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Wheat Yield Response to Foliar Fungicide Application against Leaf Rust Caused by Puccinia triticina

Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2017年第3期7卷 160-168页

作者： Krishna Dev Joshi Ghulam Ullah Attiq Ur Rehman Muhammad Makky Javaid Javed Ahmad Makhdoom Hussain Angela Pacheco Ibni Amin Khalil amanullah baloch International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Texcoco Edo. de México CP 56130 Mexico Cereal Crops Research Institute Nowshera 24100 Pakistan

A study was conducted on reducing the yield loss of wheat due to leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina with foliar application of fungicides during the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 growing seasons at the Wheat Research Institute in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Three fungicides： Folicur （tebuconazole） at 300 mL/ha, Nativo （tebuconazole ＋ trifloxystrobin） at 300 g/ha and Tilt （propiconazole） at 500 mL/ha were applied single or two times to Morocco and Sehar-06 wheat varieties used in the trial. The trial plots were first sprayed at the Zadok＇s scale （ZS） 3 stage and second sprayed between ZS 4.3 and 5.4 stages. The greenness of the trial crop was measured using GreenSeeker. Foliar application of fungicides significantly reduced the loss of grain yield and 1,000-grain weight （TGW） of wheat due to leaf rust in comparison to the control without fungicides application. Of the three fungicides, two times spray of Nativo reduced the grain yield loss of leaf rust susceptible mega wheat variety Sehar-06 by 45%-56% and the loss of TGW by 42%, also giving the highest marginal return in the trial. Single application of Nativo was equally effective as two times spray of Folicur in reducing the loss of wheat grain yield. Two times spray of Folicur was found to be the second choice of fungicide for reducing the yield loss of wheat. The research identified suitable fungicides for reducing the yield loss of wheat due to leaf rust and also generated important scientific knowledge required to manage a sudden outbreak of leaf rust to ensure food security.

关键词： Wheat variety leaf rust yield loss yield response foliar spray of fungicide resistance breeding.

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Yield and Profit from New and Old Wheat Varieties Using Certified and Farmer-Saved Seeds

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(B) 2016年第3期6卷 141-150页

作者： Krishna Dev Joshi Attiq Ur Rehrnan Ghulam Ullah amanullah baloch Makhdoom Hussain Javed Ahmad Mohammad Ishaq Gulzar Ahmad Nadeem Abroad Syed Haider Abbas Maqsood Qamar Mumtaz Abroad Abid Ilyas Dar Badar-uddin Khokhar Muhammad Sajid Akhlaq Hussain Muhammad Imtiaz International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Faisalabad 38000 Pakistan Cereal Crops Research Institute Nowshera 24100 Pakistan Barani Agricultural Research Institute Chakwa148800 Pakistan National Agriculture Research Centre lslamabad 44000 Pakistan Engro Fertilizers Limited Lahore 54000 Pakistan Wheat Research Institute Sakrand 67210 Pakistan Pride Seed Company Mardan 23200 Pakistan

Wheat is a strategic crop for food security in Pakistan with predominance of smallholder farmers. Farmer-saved seed （FSS） is used nearly by 75% of farmers for wheat production. Frequent variety or seed replacement is uncommon even among large-scale farmers, and certified seed （CS） is mostly bought to verify the value of new varieties. Replacing old and obsolete varieties by new high yielding disease resistant varieties is key to transferring new genetic gains to farmers. For the first time in Pakistan, on-farm factorial experiments involving seven new and five old wheat varieties and their corresponding CS and FSS were conducted. A total of 49 farmers representing major wheat cropping patterns throughout the country participated in these trials in the 2014 and 2015 wheat growing seasons. Analysis of variance revealed that there was highly significant difference between wheat varieties and between seed classes. New variety ＋ CS gave 33.8% more grain yield as well as higher marginal return over farmers＇ variety ＋ FSS. Grain yield and returns from new variety ＋ FSS and farmers＇ variety ＋ CS were at par. Scientific knowledge generated in this research demonstrated that use of CS ＆new wheat varieties is best option, while growing new varieties with FSS is a second choice for the advantages accruing from their built-in genetic traits of economic importance over growing CS of old and obsolete varieties. Having more flexible seed system will help accelerate the delivery of new genetic gains to farmers＇ fields.

关键词： Certified seed farmer-saved seed variety and seed replacement smallholder farmers yield return varietal popularization.

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Effect of Different Levels of Phosphorus and Method of Application on the Growth and Yield of Wheat

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Natural Science 2016年第7期8卷 305-314页

作者： Shahzado Noonari Shahmir Ali Kalhoro Amjad Ali amanullah Mahar Sajjad Raza Muneer Ahmed Syed Fayaz Ali Shah Sana Ullah baloch Department of Agronomy Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam Pakistan Institute of Soil & Water Conservation Northwest A&F University Yangling China Faculty of Agriculture Lasbela University of Agriculture Water and Marine Science Uthal Pakistan College of Natural Resources & Environment Northwest A&F University Yangling China Agricultural Research Institute (Tarnab) Peshawar Pakistan Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan China

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the productivity of wheat under different levels of phosphorus and method of application at Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. Experiment was laid out in a RCBD (factorial) with three replications. The treatments were four phosphorus levels (P1 = 0 Kg?ha–1 + Recommended Nitrogen, P2 = 30 Kg?ha–1 + Recommended Nitrogen, P3 = 60 Kg?ha–1 + Recommended Nitrogen and P4 = 90 Kg?ha–1 + Recommended Nitrogen) and two placement methods (A1 = Drilling method and A2 = Broadcast method). The statistical analysis of phosphorus levels and placement exhibited significant differences to the maturity days, plant height, tiller production, spike length, grains per spike, seed index, harvest index and grain yield ha–1. However, the interactions of P levels and placement in all crop characters were non-significant except the grain yield/ha–1. The results revealed that application of 90 kg P ha–1 prolonged 143 days for maturity, taller plants (100.16 cm), more tiller plant–1 (13.50), lengthy spikes (12.83 cm), more grains spike–1 (51.33), heavier seed index (48.16 g), better harvest index (50.82%) and satisfactory grain yield (4240.50 Kg?ha–1). The unit increase in grain yield was positively correlated with the increased values of observed crop parameters by extending the values of maturity r = 0.85, plant height r = 0.94, tillers plant r = 0.96, spike length r = 0.95, grains spik–1 r = 0.97, seed index r = 0.95 and harvest index r = 0.97. It was concluded that 90 kg P ha–1 was superior level of phosphorus if, applied with seed drilling for obtaining satisfactory grain yield of wheat crop.

关键词： Wheat Phosphorous Broadcasting Drilling Yield

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Study on Growth Effects of Major-Nutrients Composition to Banana Cultivation in Coastal Areas of Sindh, Pakistan

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第7期6卷 1003-1010页

作者： Shahmir Ali Kalhoro Xuexuan Xu amanullah Mahar Amjad Ali Fahad Ali Kalhoro Sohail Ahmed Otho Rab Nawaz Soomro Fayaz Ali Zulfiqar Ali baloch Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A&F University Yangling China Faculty of Agriculture Lasbela University of Agriculture Water & Marine Sciences Lasbela Pakistan College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F University Yangling China Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam Pakistan College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling China College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&F University Yangling China College of Economics and Management Sciences Northwest A&F University Yangling China

The composition of major nutrients, i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), is a critical factor in banana cultivation and also influences crop yield. This study was aimed to analyze the concentrations of NPK in different banana growing locations of coastal areas of Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 15 composite soil samples at the depth of 0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm and the same number of banana leaves were collected. The samples were analyzed for the concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn and Cl concentrations. Results showed that the surface and sub-surface soils of coastal areas were heavy in texture, non-saline, medium alkaline and moderately calcareous in nature. Medium to adequate in Organic Matter (OM), medium in total nitrogen, medium to optimum in available phosphorus, medium to high in exchangeable potassium and deficient in available zinc at both tested depths. The analysis of soluble anions indicated that the carbonates were absent and that chlorides were dominant as compared with bicarbonates. Nitrogen and zinc concentrations of banana leaves were below the critical level, whereas P, K, Mn and chloride ion concentration were above the critical levels. In addition, the relative percentages for K, Ca and Mg were 57.72 to 61.72, 19.05 to 21.00 and 17.70 to 20.00 respectively.

关键词： Banana Cultivation Nutrients Yield Soil Leaves

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Heterosis and Combing Ability in F1 Population of Hexaploid Wheat (<i>Triticum Aestivum</i>L.)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第7期6卷 1011-1026页

作者： Fahad Ali Kalhoro Asghar Ali Rajpar Shahmir Ali Kalhoro amanullah Mahar Amjad Ali Sohail Ahmed Otho Rab Nawaz Soomro Fayaz Ali Zulfiqar Ali baloch Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam Pakistan Faculty of Agriculture Lasbela University of Agriculture Water & Marine Sciences Lasbela Pakistan Centre for Environmental Sciences University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F University Yangling China College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling China College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&F University Yangling China College of Economics and Management Sciences Northwest A&F University Yangling China

The heterosis, heterobeltiosis, general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were examined during Rabi (crop season) of 2013-2014 in hexaploid wheat genotypes. The experiment for this study was conducted at the Botanical Garden, Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan. The breeding material was comprised of four parents (Imdad, TD-1, SKD-1, and Moomal). These parents were crossed in half partial mating fashion;thus, six possible cross combinations (F1s) were obtained (Imdad × TD-1, Imdad × SKD-1, Imdad × Moomal, TD-1 × SKD-1, TD-1 × Moomal, and SKD-1 × Moomal). A three-replicated RCB Design was used. The mean squares corresponding to different traits of various hexaploid wheat genotypes indicated significant (P F1 hybrids) effects for the characters (plant height, tillers plant-1, spike length, spikelets spike-1, seeds spike-1, seed index, and grain yield plant-1). The mean performance of F1 hybrids differed significantly (P < 0.01) for all the traits studied. Among the parents, Imdad and TD-1 proved to be better general combiners for almost all the studied traits. In regards to SCA effects, the F1 hybrids Imdad × TD-1 and Imdad × SKD-1 expressed higher SCA and heterotic effects for most of the studied traits.

关键词： Wheat Breeding GCA SCA Heterosis Heterobeltiosis

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Effect of Water Stress on the Growth and Yield of Cotton Crop (<i>Gossypium hirsutum</i>L.)

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第7期6卷 1027-1039页

作者： Arbab Sahito Zulfiqar Ali baloch amanullah Mahar Sohail Ahmed Otho Shahmir Ali Kalhoro Amjad Ali Fahad Ali Kalhoro Rab Nawaz Soomro Fayaz Ali Department of Agronomy Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam Pakistan College of Economics and Management Sciences Northwest A&F University Yangling China College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F University Yangling China Centre for Environmental Sciences University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan College of Plant Protection Northwest A&F University Yangling China Faculty of Agriculture Lasbela University of Agriculture Water & Marine Sciences Lasbela Pakistan Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam Pakistan College of Animal Science and Technology Northwest A&F University Yangling China

Cotton is one of the most important fibre crops playing a key role in economic and social affairs of the world. Water is a critical factor which influences on growth and yield of the cotton crop. Scarcity of water has put tremendous pressure on scientists to introduce drought tolerant cotton varieties. This study was aimed to determine water stress effects on the growth and yield of cotton. The present study was carried out to examine the effect of number of irrigations on the growth and yield of cotton during 2014. The field trial was conducted at the Experimental Fields of Agronomy Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam, Pakistan. A three replicated Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was employed to layout the experiment having plot size of 2.5 m × 5 m (12.5 m2). Four cotton varieties i.e. NIAB-78, Shahbaz-95, Sindh-1 and TH-224/87 were chosen for this study based on their frequent farmer usage. All the agronomic practices were performed according to standard procedures. Results showed that all the growth and yield components of cotton were significantly (P 0.05) affected by irrigation frequencies. The cotton crop irrigated six times at 21 days interval showed better results with 138.16 cm plant height, 1.45 monopodial branches per plant, 21.83 sympodial branches per plant, 44.58 bolls per plant, 33.86% G.O.T., and 26.97 mm staple length, 149.84 g seed cotton yield per plant and 2271.16 kg·ha-1 seed cotton yield. This study concluded that variety NIAB-78 showed superiority over Shahbaz-95, Sindh-1 and TH-224/87 in almost all the characters of economic importance, and the cotton crop received 6 irrigations at 21 days interval resulted in significantly economical overall performance as compared with 5 irrigations or 4 irrigations with higher seed cotton yield.

关键词： Cotton Crop Drought Stress Tolerance Yield

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