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Effects of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin and the plant growth regulator gibberellic acid on yield-scale nitrous oxide emission in maize fields under hot climatic conditions

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pedosphere 2021年第2期31卷 323-331页

作者： Khadim DAWAR Kamil SARDAR Mohammad ZAMAN Christoph MÜLLER Alberto SANZ-COBENA Aamir KHAN Azam BORZOUEI Ana Gabriela PÉREZ-CASTILLO Department of Soil and Environmental Science University of Agriculture PeshawarPeshawa 25000(Pakistan) Soil and Water Management&Crop Nutrition Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food&AgricultureP.O.Box 100Vienna A-1400(Austria) Institute of plant Ecology Justus Liebig UniversityHeinrich-Buff-Ring 26Giessen D-35392(Germany) School of Biology and Environmental Science University College DublinBelfieldD04 V1W8(Ireland) Management of Environment and Agricultural Risks(CEIGRAM) ETSIAABUniversidad Poliécnica de MadridMadrid 28040(Spain) Agricultural Research School Nuclear Science and Technology Research InstituteP.O.Box 31465/1498Karaj(Iran) Environmental pollution Research Center(CICA) University of Costa RicaMontes de Oca 11501(Costa Rica)

Nitrification inhibitors are widely used in agriculture to mitigate nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emission and increase crop yield.However,no concrete information on their mitigation of N_(2)O emission is available under soil and environmental conditions as in pakistan.A field experiment was established using a silt clay loam soil from peshawar,pakistan,to study the effect of urea applied in combination with a nitrification inhibitor,nitrapyrin(2-chloro-6-tri-chloromethyl pyridine),and/or a plant growth regulator,gibberellic acid(GA_3),on N_(2)O emission and the nitrogen(N)uptake efficiency of maize.The experimental design was a randomized complete block with five treatments in four replicates:control with no N(CK),urea(200 kg N ha^(-1))alone,urea in combination with nitrapyrin(700 g ha^(-1)),urea in combination with GA_3(60 g ha^(-1)),and urea in combination with nitrapyrin and GA_3.The N_(2)O emission,yield,N response efficiency,and total N uptake were measured during the experimental period.The treatment with urea and nitrapyrin reduced total N_(2)O emission by 39%–43%and decreased yield-scaled N_(2)O emission by 47%–52%,relative to the treatment with urea alone.The maize plant biomass,grain yield,and total N uptake increased significantly by 23%,17%,and 15%,respectively,in the treatment with urea and nitrapyrin,relative to the treatment with urea alone,which was possibly due to N saving,lower N loss,and increased N uptake in the form of ammonium;they were further enhanced in the treatment with urea,nitrapyrin,and GA_3 by 27%,36%,and 25%,respectively,probably because of the stimulating effect of GA_3 on plant growth and development and the reduction in biotic and abiotic stresses.These results suggest that applying urea in combination with nitrapyrin and GA_3 has the potential to mitigate N_(2)O emission,improve N response efficiency,and increase maize yield.

关键词： fertilizer use efficiency greenhouse gas emission mitigation N response efficiency N uptake efficiency N_(2)O flux plant growth hormone urea

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Nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin does not affect yield-scaled nitrous oxide emissions in a tropical grassland

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pedosphere 2021年第2期31卷 265-278页

作者： Ana Gabriela PÉREZ-CASTILLO Cristina CHINCHILLA-SOTO Jorge Alberto ELIZONDO-SALAZAR Ronny BARBOZA Dong-Gill KIM Christoph MÜLLER Alberto SANZ-COBENA Azam BORZOUEI Khadim DAWAR Mohammad ZAMAN Environmental pollution Research Center(CICA) University of Costa RicaMontes de Oca 11501(Costa Rica) Alfredo Volio Mata Experimental Station University of Costa RicaOchomogo 30304(Costa Rica) Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources Hawassa UniversityP.O.Box 128Shashemene(Ethiopia) Institute of plant Ecology Justus Liebig University GiessenHeinrich-Buff Ring 26Giessen 35392(Germany) School of Biology and Environmental Science University College DublinBelfieldDublin 4(Ireland) Research Center for the Management of Environmental and Agricultural Risks(CEIGRAM) Department of Chemistry and Food Technology(ETSIAAB)Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid 28040(Spain) Nuclear Agriculture Research School Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute(NSTRI)Karaj 31465-1498(Iran) Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences The University of AgriculturePeshawar 25000(Pakistan) Soil and Water Management&Crop Nutrition Section Joint Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureDepartment of Nuclear Sciences and ApplicationsIAEAVienna International CentreP.O.Box 100Vienna 1400(Austria)

Urea is the most common nitrogen(N)fertilizer used in the tropics but it has the risk of high gaseous nitrogen(N)losses.Use of nitrification inhibitor has been suggested as a potential mitigation measure for gaseous N losses in N fertilizer-applied fields.In a field trial on a tropical Andosol pastureland in Costa Rica,gaseous emissions of ammonia(NH_(3))and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)and grass yield were quantified from plots treated with urea(U;41.7 kg N ha^(-1)application^(-1))and urea plus the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin(U+NI;41.7 kg N ha^(-1)application^(-1)and 350 g of nitrapyrin for each 100 kg of N applied)and control plots(without U and NI)over a six-month period(rainy season).Volatilization of NH_(3)(August to November)in U(7.4%±1.3%of N applied)and U+NI(8.1%±0.9%of N applied)were not significantly different(p>0.05).Emissions of N_(2)O in U and U+NI from June to November were significantly different(pprotein production of grass were significantly higher(pplots,but they were not significantly different between U and U+NI.There was no significant difference in yield-scaled N_(2)O emission between U(0.31±0.10 g N kg^(-1)dry matter)and U+NI(0.47±0.10 g N kg^(-1)dry matter).The results suggest that nitrapyrin is not a viable mitigation option for gaseous N losses under typical N fertilizer application practices of pasturelands at the study site.

关键词： ammonia volatilization Andosol Costa Rica field trial gaseous N loss greenhouse gas emission urea

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Nitrapyrin effectiveness in reducing nitrous oxide emissions decreases at low doses of urea in an Andosol

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pedosphere 2021年第2期31卷 303-313页

作者： Mayela MONGE-MUÑOZ Segundo URQUIAGA Christoph MÜLLER Juan Carlos CAMBRONEROHEINRICHS Mohammad ZAMAN Cristina CHINCHILLA-SOTO Azam BORZOUEI Khadim DAWAR Carlos E.RODRÍGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ Ana Gabriela PÉREZ-CASTILLO Environmental pollution Research Center(CICA) University of Costa RicaMontes de Oca 11501(Costa Rica) Embrapa Agrobiology Rod.BR 465km 7SeropédicaRJCEP 23891-000(Brazil) Institute of plant Ecology Justus Liebig University GiessenHeinrich-Buff Ring 26Giessen 35392(Germany) School of Biology and Environmental Science University College DublinBelfieldDublin 4(Ireland) Soil and Water Management&Crop Nutrition Section Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and AgricultureDepartment of Nuclear Sciences and ApplicationsInternational Atomic Energy AgencyVienna International CentreVienna 1400(Austria) Nuclear Agriculture Research School Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute(NSTRI)Karaj ***(Iran) Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of AgriculturePeshawar 25000(Pakistan)

In the tropics,frequent nitrogen(N)fertilization of grazing areas can potentially increase nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emissions.The application of nitrification inhibitors has been reported as an effective management practice for potentially reducing N loss from the soil-plant system and improving N use efficiency(NUE).The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the co-application of nitrapyrin(a nitrification inhibitor,NI)and urea in a tropical Andosol on the behavior of N and the emissions of N_(2)O from autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification.A greenhouse experiment was performed using a soil(pH 5.9,organic matter content 78 g kg^(-1),and N 5.6 g kg^(-1))sown with Cynodon nlemfuensis at 60%water-filled pore space to quantify total N_(2)O emissions,N_(2)O derived from fertilizer,soil ammonium(NH_(4)^(+))and nitrate(NO_(3)^(-)),and NUE.The study included treatments that received deionized water only(control,NI).No significant differences were observed in soil NH_(4)^(+)content between the UR and UR+NI treatments,probably because of soil mineralization and NO_(3)^(-)produced by heterotrophic nitrification,which is not effectively inhibited by nitrapyrin.After 56 d,N_(2)O emissions in UR(0.51±0.12 mg N_(2)O-N concluded that the soil organic N mineralization and heterotrophic nitrification are the main processes of NH_(4)^(+)and NO_(3)^(-)production.Additionally,it was found that N_(2)O emissions were partially a consequence of the direct oxidation of the soil's organic N via heterotrophic nitrification coupled to denitrification.Finally,the results suggest that nitrapyrin would likely exert significant mitigation on N_(2)O emissions only if a substantial N surplus exists in soils with high organic matter content.

关键词： autotrophic nitrification heterotrophic nitrification mineral N ^(15)N tracer nitrification inhibitor tropical grass

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Effects of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin and tillage practices on yield-scaled nitrous oxide emission from a maize field in Iran

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pedosphere 2021年第2期31卷 314-322页

作者： Azam BORZOUEI Ulo MANDER Alar TEEMUSK Alberto SANZ-COBENA Mohammad ZAMAN Dong-Gill KIM Christoph MÜLLER Ali Askary KELESTANIE parvaneh SAYYAD AMIN Ebrahim MOGHISEH Khadim DAWAR Ana Gabriela PÉREZ-CASTILLO Agricultural Research School Nuclear Science and Technology Research InstituteKaraj 31465-1498(Iran) Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences University of TartuTartu 51014(Estonia) Higher Technical School of Engineering(ESTI) Technical University of MadridMadrid 28040(Spain) Soil and Water Management&Crop Nutrition Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)/International Atomic Energy Agency(IAEA)Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food&AgricultureVienna A-1400(Austria) Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources Hawassa UniversityP.O.Box 128Shashemene(Ethiopia) Department of plant Ecology University GiessenHeinrich-Buff-Ring 26Giessen D-35392(Germany) School of Biology and Environmental Science University College DublinBelfield D04 V1W8(Ireland) Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources University of GorganGorgan ***(Iran) Department of Agronomy and plant Breeding College of Agriculture and Natural ResourcesUniversity of TehranKaraj ***(Iran) Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences Agricultural University PeshawarPeshawar 25130(Pakistan) Center of Environmental Contamination Investigation University of Costa RicaMountains of Oca 1150(Costa Rica)

Nitrification inhibitors can effectively decrease nitrification rates and nitrous oxide(N_(2)O)emission while increasing crop yield under certain conditions.However,there is no information available on the effects of nitrification inhibitors and tillage practices on N_(2)O emissions from maize cropping in Iran.To study how tillage practices and nitrapyrin(a nitrification inhibitor)affect N_(2)O emission,a split factorial experiment using a completely randomized block design with three replications was carried out in Northeast Iran,which has a cold semiarid climate.Two main plots were created with conventional tillage and minimum tillage levels,and two nitrogen(N)fertilizer(urea)management systems(with and without nitrapyrin application)were created as subplots.Tillage level did not have any significant effect on soil ammonium(NH_(4)^(+))and nitrate(NO_(3)^(-))concentrations,cumulative amount and yield-scaled N_(2)O emission,and aboveground biomass of maize,whereas nitrapyrin application showed significant effect.Nitrapyrin application significantly reduced the cumulative amount of N_(2)O emission by 41%and 32%in conventional tillage and minimum tillage practices,respectively.A reduction in soil NO_(3)^(-)concentration by nitrapyrin was also observed.The average yield-scaled N_(2)O emission was 13.6 g N_(2)O-N kg^(-1)N uptake in both tillage systems without nitrapyrin application and was significantly reduced to 7.9 and 8.2 g N_(2)O-N kg^(-1)N uptake upon the application of nitrapyrin in minimum tillage and conventional tillage practices,respectively.Additionally,nitrapyrin application increased maize biomass yield by 4%and 13%in the minimum tillage and conventional tillage systems,respectively.Our results indicate that nitrapyrin has a potential role in reducing N_(2)O emission from agricultural systems where urea fertilizers are broadcasted,which is common in Iran due to the practice of traditional farming.

关键词： conventional tillage cumulative emission minimum tillage nitrogen use efficiency N_(2)O flux soil inorganic nitrogen urea

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Optimal agricultural spreading scheduling through surrogate-based optimization and MINLp models

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Information processing in Agriculture 2021年第1期8卷 159-172页

作者： Manuel Ramos-castillo Marie Orvain gabriela Naves-Maschietto ana Barbara Bisinellade Faria Damien Chenu Maria Albuquerque Veolia Research and Innovation Chemin de la digue–78603Maisons-LaffitteFrance

The most commonly used definition of climate smart agriculture(CSA)is provided by the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations,which defines CSA as“agriculture that sustainably increases productivity,enhances resilience,reduces/removes greenhouse gas where possible,and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals”.In this definition,the principal goal of CSA is identified as food security and development,while productivity,adaptation,and mitigation are identified as the three interlinked pillars necessary for achieving this goal.In the context provided by the CSA,soils are seen as a lever to improve the carbon footprint of agriculture,namely through their role as carbon sinks.Improving soils and in particular agricultural soils’content in soil organic carbon(SOC)in one of the measures enabling to improve the environmental impact of agricultural practices.In this context,composts can be seen as an important feedstock for sustainable farming.To support the development of organic amendment strategies enabling to increase soils’SOC content,this work proposes a novel methodology to optimize the monthly scheduling of composts and mineral fertilizers amendments.The schedule proposed maximizes soil health-via improved SOC content-while ensuring optimal gross operating surplus from agriculture.This problem is subjected to certain operational,regulatory and soil-dynamics constraints which leads to a complex optimization problem and has to be solved in a relatively short time period for decision-making purposes.This is a nonlinear optimization problem(NLp)which is based on a soil-simulation model from which the analytic functions are not explicitly available for the optimization model.Operational and regulatory constraints are explicitly defined and integer and continuous variables are needed in the modeling.In order to effectively solve it in a deterministic way,a novel surrogate-modeling approach for the objective functions and constraints is proposed.Another novelty comes from the

关键词： Surrogate-based optimization Mixed-Integer-Nonlinear programming Smart agriculture Agricultural scheduling Compost amendments

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Early detection of tomato bacterial canker by reflectance indices

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Information processing in Agriculture 2022年第2期9卷 184-194页

作者： gabriela Cordon Carolina Andrade Lucia Barbara ana Maria Romero Universidad de Buenos Aires Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas y Te´cnicasInstituto de Investigaciones Fisiolo´gicas y Ecolo´gicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura(IFEVA)Facultad de Agronomı´aBuenos AiresArgentina Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Agronomı´aA´rea de Educacio´n AgropecuariaBuenos AiresArgentina Universidad de Buenos Aires Facultad de Agronomı´aCa´tedra de Fitopatologı´aBuenos AiresArgentina

Early detection of infected asymptomatic plants could prevent the dissemination of tomatobacterial canker throughout the crop and, thus, reduce associated economic losses. Reflectance spectroscopy has been proposed for the detection of diseases in plants, mainlycaused by foliar fungal pathogens. In contrast, bacterial canker is a vascular disease thatdoes not produce visible foliar symptoms until it is too late to avoid contagion to otherplants. The effects of the disease on the conductivity of the xylem have an impact onthe water content of the leaves;initially, a subtle effect that cannot be assessed with thenaked eye but can be evaluated by reflectance spectroscopy. The objective of this workwas to identify indices, based on the reflectance spectral signature of the plants, for thedetection of tomato plants affected by bacterial canker prior to the appearance of symptoms. To verify that the proposed methodology is applicable to a broad range of tomatogenotypes, two experiments were carried out with different tomato cultivars grown in potsand another on the ground in a greenhouse. plants were inoculated with the pathogenicbacteria and the reflectance spectrum of the apical leaflet of two leaves per plant wereobtained before symptoms expression;several spectral indices were calculated from thereflectance spectra. Three indices, of the shortwave-infrared zone, allowed the detectionof bacterial canker inoculated plants in a fast and non-destructive way, up to one weekbefore symptoms were visible: Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Simple Ratioof Water Index (SRWI) and Water Index 1 180 (WI1180). Our research demonstrates, forthe first time, the usefulness of spectral indices sensitive to water content for the identifi-cation of diseased plants. These indices arise as a promising tool for the early detection ofvascular plant diseases, that could be integrated into sustainable management plans.

关键词： Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Bacterial wilt Reflectance indices Solanum lycopersicum L

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CD4+ T cells and natural killer cells: Biomarkers for hepatic fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients

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World Journal of Hepatology 2017年第25期9卷 1073-1080页

作者： Natalia Laufer Diego Ojeda María Laura polo ana Martinez Héctor pérez gabriela Turk pedro Cahn Norberto Walter Zwirner Jorge Quarleri Investigador Asistente-CONICET Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA INBIRS Universidad de Buenos Aires Instituto INBIRS UBA-CONICET Hospital Juan A Fernández Fundación Huésped Laboratorio de Fisiopatología de la Inmunidad Innata Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental Departamento de Química Biológica Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad de Buenos Aires

AIM To characterize peripheral blood natural killer(NK) cells phenotypes by flow cytometry as potential biomarker of liver fibrosis in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)/hepatitis C virus(HCV) coinfected patients.METHODS peripheral mononuclear cells from 24 HIV/HCV(HBVnegative) coinfected and 5 HIV/HCV/HBV seronegative individuals were evaluated. HIV/HCV coinfected patients were divided in to groups: G1, patients with METAVIR F0-F2 and G2, patients with METAVIR F3-F4. NK surface cell staining was performed with: AntiCD3(ApC/Cy7), anti-CD56(pE/Cy5), anti-CD57(ApC), anti-CD25(pE), anti-CD69(FITC), anti-NKp30(pE), antiNKp46(pE/Cy7), anti-NKG2D(ApC), anti-DNAM(FITC); anti-CD62L(pE/Cy7), anti-CCR7(pE), anti-TRAIL(pE), anti-Fas L(pE), anti CD94(FITC). Flow cytometry data acquisition was performed on BD FACSCanto, analyzed using Flow Jo software. Frequency of fluorescence was analyzed for all single markers. Clinical records were reviewed, and epidemiological and clinical data were obtained.RESULTS Samples from 11 patients were included in G1 and from 13 in G2. All patients were on ARV, with undetectable HIV viral load. Liver fibrosis was evaluated by transient elastography in 90% of the patients and with biopsy in 10% of the patients. Mean HCV viral load was(6.18 ± 0.7 log10). Even though, no major significant differences were observed between G1 and G2 regarding NK surface markers, it was found that patients with higher liver fibrosis presented statistically lower percentage of NK cells than individual with low to mild fibrosis and healthy controls(G2: 5.4% ± 2.3%, G1: 12.6% ± 8.2%, p = 0.002 and healthy controls 12.2% ± 2.7%, p = 0.008). It was also found that individuals with higher liver fibrosis presented lower CD4 LT count than those from G1(G2: 521 ± 312 cells/μL, G1: 770 ± 205 cells/μL; p = 0.035).CONCLUSION Higher levels of liver fibrosis were associated with lower percentage of NK cells and LTCD4+ count; and they may serve as noninvasive biomarkers of liver damage.

关键词： CD4^+ T cell Human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus-coinfection Fibrosis Biomarker Natural killer cells

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Gene therapy in parkinson's disease: targeting the endplasmic reticulum proteostasis network

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Neural Regeneration Research 2015年第7期10卷 1053-1054页

作者： Valentina castillo gabriela Mercado Claudio Hetz Biomedical Neuroscience Institute Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Chile program of Cellular and Molecular Biology Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell Institute of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of Chile Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases Harvard School of Public Health

parkinson’s disease(pD)is the second most common neurodegenerative disease affecting 1%of the population over 60 years of age.The progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta(SNpc)results in a severe and gradual depletion of dopamine content in the striatum,a phenomena that is responsible for the characteristic motor symptoms of this disease.There is no cure for pD and available treatments only aim to restore dopamine deficits.Administration of the dopamine precursor Levodopa(L-DOpA)is the main temporal palliative treatment that increases overall dopamine levels.However,its chronic use limits its effectiveness and generates a number of adverse effects such as debilitating dyskinesia.

关键词：帕金森病基因治疗多巴胺能神经元内质网靶向性神经退行性疾病网络蛋白

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promiscous female Euxesta eluta derive nutrients for ovarian development by expelling and consuming ejaculates

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Insect Science 2020年第3期27卷 545-557页

作者： Solana Abraham Gisela castillo Viviana Diaz Guido Van Nieuwenhove gabriela Murua Juan Rull Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ecoetologicas de Moscas de la Fruta y sus Enemigos Naturales(LIEMEN) PROIMI-BiotecnologiaCONICETTucumanArgentina Fundacion Miguel Ullo Instde EntomologiaDepto ZoologiaMiguel Lillo 251San Miguel de TucumanTucumanArgentina Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e I.M.L Universidad Nacional de TucumanSan Miguel de TucumanTucumanArgentina Estacion Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres(EEAOC)_ITANOA CONICET TucumanArgentina

Seminal gifts range from important material donations to items that provide little direct benefit to females.promiscuous,female silk corn flies Euxesta eluta expel and consume male ejaculates immediately after mating.The evolution and function of this peculiar behavior are currently unknown.We performed a series of experiments aimed to:determine if females under different dietary regimes derive nutrients or water for survival and/or reproduction from ejaculate consumption,if males suffer a fitness cost from supplying females with ejaculates,and if females prefer to mate and/or are more likely to store sperm from well fed than nutritionally stressed presumably inferior males.Experiments revealed that protein deprived E.eluta females derive nutrients for ovarian development through consumption of ejaculates of protein fed males.No seminal products affecting survival appear to be transferred in the consumed ejaculate.However,ovarian development,in contrast to testes growth,occurs in detriment of longevity.Females preferred to mate with protein fed males,yet sperm retention in spermathecae was extremely rare after a single mating.This finding suggests that females could be exerting post copulatory control.A key question that remained to be addressed for the understanding of this puzzling and promiscuous mating system is what ecological factors or male traits drive females to retain sperm from one or several males in order to achieve and/or maximize fertilization potential.

关键词： anautogeny polyandry postcopulatory female control seminal gifts sperm storage

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Comparison of grain protein profiles of Brazilian cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) cultivars based on principal component analysis

Food Production, Processing and Nutrition

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Food production, processing and Nutrition 2022年第1期4卷 172-182页

作者： Tuany Camila Honaiser gabriela Barbosa Rossi Maurisrael de Moura Rocha ana Carolina Maisonnave Arisi Food Science and Technology Department CAL CCA UFSCFederal University of Santa CatarinaRod.Admar GonzagaFlorianópolisSanta Catarina134688034-001Brazil Embrapa Meio-Norte Caixa Postal 001TeresinaPiauí64008-780Brazil

This study aims to compare the grain protein profile of four Brazilian cowpea cultivars (BRS Aracê, BRS Itaim, BRS pajeú, and BRS Xiquexique) by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and principal component analysis (pCA). 2-DE efficiently separate cowpea protein profiles, showing high homogeneity among the four cultivars. In addition, the principal component analysis indicated that there is a difference in abundance of proteins among the cultivars. The cultivars BRS Aracê and BRS Xiquexique, both biofortified in iron and zinc, were separated from the cultivars BRS Itaim and BRS pajeú. These results demonstrate that protein profiles can be used to discriminate cowpea varieties.

关键词： Vigna 2-DE pCA Legumes

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