzylic radical intermediate which is more stable leading to the formation of products than alkyl radical which are less stable. Furthermore, polymerization of styrene under neat conditions is preferable in solvent-assisted environments. The choice of solvent for the synthesis of these polymers is crucial and therefore the selection of solvent that leads to the formation of a more stable reaction intermediate is more favorable. It is worth noting that the structure of the proposed copolymer consists of a highly polar and hydrophilic monomer, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and a highly non-polar and hydrophobic monome

关键词： 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate Polymerization

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Interactions of Aurein with model membranes and Antimalarials

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2024年第2期15卷 72-98页

作者： anaif.m. alhewaitey Nsoki Phambu Naif m. Alhawiti Department of Chemistry Tennessee State University Nashville USA Department of Chemistry University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia CAHFS University of California Davis Davis USA

Aurein is a cationic antimicrobial peptide, rich in phenylalanine residues. Although the peptide has been extensively studied, its mechanism of action is not fully understood and has not been established. This project is focused on studying the interactions of aurein with model biological membranes and antimalarials using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), fluorescence, dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFm), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. FTIR data revealed conformational changes to the secondary structure of the peptide in the presence of the model membranes. The strongest interactions of aurein were found with DOPC and lipid raft systems. Fluorescence data revealed some differences in the mechanism of interaction between aurein and lipid rafts. Topographical analysis was performed using atomic force microscopy (AFm). AFm images of the peptide with its lipid rafts showed a change in surface roughness suggesting a different mechanism of interaction. DLS data in agreement with FTIR confirmed that aurein interacts differently with the lipid rafts. The results gathered from this study provided new insights on the interaction of aurein. On the other hand, drug-drug interaction issues continue to present a major dilemma for the clinician caring for complex patients such as those infected with infectious disease. This study has examined the interaction of aurein with quinine, primaquine, and chloroquine. Significant interactions between aurein and antimalarials occured at a higher concentration of antimalarials. Interactions between aurein and anti-malarials reveal a strong interaction between aurein and primaquine. Interactions between aurein and quinine or chloroquine were found to be weak and negligible. FTIR, TGA, and DSC may be used in a complementary way to gain insights into the possible drug-drug interactions involving aurein. These studies are needed to initiate in vivo controlled

关键词： Aurein Fluorescence DPPC SPm cholesterol DPPC-SPm-CHOL Quinine Antimalarials

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Cytotoxicity, Toxicity and Anticancer Activity of manuka Honey, Saudi’s Honey and Peganum harmala Plant against Cancer Cells

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Journal of Biosciences and medicines 2024年第2期12卷 311-325页

作者： Naif m. Alhawiti Elber-Lewis myles anaif.m. alhewaitey Yousef m. Almutairi Fadhah m. Alhawiti CAHFS University of California Davis Davis USA Department of Biological Science Tennessee State University Nashville Tennessee USA Department of Chemistry University of Tabuk Tabuk Saudi Arabia ministry of Health East Jeddah General Hospital Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Cancer occurs when the body’s cells grow beyond the usual control. Normal body cells multiply in a controlled manner and undergo apoptosis when the body no longer needs them. Different types of cancers exist, and the common ones include breast, cervical, prostate, lung, colon, and skin cancers. Several factors have been associated with cancers, and these factors include poor dieting, exposure to harmful chemicals and radiation, weak immune system, and genetics. Cancer presents an enormous health threat in the modern world and thus the need to identify an effective treatment. The conventional treatments used in the management of cancer include chemotherapy and physiotherapy. These forms of cancer treatments usually have enormous side effects on the subjects. In this respect, an alternative form of treatment would be effective in managing cancer patients. A substantial number of natural products have been observed to be effective in the management of cancer. These natural products include plants and other natural substances such as honey. This study focuses on the efficiency of natural products in the treatment of cancer. Also, the anticancer effects of Peganum harmala, manuka honey, and Saudi honey will be analyzed. Bee honey and Peganum harmala have been traditionally used in the treatment of cancer. The extracts from Peganum harmala plant have also been shown to exhibit divers’ antitumor effects similar to the mode of action of a vast number of anticancer agents. These established hypotheses thus give the rationale for this study. In this experiment, extracts were obtained from Peganum harmala leaves and exposed to cervical, lung, and prostate cancer cells. Similarly, solutions of manuka honey and Saudi honey were exposed to the cervical, lung, and prostate cancer cells. The experiment duration was 24 hours, which obtained results were recorded and analyzed. Peganum harmala extracts inhibit cancer cell growth at different and achievable concentrations. manuka honey

关键词： Peganum harmala manuka Honey Saudi Honey Anticancer Apoptosis Natural Products

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